Nomenclature in thulium laser treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: it's time to pull the rabbit out of the hat.

We performed a narrative review with the focus on laser settings and surgical procedure with thulium laser. Our primary goal was to define the most valid settings of each surgical procedure to overcome the inconsistency about nomenclature of thulium surgery and to ensure comparability of future publications. A literature search of articles on thulium laser treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was conducted between 2009 and 2019. We proposed a new classification standard for laser settings and associated surgical procedure. Each article was analyzed and categorized as concordant or discordant referring to the new classification. In total, 74 papers were included in this narrative review. Overall, 43% and 42% of included studies reported discordant laser parameters and surgical description, respectively. Most of the studies on vaporization were categorized as discordant because they reported a medium/low laser setting instead of high power. Conversely, 93.3% of studies on enucleation were deemed as discordant for laser setting because they reported high power parameters instead of medium-low power setting. Most of the studies on laser enucleation and vapo/enucleation were considered discordant for surgical procedure since authors did not mention the use of mechanical vs. laser method for enucleation. The current literature lacks a uniform definition and standardization of the terminology of thulium laser settings and surgical techniques to guarantee comparability between different approaches. We found a huge heterogeneity in 10 years of surgery with thulium laser. We proposed a new classification of laser setting and procedural description for categorization of thulium laser surgery for BPH.

Thulium-laser retrograde intra renal ablation of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: an ESUT Study.

BACKGROUND: Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is the gold standard treatment for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC); however, patients presenting with small low-grade UTUC have been treated by flexible ureteroscopic laser ablation with good outcomes. Different types of laser have been discussed in the literature including Holmium and Neodymium lasers. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of Thulium laser (Tm:YAG) in the ureteroscopic ablation of UTUC. METHODS: A retrospective observational multicentre study of patients diagnosed with papillary UTUC between January 2015 and December 2016 was carried out. All patients underwent ureteroscopic biopsy of the UTUC followed by Tm:YAG ablation. Based on the histopathological grade of the tumor, patients were counseled to undergo either RNU (high- grade tumors) or conservative management and follow-up (low-grade tumor). RESULTS: RNU was performed in 31 patients, while the remaining 47 patients (undergone Tm:YAG ablation only) were followed up for a mean of 11.7 months with only 19.2% of patients showing upper tract recurrence and no patients showed postoperative ureteral strictures. Limitations include the short follow-up and retrospective nature of the study. CONCLUSIONS: On the short term, thulium Laser ablation of UTUC is safe and feasible especially in low-grade UTUC.

A randomized, multicenter, controlled study, comparing efficacy and safety of a new complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) versus Solifenacin Succinate in women with overactive bladder syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: To assess efficacy and tolerability of a new complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) consisting of vitamins (C and D), herbal products (cucurbita maxima, capsicum annum, polygonum capsicatum) and amino acid L-Glutammina, in the treatment of female Overactive Bladder syndrome (OAB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 90 consecutive women with OAB symptoms were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, controlled study. Women were divided randomly into two groups of 45 patients each. In group A, women received Solifenacin Succinate (SS), 5 mg. once a day for 12 weeks. In group B, women received CAM, 930 mg, twice daily for 12 weeks. Women were assessed with 3-day micturition diary, Patient Perception of Intensity of Urgency Scale (PPIUS), Overactive Bladder questionnaire Short Form (OAB-q SF) and Patient Global Impression of Improvement questionnaire (PGI-I). RESULTS: 8 patients in group A and 1 patient in group B dropped out from therapy because of side effects. A reduction in the number of daily micturitions, nocturia and episodes of urge incontinence was present with both SS and CAM with statistically highly significant differences, but CAM was significantly more effective than SS. PPIUS and OAB-q SF showed improvements with both SS and CAM with a more significant efficacy of CAM. PGI-I, demonstrated improvements in the two groups of patients with a greater satisfaction expressed by patients treated with CAM. CONCLUSIONS: the small number of patients does not permit definitive conclusions; however, the results of the research showed the greater effectiveness and tolerability of CAM.

One day surgery in the treatment of benign prostatic enlargement with thulium laser: A single institution experience.

