Scoring system for prediction of overall survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma T3aN0M0.

Objective: We aim to create a new score to predict postoperative overall survival in patients with nonmetastatic T3aN0 renal cell carcinoma. Methods: We reviewed the clinical data of adult patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma between December 2007 and January 2022 in a single tertiary oncological institution. Clinical characteristics, clinical-pathological staging and histopathological characteristics were analysed. Survival analyses were determined using the Kaplan-Meier curve. A nomogram was established using Cox proportional hazard regression to identify the prognostic factors affecting the overall survival. The area under the curve, calibration curves and decision curve analysis were used to evaluate prognostic efficacy. Results: We analyzed 362 patients classified as pT3aN0M0 stage with a median follow-up of 40 months. According to Cox univariate and multivariate analyses, weight loss greater than 5% in 6 months before surgery, stage V chronic kidney disease after radical nephrectomy, sarcomatoid pattern, and coagulative tumor necrosis were identified as predictors of overall survival. We developed a score and performed internal and external validation. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve, area under the curve value and calibration curve analysis showed good prediction ability of the score. The nomogram can effectively predict and stratify overall survival after radical nephrectomy in patients with pT3aN0M0 renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion: Patients with pT3aN0MO renal cell carcinoma exhibited different characteristics, and those with unfavourable characteristics deserve greater attention during follow-up. This nomogram provides an accurate prediction of overall survival after radical nephrectomy.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Cancer Outcome in Locally Advanced Clear Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with locally advanced nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) undergoing radical nephrectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 880 nephrectomies performed between January 2009 and December 2016 in a single center, reviewed data from 478 radical nephrectomies for kidney tumors and identified 187 patients with locally advanced nonmetastatic ccRCC (pT3-T4 N0M0). NLR was obtained preoperatively and calculated by dividing absolute neutrophil count by absolute lymphocyte count. OS and RFS were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to evaluate predictors of RFS and OS. RESULTS: Among 187 patients with ccRCC (mean age 63.4 ± 11.5 years; 118 [63.1%] male), the median follow-up was 48.7 months. On univariate analysis, in patients with Fuhrman nuclear grade of differentiation 3-4, the median time to recurrence was significantly shorter with NLR ≥ 4 than < 4 (24 vs. 55 months, P = .045). On multivariable analysis adjusted for NLR ≥ 4, among all variables analyzed (NLR, microvascular invasion, sarcomatoid differentiation, tumor size and body mass index), only nuclear grade of differentiation was an independent predictor of recurrence (hazard ratio 2.18; 95% confidence interval 1.07-4.92, P = .03). The 3-year OS had no statistically significant difference between patients with NLR ≥ 4 or < 4. CONCLUSION: For patients with locally advanced, nonmetastatic ccRCC, RFS was reduced with high nuclear grade of differentiation and high preoperative NLR. These findings suggest an association between higher NLR and worse outcomes in locally advanced ccRCC.

MCT1 expression is independently related to shorter cancer-specific survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has been considered a metabolic disease, with loss of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene and consequent overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), which is central for tumor development and progression. Among other effects, HIF-1α is involved in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells towards the Warburg effect involved in tumor cell proliferation, migration and survival. In this context, several proteins are expressed by cancer cells, including glucose and lactate transporters as well as different pH regulators. Among them, monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) can be highlighted. Our aim is to comprehensively analyze the immunoexpression of MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, CD147, CD44, HIF-1α, GLUT1 and CAIX in ccRCC surgical specimens correlating with classical prognostic factors and survival of patients with long follow-up. Surgical specimens from 207 patients with ccRCC who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy were used to build a tissue microarray. Immunostaining was categorized into absent/weak or moderate/strong and related to all classic ccRCC prognostic parameters. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to assess overall and cancer-specific survival, and multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors of survival. Multivariate analysis showed that MCT1 together with tumor size and TNM staging, were independently related to cancer-specific survival. MCT1, CD147, CD44 and GLUT1 expression were significantly associated with poor prognostic factors. We show that MCT1 is an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival in ccRCC justifying the use of new target therapies already being tested in clinical trials.

