Synthesis, photo- and thermo-luminescent properties of Mg2P2O7:Tm3+ phosphors.

In this work, both undoped and Thulium (Tm3+) doped (0.3-10 mol%) magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg2P2O7) powders were synthesized by the solvent evaporation method to study their photo-and thermoluminescent properties. Two crystalline phases were observed in the powders by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), the main phase being Mg2P2O7 and the second one thulium phosphate (TmPO4). The superficial morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed that the powders are agglomerates with an undefined form and grains with non-uniform size distribution. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra of Tm3+ doped powders show the 1D2 → 3F4 transition, associated with Tm3+ ions, at 452 and 458 nm. The thermoluminescence (TL) properties were analyzed in the undoped and Tm3+ doped powders exposed to 90Sr beta source. The TL glow curve of Tm3+ doped powders exhibits three maxima at about ⁓64-66 °C, ⁓198-202 °C, and ⁓301 °C. The TL dose-response is sub-linear from 0.11 to 0.54 Gy, linear between 0.79 and 24.95 Gy, and supra-linear from 34.99 to 599.95 Gy. Acceptable repeatability with a coefficient of variation of ∼1% was obtained after ten cycles of irradiation and readout. At 63 d of storage, the powders show fading of 30%, and at 1.6 years (585 d), the integrated TL intensity decays by 47%. The kinetic parameters of activation energy and frequency factor were evaluated using the Initial Rise, Booth, Bohun, and Porfianovitch (BBP) and Hoogenstraaten methods and Glow Curve Deconvolution with a general order kinetic model.

Gamma irradiation of adenine and guanine adsorbed into hectorite and attapulgite.

This study focuses on the radiolysis (up to 36 kGy) of guanine and adenine (nitrogenous bases) adsorbed in hectorite and attapulgite to highlight the potential role of clays as protective agents against ionizing radiation in prebiotic processes. In this framework, the study investigated the nitrogenous bases' behavior in two types of systems: a) aqueous suspension of adenine-clay systems and b) guanine-clay systems in the solid state. This research utilized spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques for its analytical purposes. Regardless of the reaction medium conditions, the results reveal that nitrogenous bases are stable under ionizing irradiation when adsorbed on both clays.

[Translated article] Relationship between low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and peroneal tendons dislocation.

INTRODUCTION: Peroneal tendon pathologies are an important cause of pain in the lateral aspect of the ankle. It has been proposed in the literature that low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly occupies more space in the retromalleolar groove and could cause laxity of the superior retinaculum which would promote tendon dislocation, tenosynovitis or ruptures. The objective of the study is to characterise the population with low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and determine the association between the low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly found on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical peroneal tendon dislocation. METHODS: A case-control study was developed with a sample of 103 patients. The cases were patients with low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and peroneal dislocation and the controls were patients with normal implantation of the peroneus brevis muscle and peroneal tendon dislocation. RESULTS: The prevalence of clinical peroneal dislocation in patients with low implantation of the peroneal brevis muscle belly was 7.64%, and the prevalence of clinical peroneal dislocation in patients with normal implantation of the peroneus brevis muscle belly was 8.88%. The OR was 0.85 (CI 0.09-7.44, p=0.88). DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and clinical dislocation of the peroneal tendons.

[Translated article] Translation, validation, and cultural adaptation of the HSS-ES scale (Hospital for Special Surgery's [HSS] Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey).

INTRODUCTION: The questionnaire Hospital for Special Surgery Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey (HSS-ES) is a tool used to assess the preoperative expectations of patients with shoulder pathologies. The purpose of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Spanish version of the HSS-ES questionnaire to assess preoperative expectations in Spanish-speaking patients. METHODOLOGY: Questionnaire validation study, using a structured method where a survey-type tool was processed, evaluated and validated. The study involved 70 patients from the shoulder surgery outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital, with shoulder pathologies requiring surgery. RESULTS: The version of the questionnaire translated into Spanish presented a very good internal consistency with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.94 and a very good reproducibility with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.99. CONCLUSION: The HSS-ES questionnaire presents an adequate intragroup validation and a strong intergroup correlation according to the internal consistency analysis of the questionnaire and the ICC. Therefore, it is considered an adequate questionnaire to use in the Spanish-speaking population.