PURPOSE: Various articles have previously addressed the introduction of new surgical laser therapies for an enlarged prostate gland causing obstructive symptoms. The objective of this study was to report the feasibility of performing the thulium laser vapo-enucleation of the prostate (ThuVEP) procedure for benign prostatic obstruction in a 1-day surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2011 to September 2013, we conducted a prospective study on patients who underwent ThuVEP in a 1-day surgery. The primary outcomes measured perioperatively included operative time, resected tissue weight, hemoglobin decrease, transfusion rate, postoperative irrigation and catheterization time, and postoperative hospital stay. Also, the preoperative and postoperative International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and results of uroflowmetry performed on the 7th and 30th postoperative days were recorded. All perioperative and postoperative complications were monitored. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients underwent the surgical treatment in a 1-day surgery. Seven patients continued antiaggregant therapy with aspirin. Mean preoperative prostatic adenoma volume was 56.6 mL. Mean operative time was 71 minutes. The average catheter time was 14.8 hours. The peak urinary flow rate on day 7 improved from 9.3 to 17.42 mL/s (p<0.001) and the IPSS improved from 18 to 10.2 (p<0.01). Patients were routinely discharged on the day of catheter removal. No complications were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: ThuVEP can be safely conducted as a 1-day surgical procedure. This strategy results in cost savings. ThuVEP shows good standardized outcomes with respect to improvement in flow parameters and length of bladder catheterization.

Are Histological Findings of Thulium Laser Vapo-Enucleation Versus Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Comparable?

We investigated if an adequate histological diagnosis can be made from tissue after Thulium laser vapo-enucleation of the prostate (ThuVEP) and whether it is comparable to transurethral prostate resection (TURP) tissue findings in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. We analyzed 350 ThuLEP and 100 matched TURP tissue specimens from patients who underwent one of the two procedures between January 2009 and June 2014. Thulium Laser Enucleation of Prostate (ThuVEP) was combined with mechanical morcellation of the resected lobe. Each histological specimen was reviewed by two pathologists. Preoperative prostate ultrasound volume, total serum prostatic specific antigen and postoperative tissue weight were evaluated. Microscopic histological diagnosis was assessed by standard histological techniques and immunohistochemical evaluation. Patients were comparable in terms of age and preoperative total serum prostate specific antigen. Incidental adenocarcinoma and high grade PIN of the prostate were diagnosed in a comparable percent of specimens in the 2 groups (2.5 % in the ThuVEP group versus 3 % in the TURP group). Tissue thermal artifacts induced by the Thulium laser are mostly due to coagulation as that of the conventional monopolar diathermy in TURP. Tissue quality was maintained in the ThuVEP histological specimens. Tissue maintain histological characteristics and proprieties without modification for successive immunoistochemical analysis. The pathologist ability to detect incidental prostate cancer and PIN was maintained even if there is a quoted of vaporized tissue.

Sexual outcome of patients undergoing thulium laser enucleation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may affect the quality of sexual function and ejaculation. The effect of new surgical procedures, which are currently available to treat BPH, on erection and ejaculation, has been poorly studied. This study aimed to assess the effect of thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) on sexual function and retrograde ejaculation in patients with LUTS secondary to BPH. We performed a prospective study in 110 consecutive patients who had undergone ThuLEP to analyze changes in sexual function and urinary symptoms. To evaluate changes in erection and ejaculation, and the effect of urinary symptoms on the quality of life (QoL), five validated questionnaires were used: the ICIQ-MLUTSsex, MSHQ-EjD, International Index of Erectile Function 5, International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) questionnaire, and QoL index of the intraclass correlation coefficients. Patients also underwent IPSS and flowmetry to assess the outcome of flow. Patients were evaluated before surgery and 3-6 months after ThuLEP, whereas those with previous abdominal surgery were excluded. The patients' mean age was 67.83 years. Postoperative urinary symptoms improved after surgery. No significant differences in erectile function before and after surgery were observed. As compared with other techniques described in the literature, the percentage of patients with conserved ejaculation increased by 52.7% after ThuLEP. ThuLEP positively affects urinary symptoms and their effect on the QoL of patients as assessed by questionnaire scores. While endoscopic management of BPH (e.g. transurethral resection of the prostate) causes retrograde ejaculation in most patients, those who undergo ThuLEP have conserved ejaculation and erectile function.

Role of frozen section examination in the management of testicular nodules: a useful procedure to identify benign lesions.