Retrograde Release of the Neurovascular Bundle with Preservation of Dorsal Venous Complex During Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Optimizing Functional Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) presents consistent oncological outcomes for prostate cancer; yet continence and potency results are not uniform. We present a technical modification for RARP which preserves the nerves and vascular structures anterior to the prostate aiming to optimize functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To present oncological and functional results of a modified technique for RARP. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective, noncontrolled case series including 128 consecutive patients undergoing RARP performed by a single surgeon (R.F.C). SURGICAL PROCEDURE: RARP with retrograde release of the neurovascular bundle and preservation of dorsal venous complex. MEASUREMENTS: Potency was defined as a Sexual Health Inventory for Men score of ≥17; continence was defined as use of no pads. Oncological results analyzed were positive surgical margins (PSM) rates and biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival. BCR was defined as prostate-specific antigen >0.2ng/ml. Complications were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Median patient age was 63.5 yr. Median skin-to-skin time was 78min. Median length of hospital stay was 1 d, with seven patients (5.5%) hospitalized for more than 24h. Median intraoperative bleeding was 200ml and two patients required postoperative blood transfusion (1.6%). Four patients (3.1%) had grade ≥3 complications. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) occurred in nine of 128 patients (7%) and median time to BCR was 6 mo. Overall PSM rate was 13.3% (17 of 128 patients). PSM rate was 9% among patients with pT2 disease (8/89) and 27% in patients with pT3 (9/38). Continence was reached immediately in 85.9% of the patients and 98.4% were continent at1 yr. At 1 mo postoperatively, 60 patients were potent (53%), while 98 patients among 113 (86%) were potent 1 yr after surgery. A limitation of this study is that it was a noncomparative study. CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde release of the neurovascular bundle with preservation of dorsal venous complex during RARP is safe and associated with excellent oncological and functional outcomes. Future comparative studies are needed. PATIENT SUMMARY: Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) presents consistent oncological outcomes for prostate cancer; yet continence and potency results are not uniform. We present a technical modification for RARP aiming to preserve the nerves and vascular structures anterior to the prostate. We evaluated 128 consecutive patients with clinically localized or locally advanced prostate cancer undergoing RARP with our modified technique of retrograde release of the neurovascular bundles with dorsal vein sparing. We have shown that this technique is safe, effective and associated with early recovery of continence and sexual function after surgery.

Robot - assisted laparoscopic local recurrence resection after radical prostatectomy

ABSTRACT Introduction and objective: Local prostate cancer recurrence is usually treated with salvage radiation (sRDT) with or without adjuvant therapy. However, surgical resection could be an option. We aim to present the surgical technique for robot - assisted laparoscopic resection prostate cancer local recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) and sRDT in 2 cases. Patients and method: First case depicts a 70 year - old man who underwent RP in 2001 and sRDT in 2004. Following adjuvant therapy, patient had biochemical recurrence. MRI showed a solid mass in the prostatic fossa close to vesicourethral anastomosis, measuring 2.1 cm and PET / CT revealed hyper caption significant uptake in the prostatic fossa. Second case is a 59 year - old man who underwent RP in 2010 and sRDT in 2011. Again, patient presented with biochemical recurrence. PET / CT showed hyper caption in the prostatic fossa. Biopsy conformed a prostate adenocarcinoma. Both patients underwent robot - assisted extended pelvic lymph nodes dissection and local recurrence resection. A standard 4 robotic arms port placement was utilized. Results: Both procedures were uneventfully performed in less than 3 hours and there were no complications. Pathological examination showed a prostate adenocarcinoma Gleason 7 and 8 in the first and second case, respectively; surgical margins and lymph nodes were negative. After 6 months of follow-up, continence was not affected and both patients presented with PSA < 0.15 ng / mL. Conclusion: Robot - assisted laparoscopic resection of prostate cancer local recurrence after RP and sRDT detected by PSMA PET / CT seems to be safe in experienced hands. It may postpone adjuvant therapy in selected cases.

