ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the world. Cigarette smoking represents the major risk factor. Nicotine, an active component of cigarettes, can induce cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis resistance. All these events are mediated through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expressed on lung cancer cells. We speculate that new insights into the pathophysiological roles of nAChR may lead to new therapeutic avenues to reduce non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumour growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human samples of NSCLC, cell lines and mouse models were utilized in Western blotting, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and apoptosis studies. RESULTS: Human NSCLC tissues expressed alpha7-nAChR. This expression was higher in smoking patients with squamous carcinomas than those with adenocarcinomas and in male smoking patients than in females. All the data support the hypothesis that major expression of alpha7-nAChR is related to major activation of the Rb-Raf-1/phospho-ERK/phospho-p90RSK pathway. alpha7-nAChR antagonists, via mitochondria associated apoptosis, inhibited proliferation of human NSCLC primary and established cells. Nicotine stimulates tumour growth in a murine model, A549 cells orthotopically grafted. The effects of nicotine were associated with increases in phospho-ERK in tumours. Proliferation effects of nicotine could be blocked by inhibition of alpha7-nAChR by the high affinity ligand alpha-cobratoxin. CONCLUSION: These results showed that alpha7-nAChR plays an important role in NSCLC cell growth and tumour progression as well as in cell death.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Bungarotoxins/pharmacology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/enzymology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins/pharmacology , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Humans , Ligands , Lung Neoplasms/enzymology , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Male , Mice , Mice, SCID , Models, Biological , Nicotine/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/metabolism , Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics , Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism , Tubocurarine/pharmacology , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorABSTRACT
It has been reported that exogenous alkylated purines, such as O6-methylguanine (O6meG), induce aneuploidy in mammalian cells. It is shown here that the aneugenic effect of O6meG, evidenced by its ability to induce micronuclei in rodent cells, is dependent on its conversion to O6-methyl-guanosine-5'-monophosphate (O6me-5'-GMP) by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). This conclusion, in contrast with previous in vitro data showing that O6meG does not seem to be a substrate for HPRT, was based on the following observations: 1) O6meG did not induce micronuclei in HPRT-deficient Chinese hamster cells, but did induce micronuclei in HPRT-proficient cells, and in mouse cells partially or totally deficient in adenine phosphoribosyl transferase; 2) O6meG was not metabolized in HPRT-deficient cells, while in wild-type cells a number of metabolites were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of cold acid extracts, one of them coeluting with O6me-5'-GMP used as a marker; 3) when de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides was inhibited by aminopterin, O6meG sustained the growth of HPRT-proficient, but not of HPRT-deficient, cells; and 4) when HPRT-deficient cells were treated with liposomes charged with O6me-5'-GMP, induction of micronuclei was shown. The finding that methylated guanine exerts its aneugenic action through methylated nucleotide(s) provides an important, though indirect, support to the hypothesis that alkylating agents may induce aneuploidy via nucleotide pool alkylation.
Subject(s)
Guanine/analogs & derivatives , Kinetochores/physiology , Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/physiology , Micronucleus Tests , Mutagens/pharmacology , Adenine/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Guanine/metabolism , Guanine/pharmacology , Hypoxanthine , Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/deficiency , Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/metabolism , Hypoxanthines/pharmacology , Kinetochores/drug effects , Methyl Methanesulfonate/pharmacology , Mice , Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/drug effectsABSTRACT
Micronuclei were induced in V79 Chinese hamster cells and in PALA L and MTX M, two derivative cell lines harboring amplified genes, with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea (BCNU) and vinblastine. Spontaneous and induced micronuclei were analyzed for the presence of centromeres by immunofluorescent CREST staining. Micronuclei formed in PALA L cells were also analyzed for the presence of amplified DNA by in situ hybridization with a CAD gene probe. Both cell lines containing amplified genes showed increased micronucleus induction by BCNU and vinblastine. The marker chromosome of PALA L cells was found to be a preferential target for both the clastogenic and the aneugenic action of the two chemicals. DNA amplification seems therefore to be a destabilizing factor of chromosomal structural integrity and mitotic segregation.
Subject(s)
Chromosome Aberrations , Gene Amplification , Mutagenesis , Aneuploidy , Animals , Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase/genetics , Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing)/genetics , Carmustine/toxicity , Cell Line , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Dihydroorotase/genetics , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Micronucleus Tests , Multienzyme Complexes/genetics , Vinblastine/toxicityABSTRACT
Ten compounds selected for use within a coordinated Commission of the European Communities programme on aneuploidy induction (cadmium chloride, chloral hydrate, colchicine, diazepam, econazole, hydroquinone, pyrimethamine, thiabendazole, thimerosal and vinblastine) were tested for their ability to induce CREST-positive micronuclei in cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Significant increases in CREST-positive micronuclei were produced by cadmium chloride, chloral hydrate, colchicine, diazepam and vinblastine. Thiabendazole produced a significant increase in the ratio of CREST-positive to CREST-negative micronuclei and was also classified as positive. Colchicine, diazepam and chloral hydrate were also tested in V79 Chinese hamster cells, where they all induced CREST-positive micronuclei.
Subject(s)
Micronucleus Tests , Aneuploidy , Animals , Cell Line , Cricetinae , Diploidy , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/ultrastructure , Humans , Mutagens/toxicity , Scleroderma, Systemic/immunologyABSTRACT
Chromosome aberrations (CA) and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) were measured in lymphocytes of (A) 32 healthy individuals working in the flower industry and exposed to pesticides, (B) 32 individuals exposed as above and hospitalized for bladder cancer, and (C) 31 controls. Compounds to which floriculturists were exposed included 18 nitro-organic herbicides and fungicides, 9 nitro-organic fungicides, 12 organophosphate and organothiophosphate insecticides, 4 hydrocarbon derivative herbicides and 5 inorganic fungicides and insecticides. 150 and 70 metaphases per individual were scored for CA and SCE, respectively. A significant increase in the incidence of CA and SCE was observed in both exposed groups. Cancer patients showed the presence of rare rearrangements (dicentrics, rings and quadriradials) that were not observed in controls and were present at a lower frequency in healthy exposed people. Hyperdiploid and polyploid metaphases were also significantly increased in the 2 exposed groups compared to controls. Stratifying for age or smoking habits, although affecting the significance of individual data, did not change the substance of the results.