PURPOSE: To assess the validity of frozen section examination (FSE) on testis nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of 86 preselected patients with testicular nodules were recruited in this study. Nodules smaller than 2 cm had been surgically removed and biopsies of the margins performed. Larger nodules were just biopsied. Orchiectomy was the treatment of choice for malignant lesions and stromal tumors. Conservative surgery was performed on 2 previously monorchid patients with Leydig cell tumor because of the presence of just one testis. Conservative surgery was the treatment of choice for benign lesions in 32 cases. RESULTS: At FSE we observed that nodules were malignant germinal tumors in 47% of the cases, stromal tumors in 7% of the cases, benign lesions in 45% of the cases and doubtful for lymphoproliferative lesion in 1 case. The diagnosis made by FSE were confirmed in the definitive ones in all of them, we reported just 2 cases of Leydig cell tumor and benign fibrosis lesion. In these 2 cases, definitive histology of the collected specimens revealed areas of Leydig cell hyperplasia and seminomatous foci, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that FSE is a valid tool to discriminate between benign and malignant neoplastic lesions, particularly when an adequate sample is available.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli causing complicated upper urinary tract infection: Urologist should act in time.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, many articles reported increased incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) due to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. No data are available to date regarding patients presenting with complicated upper ESBL-positive E. coli UTI and sepsis. We report the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes in seven cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was carried out between January 2008 and September 2011. Follow-ups varied in patients according to their disease presentation and clinical outcomes. All strains were cultured and identified by the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory and were recovered from blood and urine cultures. In-vitro presence of ESBL was confirmed with Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute double disc method. RESULTS: In the study period, 49 patients needed hospitalization for upper UTI. Overall, in 25 patients (51%), cultures were negative. In the remaining, seven patients (14.3%) presented positive blood and urine-culture for ESBL + E. coli. Of these, four were female and three were male. Their median age was 73 years (range 66-84). The median hospital stay of these patients was 23 days (range 13 to 45 days). CONCLUSIONS: The current situation of multiple bacterial antibiotic resistance has become a worrisome issue in UTI. Multi-drug-resistant E. coli can be readily encountered in hospital settings during daily clinical practice, and urologist should act timely. The management of such infections is extremely important for the future, with particular reference to prevention of new antibiotic resistance patterns.

Risks and complications of transurethral resection of bladder tumor among patients taking antiplatelet agents for cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Urologists have not reached a consensus regarding the pre-, intra-, and postoperative management of patients taking antiplatelet agents. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course of patients receiving antithrombotic monotherapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 100 mg who underwent transurethral resection of bladder cancer. METHODS: This study was designed to compare the surgical outcomes for 108 transurethral resections of bladder cancer performed for patients taking antiplatelet therapy and for 105 procedures performed for patients who had never taken antiplatelet agents before surgery. Antiaggregant therapy was maintained according to criteria evaluated by a urologist, surgeon, anesthesiologist, and cardiologist. Variables were described using the mean as the location index and using standard deviation as a dispersion index if continuous percentages were used elsewhere. Group comparisons were performed using the t test or the chi-square test for categorical data, and Fisher's exact test was used where appropriate. RESULTS: The mean operative time for patients taking ASA was 31 min (range 10-65 min), whereas it was 26 min (range 5-60 min) for control subjects. The difference between pre- and postoperative hemoglobin values was -0.6 g/dl in the group receiving antiplatelet therapy and -0.8 g/dl in the control group (p = 0.0720). Transfusional support was required during four procedures performed for patients taking antiplatelet therapy and during two procedures for the control group (p = 0.242). No adverse cardiac events or anesthesia-related complications occurred. Three patients in the treatment group and two patients in the control group required reintervention to ensure hemostasis during the postoperative period. None of the patients in either group underwent rehospitalization for hematuria after leaving the hospital. CONCLUSION: The current results suggest that continued use of anti-aggregant monotherapy does not increase the risk of overall bleeding or reintervention for patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder neoplasms and that suspending aspirin before such a procedure is therefore unnecessary.

