[Impact of acute lymphoblastic leukemia on the microbiome and oral lesions: scoping review]. / Impacto de la leucemia linfoblástica aguda en el microbioma y lesiones bucales: revisión de alcance.

Objective: To describe the existing knowledge about the alterations of the MBO oral microbiome and the presence of OL Oral Lesions in patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ALL. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was carried out in the PubMed, SciELO, and academic Google databases, and descriptive, analytical, observational articles on MBO, OL, and ALL were included, following the PRISMA criteria. 642 were evaluated, duplicate articles, case reports, and those where only changes were reported during or after chemotherapy treatment were eliminated. Results: 10 articles were evaluated, published between 1997 and 2021, 4 articles agreed that the MBO of patients with ALL is in dysbiosis showing a significant increase in firmicutes 0.1%, bacillus 0.05%, and opportunistic bacteria such as Moraxella spp, Klebsiella spp 5.66%, Pseudomonas spp 3.77%, Enterobacter spp 1.88%, Acinetobacter spp 1.88% and E. coli 1.08%, the most frequent OL reported in 5 articles were spontaneous gingival bleeding 3.5%, gingivitis 25% and ulcers 9.4%. Conclusions: The oral cavity of patients with ALL is in dysbiosis and associated OL is identified. It is necessary to establish preventive strategies with a niche-ecological approach to restore the MBO, to reduce the risk of opportunistic infections and other OL during chemotherapy treatment.

Use and management of disinfectants by dentists in San Luis Potosi, Mexico, during the covid-19 pandemic / Uso y manejo de desinfectantes por odontólogos de San Luis Potosí, México durante la pandemia covid-19

Introduction: Chlorine, ethyl alcohol, and quaternary ammonium are disinfectants with antiviral activity against SARS-Cov2. However, there are no previous reports of their use and handling for cleaning and disinfection in dental offices. Objetive: To determine the use and management of disinfectants in critical and non-critical areas used by dentists in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A validated cross-sectional survey was applied online to 100 dentists in San Luis Potosí between February and June 2021. Participants were informed about the handling of personal data according to the standard DOF regulations (DOF 07-05-2010). Results: A total of 100 dentists were included in the study, 63% female and 37% male, with a mean age of 26 years. The most widely used disinfectants during the pandemic in critical areas were Lysol® and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite in non-critical areas. Eighty-five percent of dentists know the adverse effects of inappropriate use of disinfectants, 72% did not have any sign or symptom associated with the use of disinfectants. The most used protection barrier was gloves (97%). Sixty-seven per cent of dentists disposed of disinfectant waste down the drain. Conclusion: Sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium compounds and/or ethanol are used to clean non-critical and critical areas in dental offices. However, appropriate measures for their management are not adopted. It is necessary to implement educational strategies to improve the use and management of disinfectants in dental practice.

Introducción: Cloro, alcohol etílico y amonio cuaternario son desinfectantes que muestran actividad antiviral contra el SARS-Cov2, sin embargo, no existen reportes previos de su uso y manejo para la limpieza y desinfección en clínicas dentales. Objetivo: Determinar el uso y manejo de los desinfectantes en áreas críticas y no críticas empleados por los odontólogos en San Luis Potosí durante la COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Encuesta transversal validada y aplicada on-line a 100 odontólogos de San Luis Potosí durante febrero-junio 2021. Se informó a los participantes sobre el manejo de datos personales de acuerdo a la norma (DOF 05-07-2010). Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 100 odontólogos, 63% del sexo femenino y 37% del sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 26 años. Los desinfectantes más utilizados durante la pandemia en las áreas críticas fueron el Lysol® y el hipoclorito de sodio al 0.1% en áreas no críticas. El 85% de los odontólogos conocen los efectos adversos del uso inadecuado de los desinfectantes, 72% no tuvieron algún signo o síntoma asociado al uso de desinfectantes. La barrera de protección más utilizada fueron los guantes (97%). El 67% de los odontólogos eliminó los desechos de desinfectantes por la coladera. Conclusión: Para la limpieza de las áreas no críticas y críticas en las clínicas dentales se utilizan el hipoclorito de Sodio y compuestos de amonio cuaternario y/o etanol, sin embargo, no se utilizan las medidas adecuadas para su manejo. Es necesario implementar estrategias educativas para mejorar el uso y manejo de desinfectantes en la práctica dental.