Translation, validation, and cultural adaptation of the HSS-ES scale (Hospital for Special Surgery's [HSS] Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey). / Traducción, adaptación cultural y validación del cuestionario HSS-ES (Hospital for Special Surgery [HSS] Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey).

INTRODUCTION: The questionnaire Hospital for Special Surgery Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey (HSS-ES) is a tool used to assess the preoperative expectations of patients with shoulder pathologies. The purpose of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Spanish version of the HSS-ES questionnaire to assess preoperative expectations in Spanish-speaking patients. METHODOLOGY: Questionnaire validation study, using a structured method where a survey-type tool was processed, evaluated and validated. The study involved 70 patients from the shoulder surgery outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital, with shoulder pathologies requiring surgery. RESULTS: The version of the questionnaire translated into Spanish presented a very good internal consistency with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.94 and a very good reproducibility with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.99. CONCLUSION: The HSS-ES questionnaire presents an adequate intragroup validation and a strong intergroup correlation according to the internal consistency analysis of the questionnaire and the ICC. Therefore, it is considered an adequate questionnaire to use in the Spanish-speaking population.

Relationship between low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and peroneal tendons dislocation. / Relación entre implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto y luxación de los tendones peroneos.

INTRODUCTION: Peroneal tendon pathologies are an important cause of pain in the lateral aspect of the ankle. It has been proposed in the literature that low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly occupies more space in the retromalleolar groove and could cause laxity of the superior retinaculum which would promote tendon dislocation, tenosynovitis or ruptures. The objective of the study is to characterize the population with low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and determine the association between the low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly found on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical peroneal tendon dislocation. METHODS: A case-control study was developed with a sample of 103 patients. The cases were patients with low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and peroneal dislocation and the controls were patients with normal implantation of the peroneus brevis muscle and peroneal tendon dislocation. RESULTS: The prevalence of clinical peroneal dislocation in patients with low implantation of the peroneal brevis muscle belly was 7.64%, and the prevalence of clinical peroneal dislocation in patients with normal implantation of the peroneus brevis muscle belly was 8.88%. The OR was 0.85 (CI 0.09-7.44, P=0.88). DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and clinical dislocation of the peroneal tendons.

Thermoluminescence properties and identification of irradiated cocoa beans during long-term storage.

This work reports on the thermoluminescence (TL) properties and detection of contaminating minerals isolated from Mexican cocoa beans irradiated with gamma radiation and stored for 4 years. Contaminating minerals isolated from cocoa beans consisting of quartz, diopside, plagioclase, albite, and iron oxide with irregular and rectangular grains and average length of 135 µm. Cocoa beans are detected as irradiated even after 4 years of storage using the shape and maximum temperature of the TL glow curve of contaminating minerals. The TL properties of dose-response, and fading of minerals were also analysed. The TL dose-response is linear from 5 to 100 Gy, supra-linear between 250 and 1000 Gy, and sub-linear above 1500 Gy. Based on the TL1/TL2 ratio the minerals are identified as irradiated from 250 Gy to 4500 Gy in the dose-response test and after different storage times in the darkness at room temperature. A continuum trap distribution can be associated with the TL glow curve of minerals using the Tm-Tstop method. First order kinetic peaks were used in the Glow Curve Deconvolution of natural and irradiated (1 and 10 kGy) TL curves.

Crystal response measurement of the x-ray transmission crystals used by the Imaging Spectroscopy Snout at the National Ignition Facility.

