Effect of a Supervised Exercise Program on Overweight and Obese Adolescents in the School Environment: A Pretest-Posttest Design.

This study is taken up to evaluate the effect of an exercise program on adolescents' obesity and overweight profile. For this purpose, a 1-group pretest-posttest study was conducted with 72 adolescents who underwent a physical activity program supervised by one health professional 5 times a week; the sessions were distributed over 12 weeks and lasted from 50 to 60 minutes. The primary outcomes were anthropometric measurements, whereas the secondary outcomes were lipid profile, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Outcomes were assessed before the intervention and 1 day after the program ended; significance was established at P < .05. As a result, a significant improvement was verified in all the primary outcomes (P< .001) and in most secondary outcomes (capillary blood glucose, P = .0001; triglycerides, P = .0001; and systolic blood pressure, P = .005). In conclusion, the supervised exercise program significantly reduced anthropometric measurements and blood glucose, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure levels.

O lazer no Acre: a perspectiva de estudantes do ensino médio / Leisure on Acre: the perspective of high school students

Este estudo tem como objetivo trazer a perspectiva dos estudantes do Ensino Médio do Acre a respeito do Lazer. Foi desenvolvido estudo transversal com 674 estudantes do Ensino Médio de Instituições Federais das cinco regionais do Estado do Acre. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário composto por módulos temáticos com questões abertas e fechadas. Destaca-se como resultado: os estudantes consideram o lazer importante e o relacionam com a prática, como o lazer social e de atividades físicas; e destinam um tempo para sua vivência. As barreiras apontadas para a prática do lazer foram: cansaço, falta de tempo e de dinheiro. Os estudantes também indicam a insuficiência de espaços destinados ao lazer e atribuem este fato à falta de interesse do poder público. As atividades mais frequentes são as sociais, as físicas e intelectuais, sendo suas escolhas mais influenciadas pelo meio social.

This study aims to bring the perspective of high school students from the Acre, Brazil about Leisure. A cross-sectional study was developed with 674 students from Federal Institutions in five regions of the State of Acre. The data were collected through a questionnaire composed of thematic modules with open and closed questions. It stands out as a result: students consider leisure to be important and relate it to practice such as social and physical activity leisure; and they set time aside for their experience. The barriers pointed to the practice of leisure were: tiredness, lack of time and money. Students also indicate the insufficiency of leisure spaces and attribute this fact to the lack of interest from public authorities. The most frequent activities are social, physical and intellectual and their choices are more influenced by the social environment. This study aims to bring the perspective of high school students from the Acre, Brazil about Leisure. A cross-sectional study was developed with 674 students from Federal Institutions in five regions of the State of Acre. The data were collected through a questionnaire composed of thematic modules with open and closed questions. It stands out as a result: students consider leisure to be important and relate it to practice such as social and physical activity leisure; and they set time aside for their experience. The barriers pointed to the practice of leisure were: tiredness, lack of time and money. Students also indicate the insufficiency of leisure spaces and attribute this fact to the lack of interest from public authorities. The most frequent activities are social, physical and intellectual and their choices are more influenced by the social environment.