Robot - assisted laparoscopic local recurrence resection after radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Local prostate cancer recurrence is usually treated with salvage radiation (sRDT) with or without adjuvant therapy. However, surgical resection could be an option. We aim to present the surgical technique for robot - assisted laparoscopic resection prostate cancer local recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) and sRDT in 2 cases. PATIENTS AND METHOD: First case depicts a 70 year - old man who underwent RP in 2001 and sRDT in 2004. Following adjuvant therapy, patient had biochemical recurrence. MRI showed a solid mass in the prostatic fossa close to vesicourethral anastomosis, measuring 2.1 cm and PET / CT revealed hyper caption significant uptake in the prostatic fossa. Second case is a 59 year - old man who underwent RP in 2010 and sRDT in 2011. Again, patient presented with biochemical recurrence. PET / CT showed hyper caption in the prostatic fossa. Biopsy conformed a prostate adenocarcinoma. Both patients underwent robot - assisted extended pelvic lymph nodes dissection and local recurrence resection. A standard 4 robotic arms port placement was utilized. RESULTS: Both procedures were uneventfully performed in less than 3 hours and there were no complications. Pathological examination showed a prostate adenocarcinoma Gleason 7 and 8 in the first and second case, respectively; surgical margins and lymph nodes were negative. After 6 months of follow-up, continence was not affected and both patients presented with PSA < 0.15 ng / mL. CONCLUSION: Robot - assisted laparoscopic resection of prostate cancer local recurrence after RP and sRDT detected by PSMA PET / CT seems to be safe in experienced hands. It may postpone adjuvant therapy in selected cases.

Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children: does upper urinary tract anomalies affect surgical outcomes?

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the feasibility and outcomes of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children with complex ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and compare to children with iso-lated UPJO without associated urinary tract abnormalities. Material and Methods Medical records of 82 consecutive children submitted to transperi-toneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in a 12-year period were reviewed. Eleven cases were con-sidered complex, consisting of atypical anatomy including horseshoe kidneys in 6 patients, pelvic kidneys in 3 patients, and a duplex collecting system in 2 patients. Patients were di-vided into 2 groups: normal anatomy (group 1) and complex cases (group 2). Demographics, perioperative data, outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed. Results Mean age was 8.9 years (0.5-17.9) for group 1 and 5.9 years (0.5-17.2) for group 2, p=0.08. The median operative time was 200 minutes (180-230) for group 1 and 203 minutes (120-300) for group 2, p=0.15. Major complications (Clavien ≥3) were 4 (5.6%) in group 1 and 1 (6.3%) in group 2, p=0.52. No deaths or early postoperative complications such as: urinoma or urinary leakage or bleeding, occurred. The success rate for radiologic improvement and flank pain improvement was comparable between the two groups. Re-garding hydronephrosis, significant improvement was present in 62 patients (93.4%) of group 1 and 10 cases (90.9%) of group 2, p=0.99. The median hospital stay was 4 days (IQR 3-4) for group 1 and 4.8 days (IQR 3-6) for group 2, p=0.27. Conclusions Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty is feasible and effective for the management of UPJO associated with renal or urinary tract anomalies.

Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children: does upper urinary tract anomalies affect surgical outcomes?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and outcomes of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children with complex ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and compare to children with iso-lated UPJO without associated urinary tract abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of 82 consecutive children submitted to transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in a 12-year period were reviewed. Eleven cases were con-sidered complex, consisting of atypical anatomy including horseshoe kidneys in 6 patients, pelvic kidneys in 3 patients, and a duplex collecting system in 2 patients. Patients were di-vided into 2 groups: normal anatomy (group 1) and complex cases (group 2). Demographics, perioperative data, outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Mean age was 8.9 years (0.5-17.9) for group 1 and 5.9 years (0.5-17.2) for group 2, p=0.08. The median operative time was 200 minutes (180-230) for group 1 and 203 minutes (120-300) for group 2, p=0.15. Major complications (Clavien ≥3) were 4 (5.6%) in group 1 and 1 (6.3%) in group 2, p=0.52. No deaths or early postoperative complications such as: urinoma or urinary leakage or bleeding, occurred. The success rate for radiologic improvement and flank pain improvement was comparable between the two groups. Re-garding hydronephrosis, significant improvement was present in 62 patients (93.4%) of group 1 and 10 cases (90.9%) of group 2, p=0.99. The median hospital stay was 4 days (IQR 3-4) for group 1 and 4.8 days (IQR 3-6) for group 2, p=0.27. CONCLUSIONS: Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty is feasible and effective for the management of UPJO associated with renal or urinary tract anomalies.