Long-term follow up with sparing surgery for testicular diseases: a safe choice in benign testicular lesions

ObjetivoLlevamos a cabo una evaluación a largo plazo del tratamiento quirúrgico de conservación testicular en situaciones benignas.Material y métodosEntre enero de 2001 y Enero de 2005, realizamos un estudio clínico perspectivo de un único centro en nuestro Servicio Académico de Urología. Se examinaron las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes diagnosticados de masa testicular pequeña (menor de 1,5 cm) tratados con cirugía conservadora. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a exploración física, valoraciones de marcadores hormonales y tumorales, ultrasonidos escrotales y abdominales, radiografías pectorales y evaluación endocrinológica. En los casos de diagnóstico de enfermedad benigna o de situación maligna seleccionada (tumor de células de Leydig) durante el análisis de secciones, se llevó a cabo una cirugía conservadora. Los pacientes que presentaron una situación maligna fueron sometidos a un estricto seguimiento oncológico, conforme a las Pautas de la EAU.ResultadosDe enero de 2001 a enero de 2005, 80 pacientes con masa testicular pequeña fueron sometidos a cirugía conservadora. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 40,9 años. El seguimiento medio fue de 95,78 meses. Los pacientes presentaron, bien un nódulo testicular palpable (77,5%), bien un nódulo diagnosticado mediante ultrasonidos (22,5%). El diagnóstico tras el examen de secciones congeladas fue de tumor de células de Leydig en 20 de los 80 casos. El tamaño histológico medio del nódulo fue de 0,93 cm. Los marcadores tumorales fueron normales antes y después de la cirugía. Se realizó un seguimiento de todos los pacientes con malignidad de acuerdo con las Pautas de la EAU. No se observaron recidivas locales ni metástasis. El 100% de los pacientes sigue con vida.ConclusionesLa cirugía de conservación testicular es factible en todos los casos benignos. Los tumores de células de Leydig presentan un seguimiento favorable a largo plazo cuando se diagnostican tempranamente. La cirugía conservadora ha demostrado ser la elección más segura (AU)

Objective. We performed a long-term evaluation of testicular conservative surgical treatment of benign conditions. Material and methods. Between January 2001 and January 2005, a single center perspective clinical study was performed at our Academic Department of Urology. Case files of all patients diagnosed with small testicular mass (less than 1.5 cm) and treated with conservative surgery were examined. Patients underwent physical examination, hormone and tumor marker assays, scrotal and abdominal ultrasound, chest X-ray and endocrinological examination. Should a benign disease or a selected malignant condition (Leydig cell tumor) be diagnosed during the frozen section analysis, testicular sparing surgery was performed. Each patient presenting a malignant condition underwent a strict oncological follow up according to the EAU Guidelines. Results. From January 2001 to January 2005, 80 patients with small testicular mass underwent conservative surgery. Patient mean age was 40.9 years. Mean follow up was 95.78 months. Patients presented either with a palpable testicular nodule (77.5%) or a nodule diagnosed by ultrasound (22.5%). Diagnosis after frozen section examination was Leydig cell tumor in 20 of 80 cases. Mean histological size of the nodule was 0.93 cm. Tumor markers were normal before and after surgery. Follow up was conducted for all malignant patients following EAU Guidelines. No local recurrence or metastasis were observed. 100% of patients are still alive. Conclusions. Testicular Sparing Surgery is feasible in all benign cases. Leydig cell tumors present a favorable long-term follow up when diagnosed early. Conservative surgery proved to be the safer choice (AU)

Do we really know the prevalence of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli in the territorial and nosocomial population?

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of the Quinolones resistant Escherichia coli and/or ESBL producers in the population of our catchment area and hospital component. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2008 to December 2010, all data concerning urine cultures in patients with suspected urinary tract infection and/or asymptomatic bacteriuria referring at our center located in the south of Milan were prospectively evaluated. RESULTS: In 2008, 2136 outpatient and 1232 hospital urine cultures were analyzed. The presence of quinolone-resistant strains was 21% at a local level and 53% in hospitals. ESBL-producing strains were isolated in 3.5% of cases at a local level and 20.5% in hospitals. In 2009, 2396 outpatient and 1320 hospital urine cultures were analyzed. The presence of quinolone-resistant strains was 21% at a local level and 46% in hospitals. ESBL-producing strains were isolated in 5.4% of cases at a local level and 20% in hospitals. In 2010, 2601 outpatient and 1717 hospital urine cultures were analyzed. The presence of quinolone-resistant strains was 34% at a local level and 26% in hospitals. ESBL-producing strains were isolated in 6.7% of cases at a local level and 20.6% in hospitals. The multidrug resistance was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in ESBL-positive strains. CONCLUSION: Due to rising antibiotic resistance among uropathogens, it is important to have knowledge of the organisms causing urinary tract infections and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. In areas with high prevalence of E. Coli resistance, performing urine culture before every surgical procedure became mandatory, in order to prevent fatal sepsis.