Nível de atividade física em pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Level of physical activity in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus / Nivel de actividad física en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Resumo Introdução O estilo de vida tem se destacado como importante causa para as principais doenças crônicas, como o diabetes mellitus tipo 2, por causar alterações fisiológicas crônicas que tendem a se agravar à medida que o indivíduo envelhece. Comparou-se o nível de atividade física realizada por pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na atenção básica e unidade especializada. Materiais e Métodos Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com análise comparativa. Aplicaram-se questionários semiestruturado e o validado Internacional de Atividade Física, submetidos e comparados por análise estatística com os testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e t student. Resultados: A idade média dos usuários foi 59 anos, predominância sexo feminino e não praticantes de atividade física. Valores glicêmicos obtidos pelo exame da hemoglobina glicada foram, 8,1% em centro de referência e 9,6% em unidade básica de saúde (p=0,017), diferenciais de controle metabólico e distintas realidades de atendimento. Discussão O nível de atividade física aliado a mudanças no estilo de vida e adesão terapêutica, é parte fundamental para o controle do diabetes e prevenção de complicações, devendo ser encorajadas pelos profissionais da saúde. Conclusoes Melhor desempenho no nível de atividade física e melhor controle glicêmico de pessoas acompanhadas em centro especializado. Deve-se considerar ações de educação à saúde na perspectiva do cuidado integral na Rede de Atenção à Saúde, independente do tipo de serviço, como potencializadoras para o automonitoramento e controle do diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Introduction Lifestyle has emerged as an important cause of major chronic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes mellitus, because it causes chronic physiological changes that tend to worsen as individual age. The study compared the level of physical activity performed by people with type-2 diabetes mellitus in basic care and specialized unit. Materials and Methods Descriptive, cross-sectional study with comparative analysis. Semi-structured questionnaires and the internationally validated Physical Activity questionnaire were applied, submitted and compared through statistical analysis with Pearson's chi-square and Student's t tests. Results The average age of the users was 59 years, with predominance of females and those not engaging in physical activity. Glycemic values obtained by examining glycated hemoglobin were: 8.1% in a reference center and 9.6% in a basic health unit (p = 0.017), differentials of metabolic control and different care realities. Discussion The level of physical activity, combined with changes in lifestyle and therapeutic adherence, is a fundamental part of diabetes control and prevention of complications and should be encouraged by health professionals. Conclusions Better performance was noted in the level of physical activity and better glycemic control of individuals monitored at a specialized center. Health education actions should be considered within the perspective of comprehensive care in the Health Care Network, regardless of the type of service, as potential for self-monitoring and control of diabetes mellitus.

Resumen Introducción El estilo de vida se ha destacado como una importante causa para las principales enfermedades crónicas, como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, por causar alteraciones fisiológicas crónicas que tienden a agravarse a medida que el individuo envejece. Se comparó el nivel de actividad física realizada por personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la atención básica y en unidad especializada. Materiales y Métodos Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con análisis comparativo. Se aplicaron cuestionarios semiestructurados y el validado Internacional de Actividad Física, sometidos y comparados por análisis estadístico con las pruebas del Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y t student. Resultados La edad media de los usuarios fue de 59 años, predominancia del sexo femenino y no practicantes de actividad física. Los valores glucémicos obtenidos por el examen de la hemoglobina glicosilada fue de 8.1% en centro de referencia y 9.6% en unidad básica de salud (p = 0,017), diferenciales de control metabólico y distintas realidades de atención. Discusión: El nivel de actividad física aliado a cambios en el estilo de vida y adhesión terapéutica es parte fundamental para el control de la diabetes y prevención de complicaciones, debiendo ser estimuladas por los profesionales de la salud. Conclusiones Mejor desempeño en el nivel de actividad física y mejor control glucémico de personas acompañadas en centro especializado. Se debe considerar acciones de educación a la salud en la perspectiva del cuidado integral en la Red de Atención a la Salud, independiente del tipo de servicio, como potencializadoras para el automonitoramiento y control de la diabetes mellitus.

Primary treatment of early fistula of parotid duct with botulinum toxin type A injection

Abstract: Salivary duct injury can be idiopathic, iatrogenic, or post-trauma and may result in sialocele or fistula. Most injuries regress spontaneously and botulinum toxin A is one of several therapeutic possibilities. We report a case of iatrogenic injury to the parotid duct after Mohs' micographic surgery for a squamous cell carcinoma excision in the left jaw region, treated by injection of botulinum toxin type A. Although the fistula by duct injury can be self-limiting, botulinum toxin injection by promoting the inactivity of the salivary gland allows rapid healing of the fistula.

Primary treatment of early fistula of parotid duct with botulinum toxin type A injection.

Salivary duct injury can be idiopathic, iatrogenic, or post-trauma and may result in sialocele or fistula. Most injuries regress spontaneously and botulinum toxin A is one of several therapeutic possibilities. We report a case of iatrogenic injury to the parotid duct after Mohs' micographic surgery for a squamous cell carcinoma excision in the left jaw region, treated by injection of botulinum toxin type A. Although the fistula by duct injury can be self-limiting, botulinum toxin injection by promoting the inactivity of the salivary gland allows rapid healing of the fistula.