Low serum testosterone is a predictor of high-grade disease in patients with prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between serum total testosterone (TT) and prostate cancer (PCa) grade and the effect of race and demographic characteristics on such association. METHOD: We analyzed 695 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP), of whom 423 had serum TT collected. Patients were classified as having hypogonadism or eugonadism based on two thresholds of testosterone: threshold 1 (300 ng/dL) and threshold 2 (250 ng/dL). We evaluated the relation between TT levels and a Gleason score (GS) ≥ 7 in RP specimens. Outcomes were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses, accounting for race and other demographic predictors. RESULTS: Out of 423 patients, 37.8% had hypogonadism based on the threshold 1 and 23.9% based on the threshold 2. Patients with hypogonadism, in both thresholds, had a higher chance of GS ≥ 7 (OR 1.79, p=0.02 and OR 2.08, p=0.012, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, adjusted for age, TT, body mass index (BMI) and race, low TT (p=0.023) and age (p=0.002) were found to be independent risk factors for GS ≥ 7. Among Black individuals, low serum TT was a stronger predictor of high-grade disease compared to White men (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Hypogonadism is independently associated to higher GS in localized PCa. The effect of this association is significantly more pronounced among Black men and could partly explain aggressive characteristics of PCa found in this race.

Low serum testosterone is a predictor of high-grade disease in patients with prostate cancer / Baixa testosterona sérica é prognóstica de doença de alto grau em pacientes com câncer de próstata

Summary Objective: To evaluate the relation between serum total testosterone (TT) and prostate cancer (PCa) grade and the effect of race and demographic characteristics on such association. Method: We analyzed 695 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP), of whom 423 had serum TT collected. Patients were classified as having hypogonadism or eugonadism based on two thresholds of testosterone: threshold 1 (300 ng/dL) and threshold 2 (250 ng/dL). We evaluated the relation between TT levels and a Gleason score (GS) ≥ 7 in RP specimens. Outcomes were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses, accounting for race and other demographic predictors. Results: Out of 423 patients, 37.8% had hypogonadism based on the threshold 1 and 23.9% based on the threshold 2. Patients with hypogonadism, in both thresholds, had a higher chance of GS ≥ 7 (OR 1.79, p=0.02 and OR 2.08, p=0.012, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, adjusted for age, TT, body mass index (BMI) and race, low TT (p=0.023) and age (p=0.002) were found to be independent risk factors for GS ≥ 7. Among Black individuals, low serum TT was a stronger predictor of high-grade disease compared to White men (p=0.02). Conclusion: Hypogonadism is independently associated to higher GS in localized PCa. The effect of this association is significantly more pronounced among Black men and could partly explain aggressive characteristics of PCa found in this race.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre testosterona sérica total (TT) e grau do câncer de próstata (CP) e o efeito da raça e de características demográficas sobre essa associação. Método: Foram analisados 695 pacientes submetidos a prostatectomia radical (PR), dos quais 423 tinham medidas dos níveis séricos de TT. Os pacientes foram classificados como portadores de hipogonadismo ou eugonadismo com base em dois limites de testosterona: limite 1 (300 ng/dL) e limite 2 (250 ng/dL). Avaliou-se a relação entre nível de TT e escore Gleason (GS) ≥ 7 em amostras de PR. Os resultados foram avaliados por análises univariada e multivariada, com ajuste para raça e outros fatores prognósticos demográficos. Resultados: Do total de 423 pacientes, 37,8% apresentavam hipogonadismo com base no limite 1, e 23,9% com base no limite 2. Os pacientes com hipogonadismo, independentemente do limite de referência, tiveram uma chance maior de GS ≥ 7 (OR 1,79, p=0,02 e OR 2,08, p=0,012, respectivamente). Na análise multivariada, após ajuste para idade, TT, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e raça, baixo TT (p=0,023) e idade (p=0,002) foram considerados fatores de risco independentes para GS ≥ 7. Entre os indivíduos negros, baixo TT sérico foi mais preditivo de doença de alto grau em comparação com os brancos (p=0,02). Conclusão: O hipogonadismo é independentemente associado a escores mais altos de GS no CP localizado. O efeito dessa associação é significativamente mais pronunciado entre homens negros, o que poderia explicar, em parte, as características agressivas do CP observadas nessa população.