Correlation between salivary biomarkers and plaque-induced gingivitis exacerbated by pregnancy

Objetive: To evaluate the correlation between salivary biomarkers (the salivary antioxidant ability, salivary level of polyphenols, and other antioxidants) with plaque-induced gingivitis exacerbated by pregnancy in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Material and Methods: For this observational study, medical records, dental examinations, and analyses of saliva samples were carried out in pregnant and nonpregnant women. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The pregnant women (n =17) exhibited a lower antioxidant capacity (p-value=0.0041), higher levels of polyphenols, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and subjects consuming mineral-enriched products (p-value from <0.0001 to 0.0466), and unchanged levels of phosphotungstic acid reactive substances, proteins, oral hygienic habits, plaque index and probing depth (p-value from 0.0683 to 0.8358), in comparison with the nonpregnant women (n=9). Also, a positive correlation between the gingival index and salivary polyphenol content was observed (r-value = 0.4087, p-value = 0.0202). Conclusion: The salivary polyphenols correlate with plaque-induced gingivitis exacerbated by pregnancy, suggesting a deficiency of salivary antioxidant protection.

Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación entre los biomarcadores salivales (la capacidad antioxidante salival, el nivel salival de polifenoles y otros antioxidantes) con la gingivitis inducida por placa exacerbada por el embarazo en mujeres embarazadas y no embarazadas. Material y Métodos: Para este estudio observacional, se realizaron registros médicos, exámenes dentales y análisis de muestras de saliva en mujeres embarazadas y no embarazadas. Se consideró significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Las gestantes (n=17) presentaron menor capacidad antioxidante (p=0,0041), mayores niveles de polifenoles, índice gingival, sangrado al sondaje y los sujetos que consumían productos enriquecidos con minerales (p<0,0001 a p<0,0466), y no hubo diferencias en los niveles de sustancias reactivas al ácido fosfotúngstico, proteínas, hábitos de higiene bucal, índice de placa y profundidad de sondaje (p=0,0683 a 0,8358), en comparación con las mujeres no embarazadas (n=19). Además, se observó una correlación positiva entre el índice gingival y elcontenido de polifenoles salivales (r = 0,4087, p= 0,0202). Conclusión: Los polifenoles salivales se correlacionan con la gingivitis inducida por placa y exacerbada por el embarazo, lo que sugiere una deficiencia de protección antioxidante salival.

Does microwave and hydrogen peroxide disinfection reduce Candida albicans biofilm on polymethyl methacrylate denture surfaces?

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Whether the disinfection of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dentures eliminates Candida albicans biofilm is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of immersion in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and subsequent application of microwaves on the formation of C albicans biofilm on the surface of polished and unpolished PMMA disks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Polished and unpolished PMMA disks (n=40) were mounted in a Center for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactor by adding yeast-dextrose-peptone (YPD) broth inoculated with C albicans in a cell suspension for 24 hours. After this period, the PMMA disks (n=8) were disinfected with 5 different solutions: saline solution, 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), H2O2, H2O2 microwaved at 650 W for 3 minutes (H2O2/µw), and distilled water microwaved at 650 W for 3 minutes (H2O/µw). On the polished and unpolished surface of each disk, arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU) were quantified with the live/dead bacterial viability kit (Invitrogen) by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to evaluate 10 different areas of each surface; these were counted as the colony-forming units (CFUs). The mean values were compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test (α=.05). RESULTS: Polished surfaces disinfected with H2O2/µw obtained the lowest viable cells (9.76 AFU) and nonviable cells (12.46 AFU) compared with H2O/µw and H2O2. In the unpolished surface the lowest mean values of viable cells (14.64 AFU) and nonviable cells (12.46 AFU) were obtained for the PMMA disks disinfected with H2O/µw compared with H2O2/µw and H2O2. Both polished and unpolished disks showed significant difference (P<.05) compared with the group of PMMA disks immersed in saline solution. No CFUs were detected in the polished or unpolished PMMA disks immersed in H2O2/µw or in NaOCl. CONCLUSIONS: H2O2 alone did not eliminate the formation of the biofilm of C albicans; however, in combination with the use of the microwave at 650 W for 3 minutes, the biofilm formation of C albicans on polished surfaces was reduced. The number of AFUs of viable-nonviable cells and CFUs depended on whether the surfaces are polished or unpolished.

