3D-Printed Fe/γ-Al2O3 Monoliths from MOF-Based Boehmite Inks for the Catalytic Hydroxylation of Phenol.

The synthesis of dihydroxybenzenes (DHBZ), essential chemical reagents in numerous industrial processes, with a high degree of selectivity and yield from the hydroxylation of phenol is progressively attracting great interest in the catalysis field. Furthermore, the additive manufacturing of catalysts to produce 3D printed monoliths would provide additional benefits to enhance the DHBZ synthesis performance. Herein, 3D cellular Fe/γ-Al2O3 monoliths with a total porosity of 88% and low density (0.43 g·cm-3) are printed by Robocasting from pseudoplastic Fe-metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOF)-based aqueous boehmite inks to develop catalytic monoliths containing a Fe network of dispersed clusters (≤5 µm), nanoclusters (<50 nm), and nanoparticles (∼20 nm) into the porous ceramic skeleton. The hydroxylation of phenol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is carried out at different reaction temperatures (65-85 °C) in a flow reactor filled with eight stacked 3D Fe/γ-Al2O3 monoliths and with the following operating conditions: Cphenol,0 = 0.33 M, Cphenol,0/CH2O2,0 = 1:1 molar, WR = 2.2 g, and space time (τ = W·QL-1) = 0-147 gcat·h·L-1. The scaffolds present a good mechanical resistance (∼1 MPa) to be employed in a catalytic reactor and do not show any cracks or damage after the chemical reaction. DHBZ selectivity (SDHBZ) of 100% with a yield (YDHBZ) of 32% due to the presence of the Fe network in the monoliths is reported at 85 °C, which represents an improved synthesis performance as compared to that obtained by using the conventional Enichem process and the well-known titanium silicalite-1 catalysts (SDHBZ = 99.1% and YDHBZ = 29.6% at 80 °C). This printing strategy allows manufacturing novel 3D structured catalysts for the synthesis of critical chemical compounds with higher reaction efficiencies.

Overview of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Ibero-American freshwaters: Challenges for risk management and opportunities for removal by advanced technologies.

The increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms worldwide represents an important threat for both the environment and public health. In this context, the development of risk analysis and management tools as well as sustainable and cost-effective treatment processes is essential. The research project TALGENTOX, funded by the Ibero-American Science and Technology Program for Development (CYTED-2019), aims to address this ambitious challenge in countries with different environmental and social conditions within the Ibero-American context. It is based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines ecology, water management and technology fields, and includes research groups from Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Spain. In this review, the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in freshwaters from these countries are summarized. The presence of cyanotoxins has been confirmed in all countries but the information is still scarce and further monitoring is required. In this regard, remote sensing or metagenomics are good alternatives at reasonable cost. The risk management of freshwaters from those countries considering the most frequent uses (consumption and recreation) has been also evaluated. Only Spain and Peru include cyanotoxins in its drinking water legislation (only MC-LR) and thus, there is a need for regulatory improvements. The development of preventive strategies like diminishing nutrient loads to aquatic systems is also required. In the same line, corrective measures are urgently needed especially in drinking waters. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have the potential to play a major role in this scenario as they are effective for the elimination of most cyanotoxins classes. The research on the field of AOPs is herein summarized considering the cost-effectiveness, environmental character and technical applicability of such technologies. Fenton-based processes and photocatalysis using solar irradiation or LED light represent very promising alternatives given their high cost-efficiency. Further research should focus on developing stable long-term operation systems, addressing their scale-up.

How Much Do Adolescents Cybergossip? Scale Development and Validation in Spain and Colombia.