One - staged reconstruction of bladder exstrophy in male patients: long - term follow-up outcomes

ABSTRACT Introduction The surgical correction of bladder exstrophy remains challenging. In our institution, the repair has evolved from a staged repair to one-stage reconstruction. The one-stage reconstruction includes; bladder closure, Cantwell-Ransley neourethroplasty and abdominoplasty using groin flaps, without the need of pelvic ostheotomies. Repair of urinary continence (UC) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is done after development of the infant. Objective To present our experience of our modified one-stage reconstruction of bladder exstrophy in male patients. Materials and Methods Medical records of male patients submitted to one-stage reconstruction of bladder exstrophy were analyzed retrospectively. Fifteen exstrophy bladder patients with mean age 4.2±7 years were treated at our institution between 1999-2013. Results 2 5 Conclusions One-stage reconstruction minimizes the number of surgical procedures required to achieve UC and potentiates bladder-neck function. The advantages of using groin flaps over current techniques for complete repair are the small risk for penile tissue loss and the avoidance of ostheotomies.

One - staged reconstruction of bladder exstrophy in male patients: long - term follow-up outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The surgical correction of bladder exstrophy remains challenging. In our institution, the repair has evolved from a staged repair to one-stage reconstruction. The one-stage reconstruction includes; bladder closure, Cantwell-Ransley neourethroplasty and abdominoplasty using groin flaps, without the need of pelvic ostheotomies. Repair of urinary continence (UC) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is done after development of the infant. OBJECTIVE: To present our experience of our modified one-stage reconstruction of bladder exstrophy in male patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of male patients submitted to one-stage reconstruction of bladder exstrophy were analyzed retrospectively. Fifteen exstrophy bladder patients with mean age 4.2±7 years were treated at our institution between 1999-2013. RESULTS: Eleven patients were referred to us after previous surgery. Sixteen procedures were performed; one patient had complete wound dehiscence and needed another reconstruction (6.7%). Mean follow up was 10.3±4.5 years. No patient has had a loss of renal function. Postoperative complications: four patients (26.6%) presented small fistulas, one presented penile rotation. Eleven patients (73.3%) patients underwent bladder-neck surgery. Five (33.3%) required bladder augmentation. Three cases (20%) needed subsequent treatment of VUR. At the time of our review nine (60%) patients achieved UC, two (13.3 %) patient without additional procedure. A mean of 3±1.1 procedures (2-5) was accomplished per children. CONCLUSIONS: One-stage reconstruction minimizes the number of surgical procedures required to achieve UC and potentiates bladder-neck function. The advantages of using groin flaps over current techniques for complete repair are the small risk for penile tissue loss and the avoidance of ostheotomies.

Association between integrin expression and prognosis in localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Integrins and other adhesion molecules are essential for maintaining the epithelial phenotype. Some studies have reported correlations between abnormalities in their expression and carcinogenesis, but their role in prostate cancer is unclear. Our aim was to study the expression profile of integrins in surgical specimens of prostate cancer and associate their expression patterns with patient outcomes. METHODS: We selected 111 patients with localized prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy. Of these patients, 60 had no tumor recurrence after a median follow-up of 123 months. Integrin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray containing two tumor samples per patient. A semiquantitative analysis was employed. We measured the association between the expression of eight integrins and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that expression of alpha3 and alpha3beta1 was related to worse outcome. When alpha3 expression was strong and alpha3beta1 expression was positive, the odds of recurrence were 3.0- and 2.5-fold higher, respectively. Only 19% and 28% of patients were recurrence-free in a mean period of 123 months of follow up when their tumors showed strong alpha3 or positive alpha3beta1 immuno-expression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that the expression of integrin alpha3beta1 was independently associated with tumor recurrence after radical prostatectomy, suggesting that this integrin is a potential prognostic marker.

Abordagem diagnóstica de metástases hepáticas de câncer colorretal / Diagnosis approach of liver metastases from colorectal cancer

A metástase hepática de câncer de colo e reto, uma doença cada vez mais comum e potencialmente agressiva, é discutida em âmbito internacional quanto à adequação da sua abordagem investigativa. Nesta revisão, este aspecto foi discutido tendo como parâmetros: custo, disponibilidade, sensibilidade, especificidade, uso de radiação e confiabilidade do método. A principal ideia é revisar, a partir de experiências adquiridas em diversos serviços de saúde, os principais métodos diagnósticos disponíveis para a detecção das lesões metastáticas no fígado originárias de câncer colorretal, discutindo em que situações eles devem ser utilizados e principalmente levando em conta a realidade do sistema médico hospitalar brasileiro...

