ABSTRACT
To evaluate dry eye prevalence and investigate associated risk factors in Brazil by applying a short questionnaire of symptoms and risk factors. A cross-sectional study of 3,107 participants from all the five different geopolitical regions of Brazil. Overall prevalence of dry eye in this study population was 12.8%. Dry eye previous diagnosis was reported by 10.2% and presence of severe symptoms in 4.9%. Logistic regression analysis confirmed some significantly risk factors, such as female sex (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.74; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.12-1.93), age ≥60 year-old (OR 2.00; 95%CI: 1.44-2.77), history of ocular surgery (OR 1.84; 95%CI: 1.30-2.60), contact lens wear (OR 1.93; 95%CI: 1.36-2.73), cancer treatment (OR 3.03; 95%CI: 1.36-6.59), computer use >6 hours per day (OR 1.77; 95%CI: 1.36-2.31), antidepressants (OR 1.61; 95%CI: 1.12-2.31) and anti-allergy (OR 2.11; 95%CI: 1.54-2.89) medications. Nevertheless, when stratified by regions, each one had its own significant factors and inherent characteristics. This is the first study about prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in a large population sample from all regions of Brazil. Dry eye is a common condition in the Brazilian population and prevalence rates varies substantially in the different geographic regions of the country, possibly reflecting climate and socioeconomic discrepancies.
Subject(s)
Dry Eye Syndromes/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Brazil , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Self ReportABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of scoliosis and the risk factors in elementary school students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 954 students in 2015. The instrument involved was a questionnaire on postural habits, socioeconomic conditions, and demographic factors. The anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, a visual inspection of the deformity of the vertebral column, the leveling of shoulders, and the Adam's test were obtained. The sample was calculated in the expected frequency of 12.3%, acceptable error rate of 2.0% and confidence level of 95.0%. To compare the proportions, the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was applied. The association between scoliosis and risk factors was evaluated by logistic regression, being significant p <0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of scoliosis was 24.3%, higher in obese patients and students who adopted a sitting position for a long period of time. Obese students showed a 1.8 times higher chance of testing positive Adam's Forward Bend Test when compared to normal-weight/lean and 2.1 times higher chance compared to overweight students. The sitting position for watching television increases the chance of testing positive Adam's test in 38.0%, when compared to the lying position. Obesity increases the risk of testing positive Adam's test in 74.0 and 98.0%, when compared, respectively, to the underweight/normal weight and overweight. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of scoliosis in students from public elementary schools in Santos. The most influential factors for this deviation of the spine were obesity and the position adopted by students to watch television.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de escoliose e os fatores de risco em alunos do ensino fundamental. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em 954 alunos em 2015. O instrumento envolvido foi um questionário sobre hábitos posturais, condições socioeconômicas e fatores demográficos. As medidas antropométricas, incluindo altura e peso, a inspeção visual da deformidade da coluna vertebral, o nivelamento dos ombros e o Teste de Adams foram obtidos. A amostra foi calculada na frequência esperada de 12,3%, erro aceitável de 2,0% e nível de confiança de 95,0%. Para comparar as proporções, o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher foram aplicados. A associação entre escoliose e fatores de risco foi avaliada por regressão logística, sendo significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de escoliose foi de 24,3%, superior em obesos e estudantes que adotavam posição sentada durante um longo período de tempo. Estudantes obesos mostraram risco 1,8 vez superior no Teste de Adams positivo quando comparados aos eutróficos/magros e risco 2,1 vezes superior comparados aos alunos com sobrepeso. A posição sentada para assistir à televisão aumenta a chance de Teste de Adams positivo em 38,0% quando comparada à posição deitada. A obesidade aumenta o risco de Teste de Adams positivo em 74,0 e 98,0% quando comparada, respectivamente, à magreza/eutrofia e ao sobrepeso. CONCLUSÕES: Houve elevada prevalência de escoliose em estudantes de escolas públicas do ensino fundamental em Santos. Os fatores que mais influenciaram esse desvio de coluna foram a obesidade e a posição adotada pelos alunos para assistir à televisão.
Subject(s)
Scoliosis/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Prevalence , Risk Factors , SchoolsABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de escoliose e os fatores de risco em alunos do ensino fundamental. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 954 alunos em 2015. O instrumento envolvido foi um questionário sobre hábitos posturais, condições socioeconômicas e fatores demográficos. As medidas antropométricas, incluindo altura e peso, a inspeção visual da deformidade da coluna vertebral, o nivelamento dos ombros e o Teste de Adams foram obtidos. A amostra foi calculada na frequência esperada de 12,3%, erro aceitável de 2,0% e nível de confiança de 95,0%. Para comparar as proporções, o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher foram aplicados. A associação entre escoliose e fatores de risco foi avaliada por regressão logística, sendo significante p<0,05. Resultados: A prevalência de escoliose foi de 24,3%, superior em obesos e estudantes que adotavam posição sentada durante um longo período de tempo. Estudantes obesos mostraram risco 1,8 vez superior no Teste de Adams positivo quando comparados aos eutróficos/magros e risco 2,1 vezes superior comparados aos alunos com sobrepeso. A posição sentada para assistir à televisão aumenta a chance de Teste de Adams positivo em 38,0% quando comparada à posição deitada. A obesidade aumenta o risco de Teste de Adams positivo em 74,0 e 98,0% quando comparada, respectivamente, à magreza/eutrofia e ao sobrepeso. Conclusões: Houve elevada prevalência de escoliose em estudantes de escolas públicas do ensino fundamental em Santos. Os fatores que mais influenciaram esse desvio de coluna foram a obesidade e a posição adotada pelos alunos para assistir à televisão.