The Imaging Spectroscopy Snout (ISS) used at the National Ignition Facility is able to simultaneously collect neutron pinhole images, 1D spatially resolved x-ray spectra, and time resolved x-ray pinhole images. To measure the x-ray spectra, the ISS can be equipped with up to four different transmission crystals, each offering different energy ranges from ∼7.5 to ∼12 keV and different resolutions. Characterizing and calibrating such instruments is of paramount importance in order to extract meaningful results from experiments. More specifically, we characterized different ISS transmission-type alpha-Quartz crystals by measuring their responses as a function of photon energy, from which we inferred the angle-integrated reflectivity for each crystal's working reflections. These measurements were made at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory calibration station dedicated to the characterization of x-ray spectrometers. The sources used covered a wide x-ray range-from a few to 30 keV; the source diameter was ∼0.6 mm. The experimental results are discussed alongside theoretical calculations using the pyTTE model.

Validación y adaptación transcultural de la escala Pedi-IKDC para la evaluación funcional de niños llevados a cirugía de rodilla / Transcultural validation and adaptation of the Pedi-IKDC scale for the functional assessment of children that undergo knee surgery

Introducción: En las últimas décadas la práctica deportiva en los niños ha incrementado, presentándose así mayores lesiones osteomusculares. No existen escalas validadas al español para la evaluación funcional de la rodilla en niños. Se realizó la validación y adaptación transcultural de la escala Pedi-IKDC al español, usada para este fin. Metodología: Se aplicó la escala a 50 pacientes operados por lesiones traumáticas de la rodilla entre el 2016 y el 2021, se realizó el proceso de validación, previa prueba piloto, adaptación transcultural de palabras al español, traducción-retraducción, y análisis estadístico, determinación de consistencia interna del instrumento, correlación intraclase, test-retest y evaluación de dispersión de los datos. Resultados: La consistencia interna del instrumento evaluado es buena según la escala de Gregory, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,82; la correlación intraclase se consideró sustancial (0,624) y al momento de realizar la correlación test-retest se encontró un coeficiente de 0,91. En el gráfico de Bland-Altman se evidenció una baja dispersión entre los datos. Conclusión: La escala Pedi-IKDC puede ser una herramienta útil para evaluar la funcionalidad en niños que han sido llevados a cirugía de rodilla; se considera válida, con una adecuada confiabilidad y con la ventaja adicional de ser de fácil aplicación.(AU)

Introduction: In the last decades sports practice in children has increased, thus increasing the number of musculoskeletal injuries. There are no validated scales in Spanish for the functional evaluation of knee aspects in children. The validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Pedi-IKDC scale to Spanish, used for this purpose, was carried out. Methodology: The scale was applied to 50 patients that suffered traumatic knee injuries between 2016 and 2021 and underwent surgical interventions. The validation process of the scale was carried out after a pilot test, cross-cultural adaptation of words into Spanish, translation-retranslation, statistical, determination of internal consistency of the instrument, intraclass correlation, test-retest and evaluation of data dispersion. Results: The internal consistency of the evaluated instrument is good according to the Gregory scale with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 The intraclass correlation was considered substantial (0.624) and the test-retest correlation, showed a coefficient of 0.91. The Bland-Altman graph showed a low dispersion among the data. Conclusion: The Pedi-IKDC scale can be a useful tool to assess functionality in children who have undergone knee surgery, it is considered valid, with adequate reliability and with the advantage of easy application.(AU)

[Translated article] Transcultural validation and adaptation of the Pedi-IKDC scale for the functional assessment of children that undergo knee surgery / Validación y adaptación transcultural de la escala Pedi-IKDC para la evaluación funcional de niños llevados a cirugía de rodilla

