ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) as a cognitive screening tool for older adults with low levels of schooling and healthy aging, MCI and dementia in Brazil. Methods: All participants underwent neurological and psychiatric examinations and were administered a validated version of ACE-R. Results: A total of 85 participants were evaluated; most were females (84.7%, n = 72). The post hoc analysis showed statistical differences in ACE-R total scores between older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and controls (p < 0.001) and in subitem scores including verbal fluency, language, visuospatial skills and attention (p < 0.001). The visual-spatial skills subitem was the most strongly correlated with schooling level (r = 0.509, p < 0.001), whereas late, immediate recall and recognition memory were not influenced by schooling. The ACE-R had the best diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between MCI and controls = 0.69 (<57.5; 80/66), MD and controls = 0.98 (<50; 100/96), MCI and MD = 0.86 (<49.5; 100/74). Conclusions: ACE-R and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores for older adults with MCI and controls were significantly lower than those reported in similar studies. These preliminary findings support the need for establishing reliable cut-off scores for cognitive assessment of older Brazilian adults with low schooling at risk for dementia taking into consideration ecological and local variables.
RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a precisão diagnóstica do Exame Cognitivo de Addenbrooke (ACE-R) como uma ferramenta de triagem cognitiva para adultos idosos com baixos níveis de educação e envelhecimento saudável, MCI e demência no Brasil. Métodos: Os indivíduos submeteram-se à avaliação clínica e psiquiátrica e foi administrada uma versão validada da versão revisada da bateria cognitiva ACE-R (ACE-R). Resultados: Oitenta e cinco indivíduos foram avaliados, predominando as mulheres (84,7%, n = 72). Na análise post hoc, controles e CCL exibiram diferenças estatísticas nos escores globais do ACE-R (p < 0,001) e seus subdomínios, incluindo fluência verbal, linguagem, habilidades visuoespaciais e atenção (p < 0,001). A habilidade visuoespacial foi o item mais correlacionado com a escolaridade (r = 0,509, p < 0,001), enquanto a memória tardia, de recordação e reconhecimento não foi influenciada pela educação. A precisão do ACE-R produziu melhores resultados para CCL versus controles = 0,69 (<57,5; 80/66), demência versus controles = 0,98 (<50; 100/96), CCL versus demência = 0,86 (<49,5; 100/74). Conclusões: Os escores de ACE-R e MMSE para controles e CCL foram consideravelmente inferiores aos encontrados em estudos semelhantes. Resultados preliminares confirmam a necessidade de estudos brasileiros estabelecerem pontos de corte confiáveis para baterias cognitivas em idosos com baixa escolaridade e em risco de demência, reconhecendo variáveis ecológicas e regionais.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Impacts of social isolation measures imposed by COVID-19 Pandemic on mental health and quality of life of older adults living with dementia and their caregivers remain unexplored. Studies have shown that psychoeducational and psychosocial interventions can manage behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) and reduce the emotional burden on family members when applied in home-setting scenarios. METHOD: a comprehensive systematic review of useful interventions for easing the BPSD burden in patients with dementia (PwD) and their caregivers in the context of COVID-19 quarantine was performed from January 2010 to March 2020. RESULTS: From a total of 187 articles retrieved from electronic databases (MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane and SCOPUS), 43 studies were eligible for this review. Most of the psychosocial and psychoeducational interventions described were person-centered strategies based on the cognitive-behavioral approach or informational tools to enhance care providers' knowledge of dementia. Most studies achieved successful results in handling BPSD and mood-anxiety symptoms of care providers, contributing to an overall improvement in dyad life quality. CONCLUSION: Evidence from the last few years suggest that low-cost techniques, tailored to the dyad well-being, with increasing use of technology through friendly online platforms and application robots, can be an alternative to conventional assistance during COVID-19 Pandemic. Nevertheless, the world's current experience regarding the duration of the COVID-19 Pandemic and its effects on the cognition, behavior, and life quality of PwD will demand research on preventive and protective factors of dementia and the pursue of efficient interventions in different scenarios.