Cybergossip is the act of two or more people making evaluative comments via digital devices about somebody who is not present. This cyberbehavior affects the social group in which it occurs and can either promote or hinder peer relationships. Scientific studies that assess the nature of this emerging and interactive behavior in the virtual world are limited. Some research on traditional gossip has identified it as an inherent and defining element of indirect relational aggression. This paper adopts and argues for a wider definition of gossip that includes positive comments and motivations. This work also suggests that cybergossip has to be measured independently from traditional gossip due to key differences when it occurs through ICT. This paper presents the Colombian and Spanish validation of the Cybergossip Questionnaire for Adolescents (CGQ-A), involving 3,747 high school students (M = 13.98 years old, SD = 1.69; 48.5% male), of which 1,931 were Colombian and 1,816 were Spanish. Test models derived from item response theory, confirmatory factor analysis, content validation, and multi-group analysis were run on the full sample and subsamples for each country and both genders. The obtained optimal fit and psychometric properties confirm the robustness and suitability of a one-dimensional structure for the cybergossip instrument. The multi-group analysis shows that the cybergossip construct is understood similarly in both countries and between girls and boys. The composite reliability ratifies convergent and divergent validity of the scale. Descriptive results show that Colombian adolescents gossip less than their Spanish counterparts and that boys and girls use cybergossip to the same extent. As a conclusion, this study confirmes the relationship between cybergossip and cyberbullying, but it also supports a focus on positive cybergossip in psychoeducational interventions to build positive virtual relationships and prevent risky cyberbehaviors.

Adaptación de la escala integral de calidad de vida en personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo en población Chilena / Adjustment of the integral scale of life quality in persons with intellectual disability and the development in Chilean population

El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar la confiabilidad y validez de la Escala Integral de Calidad de Vida para población con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo, en población chilena. Este es uno de los principales instrumentos empleados para evaluar la calidad de vida en esta población desde una doble perspectiva objetiva, completada por los profesionales a cargo, y subjetiva administrada a los propios sujetos. Para ello, han participado 751 estudiantes y 82 profesionales. Los principales resultados demuestran que existe una adecuada fiabilidad del instrumento en población chilena y la estructura factorial es totalmente congruente con la versión española. Los resultados confirman que la Escala Integral es un instrumento válido y con una óptima fiabilidad en población chilena para evaluar la calidad de vida de personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo.

This paper aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Integral Quality of Life Scale in people with intellectual and developmental disability in the Chilean people. That is a principal instrument to evaluate the quality of life in this collective from subjective and objective vision. For this, 751 students have participated and 82 professionals. The main results show that there is adequate instrument reliability and factorial Chilean population structure is fully consistent with the Spanish version. The results confirm that the Integral Scale is a valid and optimum reliability instrument in Chilean population to assess the quality of life for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Validation of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire for Colombian Adolescents.

Cyberbullying is the act of using unjustified aggression to harm or harass via digital devices. Currently regarded as a widespread problem, the phenomenon has attracted growing research interest in different measures of cyberbullying and the similarities and differences across countries and cultures. This article presents the Colombian validation of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ) involving 3,830 high school students (M = 13.9 years old, standard deviation = 1.61; 48.9 percent male), of which 1,931 were Colombian and 1,899 Spanish. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), content validation, and multigroup analysis were performed with each of the sample subgroups. The optimal fits and psychometric properties obtained confirm the robustness and suitability of the assessment instrument to jointly measure cyber-aggression and cyber-victimization. The results corroborated the theoretical construct and the two-dimensional and universal nature of cyberbullying. The multigroup analysis showed that cyberbullying dynamics are similar in both countries. The comparative analyses of prevalence revealed that Colombian students are less involved in cyberbullying. The results indicate the suitability of the instrument and the advantages of using such a tool to evaluate and guide psychoeducational interventions aimed at preventing cyberbullying in countries where few studies have been performed.

Explanatory model of emotional-cognitive variables in school mathematics performance: a longitudinal study in primary school.

This study tested a structural model of cognitive-emotional explanatory variables to explain performance in mathematics. The predictor variables assessed were related to students' level of development of early mathematical competencies (EMCs), specifically, relational and numerical competencies, predisposition toward mathematics, and the level of logical intelligence in a population of primary school Chilean students (n = 634). This longitudinal study also included the academic performance of the students during a period of 4 years as a variable. The sampled students were initially assessed by means of an Early Numeracy Test, and, subsequently, they were administered a Likert-type scale to measure their predisposition toward mathematics (EPMAT) and a basic test of logical intelligence. The results of these tests were used to analyse the interaction of all the aforementioned variables by means of a structural equations model. This combined interaction model was able to predict 64.3% of the variability of observed performance. Preschool students' performance in EMCs was a strong predictor for achievement in mathematics for students between 8 and 11 years of age. Therefore, this paper highlights the importance of EMCs and the modulating role of predisposition toward mathematics. Also, this paper discusses the educational role of these findings, as well as possible ways to improve negative predispositions toward mathematical tasks in the school domain.