Is stone diameter a variable in the decision process of employing a ureteral stent in patients undergoing uncomplicated ureterorenoscopy and associated intracorporeal lithotripsy?

INTRODUCTION: A number of randomized trials and meta-analysis in patients who underwent ureteroscopic stone removal investigated the effects of placing a ureteral stent at the end of the procedure on complication rates. However, none of these investigates the stone diameter and its possible influence on complication rates and, as such, if it should be considered a possible variable in the decision process of placing or not a ureteral stent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bibliographic search covering the period from January 1990 to March 2012 was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE. This analysis is based on the fifteen remaining studies which fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria. All statistical evaluations were performed using SAS version 9.2. and by RevMan 5.0. RESULTS: A total of 1,416 patients were included. All the studies were published after 2000. Mean stone diameter ranged between 5.3 and 13.3 mm in the non-stented group and between 6.26 and 13.28 mm in the stented group. Meta-analysis showed that stone diameter was not statistically different for stented or non-stented subgroups, whereas surgical operative time was shorter for the non-stented subgroup. The effect of stone diameter, irrespectively if patients were operated with or without stents were grouped or considered separately, did not influence complications of fever, haematuria, unplanned medical visits after surgery and urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: Stone diameter is not a variable in the pre- or intraoperative decision process of placing or not placing a ureteral stent in patients undergoing uncomplicated ureterorenoscopy with intracorporeal lithotripsy.

Inverted papilloma of the bladder: a review and an analysis of the recent literature of 365 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Until the 1970s, inverted urothelial papilloma (IUP) of the bladder was generally regarded as a benign neoplasm. However, in the 1980s, several reported cases suggested the malignant potential of these papillomas, including cases with features indicative of malignancy, recurrent cases, and cases of IUP synchronous or metachronous with transitional cell carcinoma. The aim of this systematic review and analysis of the literature since 1990 to date is to contribute to unresolved issues regarding the biological behavior and prognosis of these neoplasms to establish some key points in the clinical and surgical management of IUP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Database searches yielded 109 references. Exclusion of irrelevant references left 10 references describing studies that fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria. RESULTS: One problem regarding these neoplasms is the difficulty of obtaining a correct histopathologic diagnosis. The main differential diagnosis is endophytic urothelial neoplasia, including papillary urothelial neoplasia of low malignant potential or urothelial carcinoma of low or high grade, while other considerably rare differential diagnoses include nephrogenic adenoma, paraganglioma, carcinoid tumor, cystitis cystica, cystitis glandularis, and Brunn's cell nests. The size of the lesions ranged from 1 to 50 mm (mean 12.8 mm). Most cases occurred in the fifth and sixth decade of life. The mean age of affected patients was 59.3 years (range 20-88 years). Analysis of the literature revealed a strong male predominance with a male/female ratio of 5.8:1. The most commonly reported sites of IUP were the bladder neck region and trigone. Of 285 cases included in 8 studies, 12 cases (4.2%) were multiple. Out of the total of 348 patients, 6 patients (1.72%) had a previous history of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, 5 patients (1.43%) had synchronous transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and 4 patients (1.15%) had subsequent transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. The time before recurrence was <45 months (range 5-45 months, mean 27.7 months) after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Inverted papilloma could be considered a risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma, and it is clinically prudent to exclude transitional cell cancer when it is diagnosed. Follow-up is needed if the histologic diagnosis is definitive or doubtful. We recommend 4-monthly flexible cystoscopy for the first year and then every 6 months for the subsequent 3 years. Routine surveillance of the upper urinary tract in cases of inverted papilloma of the lower part of the urinary tract is not deemed necessary.

Upper urinary tract recurrence following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a meta-analysis on 13,185 patients.