The liver metastasis of cancer of the colon and rectum, a disease increasingly common and potentially aggressive, is discussed at the international level about the adequacy of its investigative approach. In this review, this parameter was analysed with the cost, availability, sensitivity, specificity, use of radiation and reliability of the method. The main idea is to review, from experiences in various health services, the main diagnostic methods available for the detection of metastatic lesions in the liver unique for colorectal cancer, discussing situations in which they should be used and especially taking into to the reality of the Brazilian hospital medical system...

Evaluation of the expression of integrins and cell adhesion molecules through tissue microarray in lymph node metastases of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Integrins and adhesion molecules are responsible for the maintenance of the epithelial phenotype. Cell culture studies have reported the correlation between adhesion molecule expression and prostate carcinoma, but their role in the metastatic process is not yet known. Our aim is to study the expression profiles of these molecules and evaluate their association with the metastatic behavior of prostate adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Tissue Microarray containing two samples from 19 primary tumors and one from their corresponding lymph node metastases was constructed and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of integrins, E-cadherin and beta and gamma-catenins. Within each case, paired analyses were also performed to evaluate gains or losses in metastasis compared to its primary tumor. RESULTS: The expression of av, alphavbeta 3, alpha2beta 1 and gamma-catenin were abnormal in almost every case. Marked loss of E-cadherin and beta 4 integrin was found in primary and metastatic lesions. beta -catenin was normal in all primary cases and in 94% of metastases. a6 was normal in all primary tumors and metastases. alpha3 and alpha3beta 1 were normal in 32% of primary cases and in 53% and 6% of metastases, respectively. In paired analyses, loss of E-cadherin, beta 4, alphav, alpha3beta 1 and alphavbeta 3 was found in 65%, 71%, 59%, 53% and 47% of patients, respectively. Catenins and alpha2beta 1 showed maintenance of expression in most of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study we have shown that the loss of cell adhesion molecules can be considered a characteristic of the metastatic phenotype in prostate cancer. Larger series should be evaluated in order to confirm our findings.

Composição corporal e exigências líqüidas em energia e proteína para ganho em peso de chinchilas (Chinchilla lanigera) / Body composition and net energy and protein requirements for weight gain of chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)

Foi avaliada a composição da pele, do corpo sem extremidades, das extremidades corporais e a composição corporal total e estimadas as exigências líquidas de energia e proteína para ganho de peso da espécie Chinchilla lanigera. Foram utilizados 18 animais, tendo sido abatidos seis animais juvenis com 40 dias de idade e 12 animais adultos (seis machos e seis fêmeas) com 750 dias de idade. Foi feito um teste de comparação de médias para as composições das diferentes frações do corpo nas diferentes categorias animal. Foram ajustadas equações logarítmicas da quantidade corporal de proteína, gordura e energia, em função do logaritmo do peso corporal vazio. As exigências líquidas em proteína e energia para ganho de peso foram obtidas por derivação das equações de predição da composição corporal em proteína e energia. Foi verificada uma maior proporção (P<0,05) de extremidades corporais por parte dos animais juvenis em relação aos adultos. Entretanto, as proporções de pele e de corpo sem extremidades não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as categorias. As quantidades de matéria seca, proteína e gordura corporal, alteraram-se com o avanço da idade. Os animais juvenis apresentaram menor (P<0,05) percentual de matéria seca e extrato etéreo quando comparados com os adultos. As exigências líquidas de proteína decresceram, enquanto que as exigências energéticas se elevaram com o aumento da idade e peso dos animais.

The composition of skin, body without extremities (head, feet and tale) and extremities and composition of total body of chinchilla was determined and the net requirements for energy and protein were estimated. Eighteen animals (6 males and 6 females, 750 days old and 6 young animals 40 days old) were slaughtered. Mean values for the different body fractions and for animal categories were compared, and logarithmic equations were adjusted for protein, fat and energy content of the body as a function of empty body weight. Net requirements for body weight gain were obtained by derivation of those equations. Higher proportion of extremities was verified in young animals than in adults (P<0.05) but the proportions of skin and body without extremities was not different between animals categories (P>0.05) Body contents of dry matter, protein and fat changed with age, young animals had less dry matter and fat than the adults (P<0.05). Net requirements for protein decreased and for energy increased with increase animal's age and body weight.

