Cooling rate modifies the location of aquaporin 3 in spermatozoa of sheep and goat.

The freeze-thawing process induces osmotic changes that may affect the membrane domain location of aquaporins' (AQP) in spermatozoa. Recent studies suggest that changes in AQP3 localization allows better sperm osmo-adaptation, improving the cryoresistance. Ultra-rapid freezing is an alternative cryopreservation technique that requires less equipment than conventional freezing, and it is faster, simpler and can be used in the field. This study aimed to determine the influence of freezing-thawing rates (slow (control) vs. ultra-rapid) on AQP3 expression and location in the spermatozoa from small ruminants (sheep and goats) and its relationship with sperm cryo-damage. Spermatozoa were collected from 10 Merino rams and 10 Murciano-Granadina bucks. The presence and distribution of AQP3 were assessed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry (ICC), employing a commercial rabbit polyclonal antibody. Sperm motility was CASA system-analyzed, and membrane and acrosome integrity assessed by fluorescence (PI/PNA-FITC). Western blotting did not detect a significant effect of freezing-thawing rate on the amount of AQP3 while ICC found freezing-thawing rate affecting AQP3 location (P < 0.05). In both species, the percentages of spermatozoa showing AQP3 in the post-acrosome region, mid-piece, and principal piece of the tail were greater in samples cryopreserved by slow freezing-thawing (control) than ultra-rapid freezing-thawing rates (P < 0.05). Spermatozoa cryopreserved using ultra-rapid freezing-thawing showed decrease motility, plasma membrane, and acrosome integrity (P < 0.05), which might be related, at least in part, to a lower expression of AQP3. In conclusion, the cooling rate modifies the location of AQP3 in spermatozoa of sheep and goat, which might be associated with sperm cryosurvival.

Arbovirus - a threat to transfusion safety in Spain: a narrative review. / Arbovirus como amenaza para la seguridad transfusional en España: revisión narrativa.

Arboviruses represent a threat to transfusion safety for several reasons: the presence of vectors and the notification of autochthonous cases in our region, the recent increase in the number of cases transmitted through blood and/or blood component transfusion, the high prevalence rates of RNA of the main arboviruses in asymptomatic blood donors, and their ability to survive processing and storage in the different blood components. In an epidemic outbreak caused by an arbovirus in our region, transfusion centres can apply different measures: reactive measures, related to donor selection or arbovirus screening, and proactive measures, such as pathogen inactivation methods. The study of the epidemiology of the main arboviruses and understanding the effectiveness of the different measures that we can adopt are essential to ensure that our blood components remain safe.

Biocontrol of L. monocytogenes with Selected Autochthonous Lactic Acid Bacteria in Raw Milk Soft-Ripened Cheese under Different Water Activity Conditions.

The effect of selected autochthonous Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) against Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated in two elaborations of soft-ripened cheese performed under high and low relative humidity (RH) elaborations, to achieve aw ranging from 0.97 to 0.94 in ripened cheeses. Two selected autochthonous strains of Lacticaseibacillus casei 31 and 116 were used. In each elaboration, 8 batches were physicochemically and microbiologically evaluated throughout the ripening process. The aw and pH decreased during ripening to final values ranging from 0.944 to 0.972 aw and 5.0 to 5.3 pH, respectively. LAB was the only microbial group that increased throughout the ripening in high and low RH elaborations. In batches that were uninoculated with LAB strains, L. monocytogenes was either maintained at the initial inoculation level or showed a slight reduction by the end of the ripening process. However, in LAB-inoculated batches in the two elaborations, steady decreases of L. monocytogenes were observed throughout maturation. L. casei 31 alone or in combination with strain 116 provoked reductions of 2 to 4 log CFU/g in L. monocytogenes over 60 days of ripening, which could be enough as a strategy for biocontrol to deal with the usual contamination by L. monocytogenes during cheese processing.

Afectación de la segunda motoneurona y enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob / Second motor neuron compromise and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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Respuesta comunitaria a la muerte súbita: resucitación cardiopulmonar con desfibrilación temprana / Responding to sudden death in the community: cardiopulmonary resuscitation with prompt defibrillation

La respuesta a la parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria debe ser una prioridad para todos los sistemas sanitarios por su elevada incidencia y sus dramáticas consecuencias. Es la tercera causa de mortalidad en las sociedades avanzadas. La estrategia asistencial descansa en los cuatro eslabones de la «cadena de supervivencia»: la alerta inmediata, el soporte vital básico realizado por los testigos, la desfibrilación temprana y, por último, el soporte vital avanzado precoz, seguido de los cuidados intensivos tras la resucitación. La efectividad de esta cadena está condicionada por su eslabón más débil; los elementos clave para la supervivencia son las compresiones torácicas precoces, realizadas con mínimas interrupciones, y la desfibrilación temprana. La introducción del desfibrilador externo semiautomático ha hecho posible que se plantee como objetivo realista lograr un tiempo de desfibrilación < 5 min. Su utilización por los servicios de emergencias sanitarios y cuerpos de seguridad es efectiva y eficiente, como también lo es su introducción en espacios públicos adecuadamente seleccionados, aunque en este caso su eficiencia puede variar significativamente según las características y el nivel de riesgo del espacio donde se ubiquen (AU)

Responding to an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest should be a priority for all health-care systems because of the high incidence and dramatic consequences of such events. Cardiac arrest is the third leading cause of mortality in developed countries. The strategy for providing emergency assistance is based on the four links of the «chain of survival»: rapid notification of the emergency services, the provision of basic life support by bystanders, prompt defibrillation and, finally, prompt provision of advanced life support, followed by post-resuscitation intensive care. The effectiveness of this chain of events depends on its weakest link and the key elements for survival are prompt chest compression, carried out with minimal interruption, and prompt defibrillation. The development of semiautomated external defibrillators has made it possible to regard carrying out defibrillation within 5 minutes as a realistic objective. Their use by emergency health services and by first-aid facilities is effective and efficient, as is their introduction into properly selected public areas. However, in public areas, their efficiency could be significantly affected by the nature of the area in which they are located and by the level of risk at that location (AU)