PURPOSE: Patients who undergo radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer are at risk for upper urinary tract disease in the remnant transitional tissue. Previous studies have identified several risk factors for upper urinary tract recurrence but the predictive value of each factor remains controversial. Furthermore, the schedule for surveillance of the upper urinary tract with imaging techniques and cytology has not been established. International guidelines do not address these topics and refer only to isolated works with a large case based analysis. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the effective incidence of upper urinary tract recurrence after cystectomy for bladder cancer, to analyze the risk factors so we can create subgroups of patients at high risk for recurrence and to investigate the real role of screening in the detection of upper tract lesions at an early stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bibliographic search covering the period from January 1970 to July 2010 was conducted using PubMed®, MEDLINE and EMBASE®. This analysis is based on the 27 studies that fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using a fixed effect logistic regression approach and classic meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 13,185 participants were included in the analysis. Followup was described in 22 studies and ranged from 0.36 to 349.2 months. The overall prevalence of upper tract transitional cell cancer after cystectomy ranged from 0.75% to 6.4%. Recurrence appeared at a range of 2.4 to 164 months, and in an advanced (64.6%) or metastatic state (35.6%) as reflected in poor survival rates. Patients with low grade vs high grade lesions at cystectomy showed as strong a significant difference in incidence as those with carcinoma in situ and superficial cancer vs invasive cancers and as strong as in those without lymph node involvement, with multifocal disease, with a history of multiple urothelial recurrences, with positive ureteral margins, with positive urethral margins, with urethral involvement and a history of upper urinary tract urothelial cancer. Data do not support a statistically significant difference in recurrence among patients with a history of carcinoma in situ, solitary lesion and among various types of urinary diversion adopted. In 24 studies the followup schedule included periodic radiological assessment of the upper urinary tract and in 20 it included urinary cytology. In 14 studies in 63 of 166 patients (38%) upper urinary tract recurrence was diagnosed by followup investigation whereas in the remaining 62% diagnosis was based on symptoms. When urine cytology was used in surveillance the rate of primary detection was 7% and with upper urinary tract imaging it was 29.6%. Of 5,537 patients who underwent routine cytological examination, recurrence was diagnosed in 1.8/1,000 and of those who underwent upper urinary tract imaging recurrence was diagnosed in 7.6/1,000. CONCLUSIONS: The recurrence values could appear low when considering the pan-urothelial field defect theory, but these values reflect, in part, the mortality associated with the initial bladder cancer. Based on anamnesis and pathological examination of cystectomy specimens, a group of patients is at high risk. Extensive regular followup with cytology, urography and loopgraphy yields insufficient benefits. Periodic computerized tomography with urography combines the ability to study the upper urinary tract oncologically and functionally, and the identification of any parenchymal, osseous or lymph node secondary lesion.

Is it oncologically safe performing simultaneous transurethral resection of the bladder and prostate? A meta-analysis on 1,234 patients.

PURPOSE: It is not unusual to encounter the clinical scenario of a male patient undergoing endoscopic treatment for bladder cancer (TURBT) who also needs transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). The aims of this meta-analysis were to understand whether it is oncologically safe or advantageous to combine the two procedures in terms of subsequent overall recurrences with particular interest to that in the prostatic fossa and to understand whether some characteristics of the bladder tumors can influence the recurrence rate. METHODS: A bibliographic search covering the period from January 1950 to December 2011 was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Meta-analysis approach was applied comparing prostatic fossa recurrences and total recurrences in simultaneous TURBT and TURP and control. Also, prostatic fossa recurrences and tumors' grading and multifocality in patients treated with simultaneous TURBT and TURP were analyzed. To investigate to what extent observational time influenced relapses/recurrence, a random effect meta-regression logistic model-based approach was applied. All statistical evaluations were performed using SAS version 9.2 and by RevMan 5.0. An α level of 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Overall, there were 1,234 participants in the eight studies considered. The study group consists of 634 patients and the control group 600. Mean age was 67.88 and 61.64 years, respectively, in the study and control groups. In the study group, on a total of 634 patients, 65 recurrences in the prostatic fossa appear. In the control group, on a total of 600 patients, 58 recurrences in the prostatic fossa occurred. Data do not show a statistically significant difference in recurrence in the prostatic fossa between patients treated simultaneously with TURB and TURP and the control group. Meta-analysis does not show a statistically significant difference in recurrence in the prostatic fossa with the increased grading of the neoplasms. But there is a statistically significant increased recurrence in patients with multifocal tumors. There is a statistically significant reduction in recurrence between patients treated simultaneously with TURB and TURP and the control group, but there is no reduction in the recurrence rate in the time. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis emphasized that the two operations could be performed during the same session without any negative oncologic results. The resolution during the same session of bladder outlet obstruction will improve the patients' quality of life and performing the procedures in the same session sparing the patients from a further anesthesiological maneuvers and the need for a further hospitalization for the surgical resolution of the prostatic obstruction.