Evaluación del Efecto de un Gel con Arginina sobre el PH y Flujo Salival

RESUMEN: Se evaluó el efecto de un gel con arginina sobre el pH y flujo salival después de un uso de catorce días en mujeres con desmineralización dental leve. Se estableció un piloto de ensayo clínico controladoen el cual fueron incluidas 20 mujeres de 18 -23 años, sistémicamente sanas y con al menos un órgano dental con desmineralización ICDAS 3, dos grupos: Grupo A / sin arginina (N=10) y Grupo B/ con arginina (N=10). Se realizó una evaluación clínica y toma de una muestra de saliva no estimulada para la determinación del pH, y la medición del flujo salival al inicio y 15 días posterior a la utilización del gel. Se realizó el análisis estadístico con el programa GraphPadPrism versión 8. Una p<0,05 fue considerado como estadísticamente significativo. En ambos grupos se mantuvo el pH salival cercano a la neutralidad sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas y el flujo salival permaneció en valores normales tras la utilización del gel durante 14 días, aunque se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en la comparación inter-grupo. La utilización de un gel con arginina durante 14 días mantuvo el pH neutro y el flujo salival en niveles normales sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas con el grupo control.

ABSTRACT: The effect of an arginine gel on pH and salivary flow was evaluated after fourteen days of use in women with mild demineralization. A controlled pilot clinical trial was established in which 20 women aged 18-23 years, systemically healthy and with at least one dental organ with demineralization ICDAS 3 were included, two groups: Group A / without arginine (N = 10) and Group B / with arginine (N = 10). A clinical evaluation was carried out, and a sample of unstimulated saliva was taken to determine the pH and the measurement of salivary flow at the beginning and 15 days after using the gel. Statistical analysis was performed with the GraphPad Prism version 8 program. A p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. In both groups, salivary pH was maintained close to neutrality without statistically significant differences, and salivary flow remained at normal values after using the hydrogel for 14 days, although statistically significant differences were observed in the intergroup comparison. Using a gel with arginine for 14 days kept the neutral pH and salivary flow at normal levels without statistically significant differences from the control group.

Estomatitis Asociada a Metotrexato: Un Reto Diagnóstico / Methotrexate Associated Stomatitis: A Diagnostic Challenge

RESUMEN: Las úlceras orales (UO) son uno de los signos de toxicidad por metotrexato (Mtx) aún en pacientes con esquemas de dosis bajas para el control de artritis reumatoide (AR). En estos casos establecer un diagnóstico correlacionando UO con el medicamento puede ser un reto. Presentamos 2 casos clínicos de pacientes con AR en tratamiento con Mtx, las cuales desarrollaron UO. En los dos casos, interesantemente los pacientes fueron evaluados tanto por especialistas del área médica y oral sin tener un resultado satisfactorio después de múltiples tratamientos. Las UO resolvieron posterior a la suspensión del medicamento. Se estableció el diagnóstico de Estomatitis por Metotrexato (EMtx) por un especialista en medicina oral. El manejo multidisciplinario en estos casos es clave para el establecimiento de un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.

ABSTRACT: Oral ulcers (OU) are a sign of methotrexate (Mtx) toxicity, even in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that are under a low-dose regime. In those cases, establishing a diagnosis correlating OU with the medication can be quite a challenge. Here we present 2 clinical cases of RA patients under Mtx treatment that developed OU. Interestingly, in both cases the patients were evaluated by two specialists in the medical and dentistry area, and following multiple treatments there was no satisfactory result. However, oral ulcers resolved after stopping the treatment. A diagnosis of Metotrexato stomatitis was established (SMtx) by a specialist in oral medicine. Multidisciplinary management in these cases is key for the establishment of an opportune diagnosis and treatment.