Introducción: En las últimas décadas la práctica deportiva en los niños ha incrementado, presentándose así mayores lesiones osteomusculares. No existen escalas validadas al español para la evaluación funcional de la rodilla en niños. Se realizó la validación y adaptación transcultural de la escala Pedi-IKDC al español, usada para este fin. Metodología: Se aplicó la escala a 50 pacientes operados por lesiones traumáticas de la rodilla entre el 2016 y el 2021, se realizó el proceso de validación, previa prueba piloto, adaptación transcultural de palabras al español, traducción-retraducción, y análisis estadístico, determinación de consistencia interna del instrumento, correlación intraclase, test-retest y evaluación de dispersión de los datos. Resultados: La consistencia interna del instrumento evaluado es buena según la escala de Gregory, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,82; la correlación intraclase se consideró sustancial (0,624) y al momento de realizar la correlación test-retest se encontró un coeficiente de 0,91. En el gráfico de Bland-Altman se evidenció una baja dispersión entre los datos. Conclusión: La escala Pedi-IKDC puede ser una herramienta útil para evaluar la funcionalidad en niños que han sido llevados a cirugía de rodilla; se considera válida, con una adecuada confiabilidad y con la ventaja adicional de ser de fácil aplicación.(AU)

Introduction: In the last decades sports practice in children has increased, thus increasing the number of musculoskeletal injuries. There are no validated scales in Spanish for the functional evaluation of knee aspects in children. The validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Pedi-IKDC scale to Spanish, used for this purpose, was carried out. Methodology: The scale was applied to 50 patients that suffered traumatic knee injuries between 2016 and 2021 and underwent surgical interventions. The validation process of the scale was carried out after a pilot test, cross-cultural adaptation of words into Spanish, translation-retranslation, statistical, determination of internal consistency of the instrument, intraclass correlation, test-retest and evaluation of data dispersion. Results: The internal consistency of the evaluated instrument is good according to the Gregory scale with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 The intraclass correlation was considered substantial (0.624) and the test-retest correlation, showed a coefficient of 0.91. The Bland-Altman graph showed a low dispersion among the data. Conclusion: The Pedi-IKDC scale can be a useful tool to assess functionality in children who have undergone knee surgery, it is considered valid, with adequate reliability and with the advantage of easy application.(AU)

[Translated article] Transcultural validation and adaptation of the Pedi-IKDC scale for the functional assessment of children that undergo knee surgery.

INTRODUCTION: In the last decades sports practice in children has increased, thus increasing the number of musculoskeletal injuries. There are no validated scales in Spanish for the functional evaluation of knee aspects in children. The validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Pedi-IKDC scale to Spanish, used for this purpose, was carried out. METHODOLOGY: The scale was applied to 50 patients that suffered traumatic knee injuries between 2016 and 2021 and underwent surgical interventions. The validation process of the scale was carried out after a pilot test, cross-cultural adaptation of words into Spanish, translation-retranslation, statistical, determination of internal consistency of the instrument, intraclass correlation, test-retest and evaluation of data dispersion. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the evaluated instrument is good according to the Gregory scale with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 The intraclass correlation was considered substantial (0.624) and the test-retest correlation, showed a coefficient of 0.91. The Bland-Altman graph showed a low dispersion among the data. CONCLUSION: The Pedi-IKDC scale can be a useful tool to assess functionality in children who have undergone knee surgery, it is considered valid, with adequate reliability and with the advantage of easy application.

Transcultural validation and adaptation of the Pedi-IKDC scale for the functional assessment of children that undergo knee surgery. / Validación y adaptación transcultural de la escala Pedi-IKDC para la evaluación funcional de niños llevados a cirugía de rodilla.