Urgent shock wave lithotripsy as first-line treatment for ureteral stones: a meta-analysis of 570 patients.

The rationale for the use of immediate shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) after a renal colic episode is to obtain maximum stone clearance in the shortest possible time with associated early detection of lithotripsy failures which can be treated with auxiliary procedures. The aim of this meta-analysis is to understand the role of this treatment option in the emergency setting as first-line treatment and to compare such an immediate procedure to a delayed one in terms of stone-free and complication rates. A bibliographic search covering the period from January 1995 to September 2010 was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Database searches yielded 48 references. This analysis is based on the seven studies that fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria. A total of 570 participants were included. The number of participants in each survey ranged from 16 to 200 (mean 81.42). Six studies were published after 2000 and one in the 1990s. All studies reported participants' age with mean of 40.9 years, and range between 11 and 88 years. All patients presented with unilateral lithiasis, as such the number of total stones treated was 570. Mean stone diameter ranged between 6.38 and 8.45 mm. According to the logistic regression applied stone-free rates were 79 % (61-95) for the proximal ureter, 78 % (69-88) for the mid ureter, 79 % (74-84) for the distal ureter and 78 % (75-82) for overall. Stone-free rates do not evidence a statistically significant difference compared to those described in the AUA and EAU guidelines for elective management. SWL management of ureteral stones in an emergency setting is completely lacking in the international guidelines and they results disperse in the literature in few works. According to our meta-analysis, immediate SWL for a stone-induced acute renal colic seems to be a safe treatment with high success rate. This evidence will be validated by further randomized studies, with a larger series of patients.

Urgent ureteroscopy as first-line treatment for ureteral stones: a meta-analysis of 681 patients.

There are various recent studies on the use of ureteroscopy and debate on whether this should be the first-line treatment for patients with ureteral stones. The aim of this meta-analysis was to understand the role of this surgical procedure in the emergency setting as first-line treatment and to compare the immediate procedure with a delayed one in terms of stone-free rate and complications. A bibliographic search covering the period from January 1980 to March 2010 was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE. This analysis is based on the six studies found that fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria. A total of 681 participants were included. The number of participants in each of the studies considered ranged from 27 to 244 (mean 113). Stone-free rates were 81.9% (72.0-91.8) for the proximal ureter, 87.3% (82.6-92.0) for the mid-ureter, 94.9% (92.1-97.6) for the distal ureter and 89.5% (86.5-92.5) overall according to the logistic regression applied. These values are not statistically significantly different from those reported in the AUA and EAU guidelines. The stone diameter seems to affect the stone-free rate. An increase of the stone diameter of 1 mm beyond 8 mm corresponded to a reduction of stone-free rate of 5% (2.4-8.0) and 8.1% (3.8-12.1) for the distal and proximal ureters, respectively. There is a complete lack of information in international guidelines on the ureteroscopic management of ureteral stones in an emergency setting and the currently available results are dispersed in a few studies in the literature. The rationale for using emergency ureteroscopy is more rapid stone clearance and relief from colic pain. According to our meta-analysis, immediate ureteroscopy for ureteral stone colic seems to be a safe treatment with a high success rate. This evidence will be validated by further randomized studies, with larger series of patients.

A proposed new technique in prostate cancer tissue bio-banking: our experience with a new protocol.

The aim of our study, beyond validating a method of collecting and storing biological samples from patients with prostate cancer, was to validate an innovative biopsy method for the creation of a biobank of prostatic frozen tissues. Patients referred to our hospital between November 2008 and March 2010 to undergo radical prostatectomy were invited to participate in the study. Each patient's data were stored in two databases (personal information and clinical database) while samples of urine, blood and its derivatives, fresh material and formalin-processed tissue were stored in a correlated biobank. The proposed method for collecting fresh material was to take samples of the neoplastic tissue by carrying out targeted biopsies in the area indicated by the biopsy mapping as the site of the malignancy, under manual palpation to identify the neoplastic nodule. The site of sampling was marked by an injection of India ink. 55 patients agreed to participate in the study. In 43 cases biopsies were correct, with a mean of 48% of core involved by tumour (range, 10-90%). Overall the tumour detection rate was 78.2%. The protocol for collecting biological material and the new method for collecting fresh tissue reduce internal steps and staff involved, thereby reducing all those variables that cause heterogeneity of material and changes in its quality. This process provides high quality, low cost material for research on prostate cancer. The features of the collection protocol mean that the protocol can also be used in non-academic centres with only limited research funds.