Predição da composição corporal e exigências líqüidas de macrominerais para ganho de peso de chinchila (Chinchilla lanigera) / Body composition prediction and net macroelements requirements (Chinchilla lanigera)

Foram determinados os conteúdos corporais e as exigências líquidas para ganho de peso de corpo vazio e ganho de peso vivo em matéria mineral (MM), fósforo (P), potássio (K) e magnésio (Mg) para a espécie (Chinchilla lanigera). Foram abatidos 18 animais (seis machos e seis fêmeas em média com 750 dias de idade e seis animais juvenis de 40 dias de vida). Foi feito um teste de comparação de médias para as composições das diferentes categorias animal. Foram ajustadas equações logarítmicas da quantidade corporal de MM, P, K e Mg, em função do logaritmo do peso corporal vazio. As exigências líquidas em MM, P, K e Mg foram obtidas por derivação das equações de predição da composição corporal. As proporções corporais de matéria seca e de matéria mineral alteraram-se com o avanço da idade das chinchilas. Os animais juvenis apresentaram (P<0,05) menor percentual de matéria seca e maior percentual de matéria mineral quando comparados com os adultos. O conteúdo corporal e as exigências líquidas de MM, P, K e Mg para ganho de peso de corpo vazio e ganho de peso vivo, aumentaram quando o peso vivo dos animais variou entre 100 e 400 g, mantendo-se constante a partir deste peso.

Body composition and net requirements for empty body weight gain for mineral matter (MM), Phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and magnesium for chinchilla were determined. Eighteen animals (6 males, 6 females, 750 days old and six young animals 40 days old) were slaughtered. Minerals body content of different animals categories were compared and logarithmic equations were adjusted between minerals content and empty body weight. Body composition and net requirements for empty body weight gain for mineral matter (MM), Phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and magnesium for chinchilla were determined. Eighteen animals (6 males, 6 females, 750 days old and six young animals 40 days old) were slaughtered. Minerals body content of different animals categories were compared and logarithmic equations were adjusted between minerals content and empty body weight. Net requirements for MM, P, K and Mg were estimated through derivation of these equations. The body concentrations of dry and mineral matter changed with age. Younger animals had lower concentration of dry matter and higher concentration of minerals than the adults did. The body content and net requirements for empty body weight gain of MM, P, K and Mg increased as body weight varied from 100 to 400 g, remaining constant afterwards.

Crescimento alométrico de componentes da carcaça de bezerros de origem leiteira na fase inicial do crescimento pós-natal / Alometric growth of carcass components of new born male dairy calves

Foi avaliado o crescimento diferencial de componentes da carcaça de bezerros de origem leiteira, na fase inicial da vida produtiva. Foram abatidos 18 bezerros da raça Holandesa, sendo seis ao nascimento, seis aos 50 e seis aos 110 dias de idade. Foi avaliada a composição da carcaça, em função do peso da carcaça fria. O estudo do crescimento alométrico foi realizado utilizando-se a equação Y=aXb, transformada logaritmamente em regressão linear. Houve acréscimo (P<0,01) no peso de carcaça fria, osso, músculo, gordura, dianteiro, costilhar e traseiro, do nascimento aos 110 dias de vida. O percentual de dianteiro diminuiu linearmente (P<0,01), enquanto que os percentuais de gordura e de traseiro aumentaram linearmente (P<0,01) com o aumento do peso de carcaça fria. Houve crescimento isogônico (b=1) dos tecidos ósseo e muscular, demonstrando que, até os 110 dias de vida, estes tecidos cresceram em igual intensidade que a carcaça, enquanto que o tecido adiposo apresentou crescimento tardio (b>1). Foi observado crescimento precoce (b<1) para o dianteiro, cerscimento isogônico (b=1) para o costilhar e crescimento tardio (b>1) para o traseiro. Os componentes da carcaça apresentaram distintos padrões de crescimento, merecendo especial atenção no estabelecimento de um sistema de produção de carcaças oriundas de bezerros de origem leiteira.