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of scoliosis and the risk factors in elementary school students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 954 students in 2015. The instrument involved was a questionnaire on postural habits, socioeconomic conditions, and demographic factors. The anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, a visual inspection of the deformity of the vertebral column, the leveling of shoulders, and the Adam's test were obtained. The sample was calculated in the expected frequency of 12.3%, acceptable error rate of 2.0% and confidence level of 95.0%. To compare the proportions, the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was applied. The association between scoliosis and risk factors was evaluated by logistic regression, being significant p <0.05. Results: The prevalence of scoliosis was 24.3%, higher in obese patients and students who adopted a sitting position for a long period of time. Obese students showed a 1.8 times higher chance of testing positive Adam's Forward Bend Test when compared to normal-weight/lean and 2.1 times higher chance compared to overweight students. The sitting position for watching television increases the chance of testing positive Adam's test in 38.0%, when compared to the lying position. Obesity increases the risk of testing positive Adam's test in 74.0 and 98.0%, when compared, respectively, to the underweight/normal weight and overweight. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of scoliosis in students from public elementary schools in Santos. The most influential factors for this deviation of the spine were obesity and the position adopted by students to watch television.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Scoliosis/epidemiology , Schools , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
PURPOSES:: A symptom questionnaire is an important tool used to quantify and qualify the impact of a disease on a patient's related quality of life and to estimate the prevalence of a certain condition within a population. Ophthalmologists frequently encounter patients with dry eye disease (DED), and therefore, evaluating the symptoms reported by these patients influences diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and evaluations of disease progression. The latest consensus on dry eye (Dry Eye Workshop, DEWS), published in 2007, led to the standardization of several questionnaires and a better understanding of the prevalence, severity, and overall effect of DED on the patient's quality of life. METHODS:: In this study, we translated into Portuguese a symptom questionnaire from DEWS that has already been used in several other population-based studies. For subsequent validation, the translated questionnaire was applied by two independent observers to a population of 30 subjects, and the results were compared in a concordance analysis. RESULTS:: The processes of translating to Portuguese and back translating the dry eye symptom questionnaire were conducted without difficulty. The high-correlation coefficients obtained when comparing the results of the initial application and the re-administration of this questionnaire to a sample of 30 individuals indicated excellent concordance with regard to results, repeatability, and reliability. CONCLUSIONS:: This translated and validated questionnaire can be applied to a larger population with the intent to determine the prevalence of DED symptoms in the overall Brazilian population, as well as in distinct regions of the country.
Subject(s)
Cross-Cultural Comparison , Dry Eye Syndromes/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Symptom Assessment , Translations , Brazil , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/instrumentation , Humans , Quality of Life , Young AdultABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Purposes: A symptom questionnaire is an important tool used to quantify and qualify the impact of a disease on a patient's related quality of life and to estimate the prevalence of a certain condition within a population. Ophthalmologists frequently encounter patients with dry eye disease (DED), and therefore, evaluating the symptoms reported by these patients influences diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and evaluations of disease progression. The latest consensus on dry eye (Dry Eye Workshop, DEWS), published in 2007, led to the standardization of several questionnaires and a better understanding of the prevalence, severity, and overall effect of DED on the patient's quality of life. Methods: In this study, we translated into Portuguese a symptom questionnaire from DEWS that has already been used in several other population-based studies. For subsequent validation, the translated questionnaire was applied by two independent observers to a population of 30 subjects, and the results were compared in a concordance analysis. Results: The processes of translating to Portuguese and back translating the dry eye symptom questionnaire were conducted without difficulty. The high-correlation coefficients obtained when comparing the results of the initial application and the re-administration of this questionnaire to a sample of 30 individuals indicated excellent concordance with regard to results, repeatability, and reliability. Conclusions: This translated and validated questionnaire can be applied to a larger population with the intent to determine the prevalence of DED symptoms in the overall Brazilian population, as well as in distinct regions of the country.
RESUMO Objetivos: A aplicação de questionários sobre os sintomas é uma forma de quantificar e qualificar o impacto de uma determinada doença na qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores e ainda de estimar a prevalência de uma determinada condição na população estudada. O olho seco é uma condição ocular muito prevalente na prática oftalmológica e a avaliação dos sintomas reportados pelos pacientes é uma importante ferramenta propedêutica e de acompanhamento terapêutico e evolução da doença. De acordo com o último consenso sobre olho seco (Dry Eye Worshop, DEWS) publicado em 2007, diversos questionários foram padronizados e tem sido utilizados para o melhor entendimento sobre a prevalência, gravidade e impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Métodos: Foi realizada a tradução para o português de um dos questionários de sintomas reportado no DEWS, seguido de sua validação. Trata-se de um questionário de sintomas de olho seco já utilizado em diversos outros estudos populacionais. O questionário traduzido foi aplicado em uma população de 30 indivíduos por dois observadores diferentes e os resultados foram comparados para verificação de concordância. Resultados: O processo de tradução e contra tradução do questionário de sintomas de olho seco para a língua portuguesa foi realizada sem dificuldades. A análise dos resultados obtidos na aplicação teste e re-teste do questionário em uma amostra de 30 indivíduos apresentou coeficientes de correlação altos demonstrando excelente concordância de resultados, reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade. Conclusões: A tradução e validação deste questionário permitirá sua aplicação em estudos de prevalência dos sintomas de olho seco na população brasileira, bem como comparação em diversas regiões do país.