Hematuria one-stop clinic: first experience in Italy with 150 cases.

OBJECTIVES: Starting from the UK experience, we decided to test both the feasibility and the advantages of this diagnostic pathway now established in an Italian hospital. We analyzed the outcomes in detecting transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, other malignant and non-malignant conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between April and December 2010, one hundred and fifty patients presenting with hematuria were referred to the Hematuria One Stop Clinic (HOSC) at our Institution. Each patient underwent a visit, a Urinary Tract Ultrasound, a Cystoscopy and CT IVP in selected cases (evidence of alterations or lesions of the renal parenchyma, presence of stones of the urinary tract, evidence of doubtful or positive urinary cytology). Where a TCC of the bladder was diagnosed, the patient underwent TUR-BT. In other cases (stones, BPH etc.) the appropriate therapeutic pathway was followed. RESULTS: 25.3% of patients with hematuria were found to have a bladder cancer; 21.3% had a urinary stone (2% in the bladder); 1.3% had prostate cancer; 1.3% had a renal cell carcinoma. The mean age was 69.8 yrs. 6% of the patients (23.6% on patients with TCC of the bladder) had a G3 disease. The mean time from admission to the HOSC until the operation day, in case of TCC of the bladder, was 10.61 days. CONCLUSIONS: The Italian experience of the One Stop Clinic confirms a high rate of bladder cancer detection. Furthermore, a high rate of non-malignant conditions was detected, stressing the importance of the HOSC not only as a cancer clinic but as a complete general urological clinic. We report a shorter waiting time to operation, especially for bladder TCC G3 patients.

Management of ureteral calculi and medical expulsive therapy in emergency departments.

INTRODUCTION: Ureteral stones are a common problem in daily emergency department practice. Patients may be offered medical expulsive therapy (MET1) to facilitate stone expulsion and this should be offered as a treatment for patients with distal ureteral calculi, who are amenable to waiting management. Emergency department clinicians and family practitioners are often in the front line regarding the diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic nephrolithiasis and this commentary is dedicated to them because their decisions directly influence the outcome of the acute stone episode and appropriate referral patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to understand the role of MET in the treatment of obstructing ureteral calculi. A bibliographic search covering the period from January 1980 to March 2010 was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE. The searches were restricted to publications in English. This analysis is based on the 21 studies that fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria. RESULTS: A metaregression analysis of expulsion time showed a statistically significant advantage in the experimental group, in which the mean expulsion time was 6.2 days compared to 10.3 days in controls. The treatment effect on expulsion rate (P = 0.53) was partially lost as the size of the stones decreased because of the high spontaneous expulsion rate of small stones and the expulsion time was not influenced by pharmacological treatment (P = 0.76) if the stone size was smaller than 5 mm. Analysis of the tamsulosin database. A total of 1283 participants were included in the 17 studies. These studies showed that compared to standard therapy or placebo, tamsulosin had significant benefits, being associated with both a higher stone expulsion rate (P < 0.001) and reduction of the expulsion time (P = 0.02). Reductions in the need for analgesic therapy, hospitalization and surgery are also shown. Analysis of the nifedipine database. The number of participants in each trial ranged from 25 to 70. Compared to standard therapy, the use of nifedipine significantly improved the spontaneous stone expulsion rate (P < 0.001). The mean expulsion time was slightly, but not statistically significantly, different (P = 0.19) between the treatment and control groups. A possible benefit of nifedipine, in terms of significantly reducing the doses of analgesics required, was reported in three studies. There was no difference between the tamsulosin- and nifedipine-treated groups with regard to expulsion time (P = 0.17) or expulsion rate (P = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: Despite all its advantages, MET is rarely used, representing a failure of the translation of medical science into practice. These data raise concerns not only about the quality of care of patients who could benefit from resolution of stones without anaesthetic and surgical risks but also with regard to potential cost savings. MET should be offered as a treatment for patients with distal ureteral calculi who are amenable to a waiting management.