This study was aimed at evaluating the differential growth of carcass components of new born dairy calves. Eighteen Friesian calves were slaughtered, at birth or at 50 or 110 days of age; six at each age. The alometric growth of carcass components in relation to cold carcass weight was studied by the use of the equation Y=aXb adjusting linear regressions to the log of the data. From birth to 110 days of age the weight of cold carcass, bone, muscle and fat, forequarter, rib and hindquarter increased (P<0.01). As proportion of the cold carcass weight, the weight of forequarter decreased linearly (P<0.01) but those of hindquarter and fat increased (P<0.01). The growth pattern up to 110 days of age for tissues was isogonic with the carcass for bone and muscle (b=1), and late (b>1) for fat; about carcass components, growth was early for forequarter (b<1), isogonic for rib (b=1) and late for hindquarter (b>1). It was concluded that the characteristic growth pattern of carcass components should be considered at developing a system of calvesÆ carcasses production.

Consumo e digestibilidade em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo grão de milho moído, inteiro ou tratado com uréia, com três níveis de concentrado / Food intake and digestibility by sheep fed diets containing ground, whole or urea treated whole corn grains at three concentrate levels

Este estudo foi conduzido usando grão de milho moído, inteiro ou inteiro tratado com uréia, na preparação de dietas contendo 30; 50 ou 70 por cento de concentrado. Foram usados 18 cordeiros castrados, com 34,48kg de peso vivo médio, distribuídos aleatoriamente nos tratamentos, durante três períodos experimentais, para medir-se o consumo e a digestibilidade dos constituintes da matéria seca da dieta. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS), o consumo de proteína bruta (CPB) e o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN) não foram afetados (P>0,05) pelo tratamento do grão de milho. Entretanto, o nível de inclusão de concentrado afetou (P<0,05) o CMS e o CPB, ocasionando incrementos do consumo até os níveis de 55,50 e 58,75 por cento de concentrado, respectivamente. O CFDN decresceu linearmente (P<0,05) em função do aumento do nível de concentrado. As dietas elaboradas com grão de milho inteiro tratado com uréia apresentaram maior digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta. Todavia, a digestibilidade dos demais constituintes da matéria seca não foi influenciada pelo tratamento do grão de milho. Foi observado um efeito linear positivo (P<0,05) na digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica e dos carboidratos totais, em função do aumento do nível de concentrado na dieta. Não é necessária a moagem dos grãos de milho para elaboração de concentrados a serem fornecidos para ovinos.

In this study corn grain was used as whole, ground or urea treated grain to prepare diet containing 30, 50 or 70 percent concentrate. Eighteen castrated lambs (34.48 average body weight) were used during three periods to measure food intake and digestibility. The intake of dry matter (DMI), crude protein (CPI) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) were not affected by treatment of corn grain. Level of concentrate in diet affected (P<0.05) DMI and CPI which reached a maximum at 55.5 and 58.7 percent concentrate, respectively. The NDFI decreased linearly (P<0.05) with the increasing level of concentrate. Grain treatment did not affected the digestibility of nutrient except for crude protein apparent digestibility which was higher (P<0.05) for diet containing UG. Apparent digestibility of dry and organic matter and total carbohydrates increased linearly with increasing proportion of concentrate in diet. Whole corn grain can be used to prepare concentrate mixtures to be fed to sheep.

Incidência de Escherichia coli e Salmonella em alface (Lactuca sativa) / Incidence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

As bactérias Salmonella e Escherichia coli têm sido responsáveis por surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos em diversos países. As hortaliças, em especial as alfaces (Lactuca sativa), estão entre os alimentos mais implicados. Durante os meses de agosto a outubro de 2002, foram coletadas e analisadas 42 amostras de alface comercializadas em quatro feiras livres e em um mercado do município de São Luís, MA. As amostras foram submetidas a análises microbiológicas, seguindo as metodologias descritas no APHA (1984) e API-20E, bioMérieux. Os resultados constataram a ausência de Salmonella e a presença de Escherichia coli em 29 amostras. Considerando-se que este tipo de hortaliça é consumido “in natura”, a presença desta bactéria pode favorecer a ocorrência de toxinoses alimentares.