INTRODUCTION: In the last decades sports practice in children has increased, thus increasing the number of musculoskeletal injuries. There are no validated scales in Spanish for the functional evaluation of knee aspects in children. The validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Pedi-IKDC scale to Spanish, used for this purpose, was carried out. METHODOLOGY: The scale was applied to 50 patients that suffered traumatic knee injuries between 2016 and 2021 and underwent surgical interventions. The validation process of the scale was carried out after a pilot test, cross-cultural adaptation of words into Spanish, translation-retranslation, statistical, determination of internal consistency of the instrument, intraclass correlation, test-retest and evaluation of data dispersion. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the evaluated instrument is good according to the Gregory scale with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 The intraclass correlation was considered substantial (0.624) and the test-retest correlation, showed a coefficient of 0.91. The Bland-Altman graph showed a low dispersion among the data. CONCLUSION: The Pedi-IKDC scale can be a useful tool to assess functionality in children who have undergone knee surgery, it is considered valid, with adequate reliability and with the advantage of easy application.

Efecto de una dieta rica en calcio sobre el metabolismo mineral y óseo en ratas / Effect of a calcium-rich diet on bone and mineral metabolism in rats

Objetivo: Una dieta rica en calcio se ha recomendado generalmente para mantener una adecuada salud ósea; no obstante, estudios recientes han despertado la controversia sobre sus beneficios. En este sentido, la mayoría de los estudios existentes en modelos animales están realizados con dietas deficientes en vitamina D. En este estudio se evaluará el efecto de una dieta rica en calcio sobre el metabolismo mineral y la histomorfometría ósea en rata. Además, en células UMR-106 se evaluó el efecto directo del suplemento de calcio sobre la expresión de genes osteogénicos.Material y métodos: Un grupo de ratas wistar macho de aproximadamente 3 meses de edad fue alimentado con dieta de contenido normal de calcio (0,6%) mientras que otro grupo se alimentó con dieta de alto contenido en calcio (1,2%). Transcurridos 20 días se recogieron muestras de orina 24h, sangre para análisis bioquímicos y el fémur para estudio de histomorfometría ósea. In vitro, se estudió la expresión génica de Runx2, Osterix y Osteocalcina en células UMR-106 cultivadas en condiciones de alto contenido en calcio.Resultados: La ingesta de una dieta rica en calcio redujo la concentración de PTH y calcitriol en plasma, aumentó la calciuria y disminuyó la fosfaturia. A nivel óseo, se observó una drástica disminución de la actividad osteoblástica consistente con la bajada de PTH; sin embargo, el volumen trabecular permaneció similar en ambos grupos. In vitro, el suplemento de calcio no disminuyó la expresión de marcadores osteoblásticos en UMR-106, indicando que los efectos in vivo son mayormente indirectos y debidos a la bajada de PTH.Conclusiones: Una dieta de alto contenido en calcio reduce la concentración de PTH y calcitriol en plasma, resultando en una disminución de la actividad osteoblástica. (AU)

Continuous-wave optically stimulated luminescence properties of Guajillo chilli polyminerals exposed to gamma radiation.

In this investigation, the Continuous-Wave Optically Stimulated Luminescence (CW-OSL) properties of polyminerals extracted from Mexican and Peruvian Guajillo chilli were studied using a source of cesium-137 (Cs-137) gamma radiation. The Guajillo chilli polyminerals were stimulated with blue light for 120 s, and their luminescence was detected in the UV region. The General Order Kinetics (GOK) deconvolution analysis of the CW-OSL curves was carried out using three individual components. The CW-OSL dose response from 10 to 5000 Gy was analysed in Guajillo chilli polyminerals. After different storage periods, the polyminerals show an increase in the CW-OSL intensity. A strong and moderate effect of the sunlight (60 min) and artificial (6 h) light is observed on the CW-OSL response. Therefore, the CW-OSL properties of polyminerals could be used in the identification of Mexican and Peruvian Guajillo chilli exposed to Cs-137 gamma radiation.

Role of the Interchangeable Cations on the Sorption of Fumaric and Succinic Acids on Montmorillonite and its Relevance in Prebiotic Chemistry.

