ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Psychometric studies of the FACES III scale in Spanish-speaking countries show a lack of agreement on the factorial structure of the scale. In addition, most of the studies have only performed exploratory analyses of its factorial structure. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to confirm the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale in nursing and obstetric students from Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico. METHODS: A total of 3303 students from the four countries participated in this study (Colombia = 1559, Chile = 1224, Peru = 215, Mexico = 305). RESULTS: The results of the study showed that the Bi-factor model presents the best-fit indexes to the data from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, but not from Peru. In addition, it was found that this model showed evidence of being strictly invariant among the three countries in the sequence of the invariance models proposed: metric invariance (ΔRMSEA = .000), scalar (ΔRMSEA = .008), and strict (ΔRMSEA = .008). The bi-factor model also showed adequate reliability indexes in the three countries. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the FACES III scale shows adequate psychometric performance under a bi-factor model in nursing and obstetric students from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico. The lack of fit of the model in Peru could be associated with the small sample size.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Currently, there are no cut-off points for levels of empathy, making it difficult to assess the change experienced in its development or as a result of its intervention. It is an unsolved problem. INTRODUCTION: Empathy is a cognitive-affective attribute that enables nursing staff to maintain a professional relationship that entails various benefits for the patient. Its strengthening and development during university education is desirable. Empathy studies in Latin American nursing students are based on the direct scores obtained on an empathy test, based on which the variable is described and groups are compared. Statistical comparisons are not enough to discriminate substantive changes since two statistical values can show differences without implying that the post-intervention levels may correspond to a higher category in relation to those of pre-intervention or that two compared groups are qualitatively different. The above applies to empathic behaviour and is valid for students and professionals of health. This study aimed to establish cut-off points that allow defining ordinal categories in empathy. METHODS: In this multicenter and cross-sectional study, 3712 students from 11 Latin American nursing schools participated. The Jefferson Empathy Scale (JES) was applied; the psychometric properties were confirmed by Factor Analysis Confirmatory and Invariance. RESULTS: The JSE empathy scale is a measure with adequate reliability and construct validity. Examined cut-offs determined a structure of five empathy intervals that allowed them to be classified as empathy values in very high, high, medium, low and very low. DISCUSSION: The sequence of statistical tests carried out allowed us to determine ranges of categorical values in the empathy levels of groups of students. However, the determined categories may constitute a specific characteristic of them. It is not possible to extrapolate these results to regions other than those of Latin America. CONCLUSION: The estimated rankings allow comparing levels of empathy between groups of nursing students and the real effect of empathic interventions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: To contribute with strategies to evaluate changes in the empathic skills of nursing students, resulting in a well-valued skill in health services. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY: The cut-off points define evaluative categories (very low, low, medium, high and very high) that allow objective classification of levels of empathy achieved after (for example) an empathic intervention. This allows assessment of substantive changes experienced by nursing students (and professionals).
Subject(s)
Students, Medical , Students, Nursing , Humans , Latin America , Empathy , Psychometrics , Students, Nursing/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Students, Medical/psychology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the Empathic Orientation in Nursing students of the Universidad Metropolitana of Barranquilla (Colombia). Method: a descriptive, exploratory and transversal study in which the Jefferson Medical Empathy Scale in an anonymous and confidential manner was applied to 489 students from the first to fourth undergraduate year of the Nursing Program of the Universidad Metropolitana (Barranquilla, Colombia); the corresponding ethical and methodological rigor was kept. Results: the ANOVA results were not significant in the Academic Year factor and in the interaction (p=0.261), but significant by Gender. It was observed that behavior was different in both genders. The masculine gender tends to descend between the first and third undergraduate year and female gender also descends between first and second undergraduate year to later reach the average levels of empathy of the male gender. Conclusion: the results obtained show that the means of the variable studied do not show a great difference between the different undergraduate courses, nevertheless, a slight increase in the fourth undergraduate year is observed. There were significant differences between genders, the scores observed in men students were higher than those obtained from women students.
RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a orientação empática em estudantes de enfermagem da Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla (Colombia). Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório e transversal, no qual a Escala de Empatia Médica de Jefferson, de forma anônima e confidencial, foi aplicada a 489 alunos do primeiro ao quarto ano de graduação do Programa de Enfermagem da Universidad Metropolitana (Barranquilla, Colombia). o rigor ético e metodológico correspondente foi mantido. Resultados: os resultados da ANOVA não foram significativos no fator Ano Acadêmico e na interação (p=0,261), mas significativos por Gênero. Observou-se que o comportamento foi diferente em ambos os sexos. O gênero masculino tende a descer entre o primeiro e o terceiro ano de graduação e o gênero feminino também desce entre o primeiro e o segundo ano de graduação para atingir posteriormente os níveis médios de empatia do gênero masculino. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos mostram que as médias da variável estudada não apresentam grande diferença entre os diferentes cursos de graduação. no entanto, observa-se um ligeiro aumento no quarto ano de graduação. Houve diferenças significativas entre os sexos, os escores observados nos estudantes do sexo masculino foram superiores aos obtidos nas estudantes do sexo feminino.
RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la orientación empática en estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla (Colombia). Método: un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y transversal en el que se aplicó la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson de forma anónima y confidencial a 489 estudiantes del primer a cuarto año de pregrado del Programa de Enfermería de la Universidad Metropolitana (Barranquilla, Colombia); guardando el rigor ético y metodológico correspondiente. Resultados: los resultados de ANOVA no fueron significativos en el factor Año Académico y su interacción (p=0.261), pero significativos para género. Se observó que el comportamiento fue diferente en ambos géneros. El género masculino tiende a descender entre el primer y tercer año de pregrado, y el Género femenino también desciende entre el primer y segundo año de pregrado para luego alcanzar los niveles promedio de empatía del género masculino. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos muestran que las medias de la variable estudiada no muestran gran diferencia entre los diferentes cursos de pregrado, sin embargo, se observa un ligero aumento en el cuarto año de pregrado. Hubo diferencias significativas entre géneros, las puntuaciones observadas en los estudiantes hombres fueron más altas que las obtenidas en las mujeres estudiantes.