Effect of dental restorative materials surface roughness on the in vitro biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm.

PURPOSE: To evaluate Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation over different restorative dental materials. METHODS: Using a bioreactor over 72 hours, four commercially available ceramics were evaluated: IPS E-max Press, IPS E-max CAD, Lava Ultimate CAD-CAM, Vita Enamic and two resin composites (SR Nexco Paste and Brilliant NG). The results were evaluated using atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy, the biofilm was stained and the arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU) quantified. RESULTS: The results showed that IPS E-max CAD had the lowest roughness values (4.29±1.79 nm), while the highest values were observed for Vita Enamic discs ( (77.13±17.35 nm). Analysis of S. mutans biofilm formation by AFU revealed lower values for IPS E-max CAD (6.77±1.67 nm); the highest values were found for Lava Ultimate (79.99±22.23 nm). Regarding the composite groups, SR Nexco Paste showed roughness values of 15.07±2.77 nm and lower arbitrary fluorescence units of 30.92±12.01 nm than Brilliant NT. There was a correlation between the surface roughness of ceramics and composite with S. mutans biofilm formation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The adhesion of oral bacteria to restorative dental materials plays a key role in the success of dental treatment; the surface roughness influences the S. mutans biofilm formation.

Eficacia del uso del plasma rico en factores de crecimiento en defectos periodontales distales de segundos molares inferiores, posterior a la extracción de un tercer molar mandibular / Efficacy of using plasma rich in growth factors in periodontal defects in lower distal second molar after extracting a mandibular third molar

Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de la aplicación de plasma rico en factores de crecimiento (PRFC), dentro de un defecto periodontal distal, a los segundos molares inferiores después de la extracción de un tercer molar mandibular. Material y métodos. Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado, doble ciego, aleatorizado en 20 pacientes sanos, con defectos óseos bilaterales posterior a la extracción de un tercer molar retenido. Los pacientes fueron dividos en grupo experimental y control. Se realizaron mediciones de nivel clínico de inserción en el área distal del segundo molar previamente a la cirugía, usando una férula de acetato, con el fin de tener la misma referencia de medición posterior al procedimiento. Las mediciones posquirúrgicas fueron realizadas a las semanas 1, 4 y 12. Estas mediciones, así como los tiempos de evaluación, fueron analizados por medio de las pruebas de t de Student, Chi2 y Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados. Las variables demostraron similitud en cuanto a edad, sexo, dificultad y duración de los tiempos quirúrgicos. La medición del nivel clínico de inserción preoperatoria en milímetros fue de 2,68±0,56 vs. 2,63±0,50 (experimental vs. control). Durante la primera semana posterior al procedimiento los resultados fueron: 5,37±1,81 vs. 5,35±1,72; y a los 3 meses la recuperación fue similar en ambos grupos casi a sus niveles basales (2,43±0,89 vs. 2,55±0,92). Conclusiones. No se encontró diferencia significativa con el uso de PRFC en cuanto a ganancia en el nivel clínico de inserción periodontal en el área distal de segundos molares después de la extracción de terceros molares inferiores retenidos (AU)

Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of plasma rich in growth factors (CFRP) in a distal periodontal defect of the lower second molars after extraction of a third molar. Material and methods. A randomised, controlled, and double-blind clinical trial, was conducted on 20 healthy patients with bilateral defects after the extraction of an impacted third molar. The patients were divided into experimental and control groups. Measurements of clinical attachment level were performed in the distal area of the second molar prior to surgery using an acetate splint in order to have the same reference measurement after the procedure. Post-surgical measurements were performed at 1, 4, and 12 weeks. These measurements, as well as evaluation times, were analysed using the Student t-Test, χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results. The variables showed similarity in age, gender, difficulty, and length of the surgical times. The measurements prior to clinical insertion were 2.68±0.56 vs. 2.63±0.50 (experimental vs. control). During the first week after the procedure, the results were: 5.37±1.81 vs. 5.35±1.72; and at 3 months the recovery almost to baseline was similar in both groups (2.43±0.89 vs. 2.55±0.92). Conclusions. No significant difference was found with the use of CFRP as regards achieving attachment at clinical level in the distal area of second molars after extraction of third molars (AU)