It has been proposed that clays could have served as key factors in promoting the increase in complexity of organic matter in primitive terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. The aim of this work is to study the adsorption-desorption of two dicarboxylic acids, fumaric and succinic acids, onto clay minerals (sodium and iron montmorillonite). These two acids may have played a role in prebiotic chemistry, and in extant biochemistry, they constitute an important redox couple (e.g. in Krebs cycle) in extant biochemistry. Smectite clays might have played a key role in the origins of life. The effect of pH on sorption has been tested; the analysis was performed by UV-vis and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. The results show that chemisorption is the main responsible of the adsorption processes among the dicarboxylic acids and clays. The role of the ion, present in the clay, is fundamental in the adsorption processes of dicarboxylic acids. These ions (sodium and iron) were selected due to their relevance on the geochemical environments that possibly existed into the primitive Earth. Different mechanisms are proposed to explain the sorption of dicarboxylic acids in the clay. In this work, we propose the formation of complexes among metal cations in the clays and dicarboxylic acids. The organic complexes were probably formed in the prebiotic environments enabling chemical processes, prior to the appearance of life. Thus, the data presented here are relevant to the origin of life studies.

Preliminary chemical characterization of ethanolic extracts from Colombian plants with promising anti - Trypanosoma cruzi activity.

Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. There are no vaccines, and the chemotherapy available to treat this infection has serious side effects. In a search for alternative treatments, we determined the in vitro susceptibility of epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi and the cytotoxic effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of ethanolic extracts obtained from six different plant species. The ethanolic extracts of Ageratina vacciniaefolia, Clethra fimbriata and Siparuna sessiliflora showed antiprotozoal activity against epimastigotes and low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. However, only the ethanolic extract of C. fimbriata showed activity against T. cruzi trypomastigotes, and it had low cytotoxicity in PBMCs. An analysis on the phytochemical composition of C. fimbriata extract showed that its metabolites were primarily represented by two families of compounds: flavonoids and terpenoids. Lastly, we analyzed whether the A. vacciniaefolia, C. fimbriata, or S. sessiliflora ethanolic extracts induced IFN-γ or TNF-α production. Significantly, ethanolic extracts of C. fimbriata induced TNF-α production and S. sessiliflora induced both cytokines. In addition, C. fimbriata and S. sessiliflora induced the simultaneous secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α in CD8+ T cells. The antiprotozoal and immunomodulatory activity of C. fimbriata may be related to the presence of flavonoid and triterpene compounds in the extract. Thus, these findings suggest that C. fimbriata may represent a valuable source of new bioactive compounds for the therapeutic treatment of Chagas disease that combines trypanocidal activity with the capacity to boost the immune response.

Risk of dengue virus infection according to serostatus in individuals from dengue endemic areas of Mexico.

The variability in the host immune response directed against dengue virus (DENV) has demonstrated the need to understand the immune response associated with protection in incident infection. The objective was to estimate the association between serostatus and the risk of incident DENV infection. We used a prospective study from 2014 to 2016 in the localities of Axochiapan and Tepalcingo, Morelos, Mexico. We recruited 966 participants, of which, according to their infection history registered were categorized in four groups. To accomplish the objectives of this study, we selected to 400 participants older than 5 years of age were followed for 2.5 years. Blood samples were taken every 6 months to measure serological status and infection by ELISA. In individuals with at least two previous infections the risk of new infection was lower compared to a seronegative group (hazard ratio adjusted 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-0.98), adjusted for age and locality. Therefore, individuals who have been exposed two times or more to a DENV infection have a lower risk of re-infection, thus showing the role of cross-immunity and its association with protection.

