Active microscopic colitis precipitated by fluoxetine.

Microscopic colitis is a form of chronic and recurrent inflammatory bowel disease characterized by non-bloody, watery diarrhea, macroscopically normal colonic mucosa, and characteristic histopathological findings. Some drugs have been described as triggers of colonic inflammation in predisposed individuals, while others may exacerbate microscopic colitis that evolves on its own. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with active microscopic colitis in relation to taking fluoxetine at high doses.

Prolapsed hyperplastic gastric polyp: an uncommon cause of acute pancreatitis.

A 68-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department with a one-month history of intermittent epigastrium pain. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis and elevated lipase (4129 UI/l), with normal liver function, so he was admitted for its first episode of acute pancreatitis. Abdominal ultrasound showed liver steatosis, without cholelithiasis or bile duct dilatation. A thoraco-abdominal computed tomography was performed, revealing a pedunculated gastric polyp in lesser curvature measuring 64x38mm with no evidence of metastatic disease. Gastroscopy was performed, showing a 7-cm pedunculated gastric polyp prolapsed through the pylorus into the duodenum. The polyp was moved into the stomach, and a fragmented resection of the polyp was carried out with a hot snare. Histopathologic evaluation was compatible with hyperplastic polyp with low-grade dysplasia. The patient had a favourable evolution with no complications after the procedure.

Persistently elevated alkaline phosphatase without hepatopathy?: literature review.

Elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels are found in multiple hepatobiliary diseases and in bone diseases. ALP can also originate in the intestine and placenta. Very few cases of persistent elevations of IALP or in the context of benign familial intestinal hyperphosphatasemia (BFIH) without underlying pathology have been reported in the literature. In the evaluation of elevated ALP, most patients will not require determination of its isoenzymes. However, it is important to be aware of this entity to avoid unnecessary additional studies and to establish the diagnosis of a persistent but benign biochemical abnormality.

Endoscopic management of an iatrogenic duodenal perforation and choledocholithiasis in the same endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography session.

We present the case of a 67-year-old female with recent cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis. She was admitted to our hospital with right upper quadrant abdominal pain and vomiting. Laboratory analysis revealed hyperbilirubinemia with cytolysis and cholestasis. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a choledocholithiasis of 8 mm. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was scheduled. With the duodenoscope, after the reduction maneuver from the second duodenal portion to face the major papilla, a perforation of approximately 18 mm was identified in the contralateral wall distal to it. A gastroscope identified the perforation and a 9.5-11 x 6 mm over-the-scope-clip (OTSC) was placed after inserting its edges into the cap with aspiration (without approximation forceps).

EUS-guided gallbladder drainage as a treatment for acute perforated cholecystitis.

Acute perforated cholecystitis is a rare but severe complication of acute cholecystitis. Currently, EUS-GBD using LAMS is the preferred choice for gallbladder drainage in high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis unfit for cholecystectomy. However, it has been suggested to avoid this procedure when there is suspicion of gallbladder perforation or necrosis. The evidence of EUS-GBD in this setting is scarce. Our case demonstrates that EUS-GBD with LAMS can be effective in the management of type II perforation of the gallbladder.

RHEDAR study: Determination of the risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in treatment with dabigatran, acenocoumarol and rivaroxaban.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Atrial fibrillation is a major cause of death and disability due to stroke. Vitamin K antagonist drugs are effective for prevention, but they have a narrow therapeutic range and multiple pharmacological interactions. In recent years, new therapeutic alternatives have been searched to minimize complications. The main objective is to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in anticoagulated patients and compare the classic treatment with new anticoagulants. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients treated with acenocoumarol/dabigatran/rivaroxaban, between 2012 and 2016. We compared the classic with the new anticoagulant group, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determinate the risk factors of gastrointestinal bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 1213 patients were selected, 52.7% male patients, a mean age of 72.6 years old (± 14.563). 73.6% had atrial fibrilation. 14.5% of patients used acetylsalicylic acid, and 4% clopidogrel. 67.2% had a high-risk CHADS-2 Score, and 36.9% a high-risk HAS-BLED Score. We determined a 5.6% (68) of gastrointestinal bleeding, without differences according to anticoagulant used. The multivariate model showed a greater risk for digestive hemorrhage in patients with a previous hemorrhagic event (odds ratio [OR] = 2.422 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.101-5.327) and the concomitant therapy with clopidogrel (OR = 2.373 95% CI: 0.996-5.652). CONCLUSIONS: No differences were found in the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding between the different anticoagulants. A previous gastrointestinal bleeding were considered independent risk factor. The HAS-BLED score should be taken into account to make clinical decisions about to prescribe anticoagulant treatment.

Effectiveness of adalimumab in perianal fistulas in crohn's disease patients naive to anti-TNF therapy.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding the effectiveness of adalimumab (ADA) in the treatment of perianal fistula in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) naive to antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy are scarce. AIM: : To assess the effectiveness of ADA in the treatment of perianal fistulas in CD patients naive to anti-TNF therapy. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter study was designed. The Fistula Drainage Assessment Index was used to assess the clinical response, and the Van Assche and Ng indexes to classify radiologic response (magnetic resonance imaging). RESULTS: A total of 46 patients (83% women, 83% complex fistula) were included. At 6 months, 72% of patients responded to ADA (54% remission, 18% partial response) and at 12 months 49% responded (41% remission, 8% partial response). Among patients with complex fistula, the response rate was 66% at 6 months and 39% at 12 months. Nine patients escalated the ADA dose to 40 mg weekly, 6 for partial response and 3 for absence of response. Thirty-three percent of these patients achieved remission after dose escalation. There was a good correlation between clinical and radiologic assessment of response (κ=0.68). In the multivariate analysis, complex fistula was the only predictor of a worse response (hazard ratio 0.083; 95% confidence interval, 0.0009-0.764; P=0.028). Adverse effects were recorded in 11% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: ADA was effective for the treatment of perianal fistulas in CD patients naive to anti-TNF drugs. We found a good correlation between clinical and radiologic assessment of therapy response.