ABSTRACT
In this study, participants listened to first-person statements that mentioned a character who was approaching a geographical location close to (Tenerife, Canary Islands) or distant from the participant (Madrid, Spanish peninsula), pronounced with either the participants' local or a distal regional accent. Participants more often judged approaching statements as coherent when they refer to a close place pronounced with local accent or refer to a distant place with distal accent, rather than when they refer to a close place with distal accent or to a distant place with local accent. These results strongly suggest that the local accent induces listeners to keep their own geographical perspective, whereas the distal accent determines shifting to another's perspective. In sum, a subtle paralinguistic cue, the speaker's regional accent, modulates the participants' geographic perspective when they listen to identical first-person sentences with approaching deictic verbs.
Subject(s)
Speech Perception , Auditory Perception , Humans , Language , SpainABSTRACT
This study used a dual-task paradigm to analyze the time course of motor resonance during the comprehension of action language. In the study, participants read sentences describing a transfer either away from ("I threw the tennis ball to my rival") or toward themselves ("My rival threw me the tennis ball"). When the transfer verb appeared on the screen, and after a variable stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), a visual motion cue (Experiment 1) or a static cue (Experiment 2) prompted participants to move their hand either away from or toward themselves to press a button. The results showed meaning-action interference at short SOAs and facilitation at the longest SOA for the matching conditions. These results support the hypothesis that motor processes associated with the comprehension of action-related language interfere with an overlapping motor task, whereas they facilitate a delayed motor task. These effects are discussed in terms of resonance processes in the motor cortex.
Subject(s)
Comprehension/physiology , Language , Motor Activity/physiology , Movement/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Adult , Cues , Female , Humans , Male , Reaction Time/physiologyABSTRACT
Cations derived from 1,2-bis(benzimidazolium)ethane can penetrate the cavity of dibenzo-24-crown-8 macrocycles to produce a new family of [2]pseudorotaxanes. These supramolecular structures are held together by a series of charge-assisted hydrogen bonds (+)N-H[dot dot dot]O, ion-dipole and pi-stacking interactions. These new adducts were fully characterised by NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the association constants was also analyzed. Chemical control of the threading/unthreading process was acheived by the alternate addition of acid and base.
ABSTRACT
Three types of homo- and heterotrinuclear boron complexes have been obtained in moderate to good yields from reactions of salen-type ligands with boric acid and combinations of boric acid with phenylboronic and phenylphosphonic acid. The products are air-stable and have relatively high melting points (>290 degrees C) but are poorly soluble or insoluble in common organic solvents. They have been characterized as far as possible by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR, (1)H, (11)B, and (31)P NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, theoretical calculations have been performed for representative examples to permit a complete comparison of the different structure types. A detailed analysis of the molecular structures showed that the complexes are constructed around a central B(3)O(3) or B(2)PO(3) ring. The salen ligands are attached to two boron atoms of these rings, which have therefore tetrahedral coordination geometries. The complexes contain seven- and eight-membered heterocycles of the B(2)C(n)ON(2) (n = 2, 3) type with chair or twisted-chair and boat-chair or chair-chair conformations, respectively. In the homotrinuclear complexes one of the three boron atoms is three-coordinate and can therefore still act as Lewis acid, thus making these products interesting for catalytic applications, e.g. in asymmetric synthesis. Depending on the substitutents attached to the boron atoms, these complexes show a relationship with either trimetaboric acid, boroxine, or the tetraborate dianion found in Borax.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de esta investigación era explorar la existencia de algunas dimensiones afectivas y motivacionales básicas del espacio interpersonal. Nuestro punto de partida era que las personas evalúan el efecto de la conducta interpersonal en términos de vinculación y posición. Elaboramos un cuestionario que contenía situaciones de la vida cotidiana y se pedía a los participantes que se pusieran en situación. Cada uno de los episodios describía una interacción donde el protagonista tenía una iniciativa que conducía a la expectativa de una respuesta positiva por parte de los otros. Sin embargo, la respuesta de los otros era negativa, y se le pedía a los sujetos que evaluaran su malestar en una escala de 1 a 5. Los análisis factoriales mostraron que los ítems se organizaban de acuerdo a tres dimensiones que asumíamos previamente. Las dimensiones de vinculación y posición interpersonales (Birtchell,1993; Marrero, Gámez, Castillo y Espino, 1995) y una tercera, asociada a situaciones donde los otros obstaculizaban nuestros objetivos. Cuando correlacionamos las dimensiones con ciertas variables de personalidad, encontramos que estaban ligeramente asociadas con el neuroticismo y la ansiedad. Asimismo, el malestar vinculatorio fue mayor en las mujeres. Estos resultados son discutidos en el contexto de la investigación en el dominio interpersonal (AU)