Comparación de perfil lipídico por sexo y edad en una población de equinos en Caldas (Colombia) / Comparison of lipid profile by sex and age in an equine population in Caldas (Colombia)

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el perfil lipídico en equinos y analizar la correlación entre las cantidades lipídicas del suero de cuatro grupos. Materiales y Métodos: se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de 160 equinos en estado de ayuno, los cuales se diferenciaron por sexo y edad sin discriminar la raza así: machos jóvenes (40) y adultos (40), y hembras jóvenes (40) y adultas (40), las hembras no estaban preñadas; se determinaron los niveles de triglicéridos (TG), colesterol total (CT) y el colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL) mediante el método enzimático colorimétrico. El colesterol de las lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (C-VLDL) y de baja densidad (C-LDL) se determinó usando las fórmulas de Friedewald. Los resultados se compararon mediante un análisis estadístico de Anova simple con el programa estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics 23®, donde se aceptaba diferencia estadísticamente significativa cuando p < 0,05. Resultados: las variables de CT, TG, C-HDL, C-LDL y C-VLDL del total de la población de acuerdo a la media y desviación estándar mostraron valores expresados en mg/dl de 100,3 ± 12,89; 45,59 ± 11,95; 62,03 ± 10,88; 27,91 ± 6,48; 9,11 ± 2. Al comparar los 4 grupos se encontró diferencia significativa en el C-HDL en los adultos (p-valor: 0,031), siendo mayor en las hembras adultas. Conclusiones: se presenta una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre género para C-HDL siendo más alto en hembras adultas, mientras que para el resto de los elementos analizados (TG, CT, C-LDL, C-VLDL) no se encontró diferencia significativa entre género y edad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the lipid profile in equines and to analyze the correlation bet-ween serum lipid amounts of four groups. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 160 horses in the fasting state, they were differentiated by sex and age without discriminating race as follows: young (40) and adult males (40) and young (40) and adult females (40), the females were not pregnant; the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. Very low density (C-VLDL) and low density (LDL-C) lipoprotein cholesterol was determined using the Friedewald formula. The results were compared using a statistical analysis of SIMPLE ANOVA with the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics 23®, where a statistically significant difference was accepted when P < 0.05. Results: The variables of CT, TG, C-HDL, C-LDL and C-VLDL of the total population according to mean and standard deviation showed values expressed in mg/dl of100.3 ± 12.89; 45.59 ± 11.95; 62.03 ± 10.88; 27.91 ± 6.48; 9.11 ± 2. When comparing the 4 groups we found a significant difference in HDL-C in adults (p-value: 0.031), being higher in adult females. Conclusions: a statistically significant difference between genotype for HDL-C was found to be higher in adult females, whereas for the rest of the analyzed elements (TG, CT, C-LDL, C-VLDL) no significant difference between gender and age was found.

High-order dispersion mapping of an optical fiber.

We report on measurements of high-order dispersion maps of an optical fiber, showing how the ratio between the third and fourth-order dispersion (ß3/ß4) and the zero-dispersion wavelength (λ0) vary along the length of the fiber. Our method is based on Four-Wave Mixing between short pulses derived from an incoherent pump and a weak laser. We find that the variations in the ratio ß3/ß4 are correlated to those in λ0. We present also numerical calculations to illustrate the limits on the spatial resolution of the method. Due to the good accuracy in measuring λ0 and ß3/ß4 (10 -3% and 5% relative error, respectively), and its simplicity, the method can be used to identify fiber segments of good uniformity, suitable to build nonlinear optical devices such as parametric amplifiers and frequency comb generators.

Magnesium: An old player revisited in the context of CKD-MBD.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a wide number of abnormalities in mineral metabolism. Often, these alterations are the leading players in the development of comorbidities associated with CKD, which are risk factors of mortality. In this context, mineral and bone disorder associated with CKD (CKD-MBD) are highlighted, connecting bone, renal, and cardiovascular disorders. Many studies have been led to propose strategies to avoid, reduce, or slow down CKD-MBD progression using different compositions of metallic elements-based P binders such as aluminum, magnesium, or calcium. Magnesium, the aim of this review, has been used by nephrologists to treat CKD-MBD with a variable acceptation due mainly to different results on bone homeostasis. Nowadays, we have new evidence about the efficacy of magnesium supplementation on vascular calcification, renal function, and bone disorders, suggesting potential beneficial effects of Magnesium in the management of CKD-MBD.