Eficacia del uso concomitante de dentífrico con Triclosán a 0.3 por ciento y copolímero PVM/MA a 2.0 por ciento, enjuague bucal a base de cloruro de cetilpiridinio a 0.05 por ciento y terapia de raspado/alisado radicular en pacientes con gingivitis / Efficacy of concomitant use of dentifrice with 0.3 per cent Triclosan and 2.0 per cent PVM/MA copolymer, 0.05 per cent cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse and scaling/root planning therapy in patients with gingivitis

Introducción: La placa dentobacteriana es el principal factor etiológico en el desarrollo y progresión de la gingivitis. Comúnmente se han sugerido productos de cuidado oral como cremas dentales y/o enjuagues bucales como adyuvante en la terapia mecánica. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del uso combinado de un dentífrico a base de Triclosán a 0.3 por ciento y copolímero PVM/MA a 2.0 por ciento (Colgate Total 12®) y enjuague bucal a base de cloruro de cetilpiridinio a 0.05 por ciento (Colgate Plax®) en pacientes con gingivitis marginal crónica después de una terapia de raspado y alisado radicular comparado con un grupo control. Material y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado y doble ciego en 50 pacientes sanos con diagnóstico sistemático de gingivitis marginal crónica. Se dividieron en grupo A experimental y grupo B control. Se evaluó índice gingival de Lõe y Silness e índice de placa de Quigley Hein modifi cado por Turesky al inicio y al fi nal del estudio; el periodo de estudio fue de seis semanas. Al inicio se realizó a cada paciente tratamiento de raspado y alisado radicular y se le instruyó sobre el uso correcto de los productos. Al concluir la sexta semana se tomaron mediciones finales bajo las mismas condiciones que las iniciales...

Introduction:Dental plaque is considered to be the main etiological factor in the development and progression of gingivitis. Oral care products such as toothpaste and mouthwash have commonly been rec-ommended as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy. Objective:To evaluate the effi cacy of using a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer (Colgate Total 12®) in combination with a 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash (Colgate Plax®) in patients with chronic marginal gingivitis following scaling and root-planing therapy compared to a control group. Material and methods:A randomized double-blind controlled clinical study was performed on 50 systemically healthy patients diagnosed with chronic marginal gingivitis. These were divided into two groups: A (experimental) and B (control). The Lõe and Silness gingival index and the Turesky modifi ca-tion of the Quigley-Hein plaque index were recorded at baseline and after 6 weeks (the duration of the study). Patients were treated with scaling and root-planning, and all received instructions on the proper use of the oral care products. Final measurements were taken at the end of the six-week assessment under the same conditions as those at the time of the baseline assessment...

Regeneración ósea guiada de cara al año 2000. Consideraciones clínicas y biológicas / Guided bone regeneration facing the year 2000. Clinical and biologic considerations

La regeneración ósea guiada representa hoy una de las terapias de mayor éxito para el manejo conjunto a la colocación de implantes. Durante los últimos años el uso de membranas para la regeneración ósea ha ido combinada desde membranas no reabsorbibles hasta membranas reabsorbibles. El presente artículo pretende mostrar a fondo los diferentes tipos de membranas que se tienen en el mercado, así como los resultados mostrados con el uso de las mismas. Asimismo, se hace un ligero repaso de las indicaciones para la regeneración ósea guiada y las propiedades que debe tener una membrana para poder ser utilizada en la regeneración ósea guiada

Comparación entre membranas biodegradables y no degradables en la terapia de regeneración tisular guiada / Comparison between resorbable and non-resorbable membranes in guided tissue regeneration therapy

Revisión de opciones para tratamiento de pacientes comprometidos periodontalmente a base de membranas reabsorbibles y no reabsorbibles utilizadas para la técnica de regeneración tisular guiada, logrando evitar la migración epitelial, permitiendo formar un criterio de acuerdo a ventajas y desventajas obtenidas con el uso de ellas