Central memory CD8+ T cells appear to have a shorter lifespan and reduced abundance as a function of HIV disease progression.

Progressive HIV disease has been associated with loss of memory T cell responses to Ag. To better characterize and quantify long-lived memory T cells in vivo, we have refined an in vivo labeling technique to study the kinetics of phenotypically distinct, low-frequency CD8(+) T cell subpopulations in humans. HIV-negative subjects and antiretroviral-untreated HIV-infected subjects in varying stages of HIV disease were studied. After labeling the DNA of dividing cells with deuterated water ((2)H(2)O), (2)H-label incorporation and die-away kinetics were quantified using a highly sensitive FACS/mass spectrometric method. Two different populations of long-lived memory CD8(+) T cells were identified in HIV-negative subjects: CD8(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(+)CD28(+) central memory (T(CM)) cells expressing IL-7Ralpha and CD8(+)CD45RA(+)CCR7(-)CD28(-) RA effector memory (T(EMRA)) cells expressing CD57. In pilot studies in HIV-infected subjects, T(CM) cells appeared to have a shorter half-life and reduced abundance, particularly in those with high viral loads; T(EMRA) cells, by contrast, retained a long half-life and accumulated in the face of progressive HIV disease. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that IL-7Ralpha(+) T(CM) cells represent true memory CD8(+) T cells, the loss of which may be responsible in part for the progressive loss of T cell memory function during progressive HIV infection.

In vivo measurements document the dynamic cellular kinetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells.

Due to its relatively slow clinical progression, B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is classically described as a disease of accumulation rather than proliferation. However, evidence for various forms of clonal evolution suggests that B-CLL clones may be more dynamic than previously assumed. We used a nonradioactive, stable isotopic labeling method to measure B-CLL cell kinetics in vivo. Nineteen patients drank an aliquot of deuterated water (2H2O) daily for 84 days, and 2H incorporation into the deoxyribose moiety of DNA of newly divided B-CLL cells was measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, during and after the labeling period. Birth rates were calculated from the kinetic profiles. Death rates were defined as the difference between calculated birth and growth rates. These analyses demonstrated that the leukemic cells of each patient had definable and often substantial birth rates, varying from 0.1% to greater than 1.0% of the entire clone per day. Those patients with birth rates greater than 0.35% per day were much more likely to exhibit active or to develop progressive disease than those with lower birth rates Thus, B-CLL is not a static disease that results simply from accumulation of long-lived lymphocytes. Rather, it is a dynamic process composed also of cells that proliferate and die, often at appreciable levels. The extent to which this turnover occurs has not been previously appreciated. A correlation between birth rates and disease activity and progression appears to exist, which may help identify patients at risk for worsening disease in advance of clinical deterioration.

Effect of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on mitochondrial DNA synthesis in rats and humans.

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have been hypothesized to inhibit mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma, resulting in decreased mtDNA synthesis and mitochondrial insufficiency in HIV-1-infected patients. mtDNA synthesis was measured directly using a stable isotope mass spectrometric method following NRTI treatment in rodents. 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) was added to water (1 mg/mL) and administered ad libitum to female Sprague-Dawley rats for 1-8 weeks (n = 4 or 5 animals/timepoint). Neither body weight nor food intake was affected by AZT intake. Untreated controls and AZT-treated rats were given 4% H2O as drinking water for 2 weeks. AZT (approximately 100 mg/kg/d) produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in cardiac and hindlimb muscle mtDNA fractional synthesis compared with control groups (from 13.8 +/- 4.2% to 7.0 +/- 4.8% and from 7.6 +/- 1.8% to 4.5 +/- 0.4%, respectively) after 4 weeks. Cytochrome c oxidase content in hindlimb muscle was also decreased by 50% compared with controls after 4 weeks of AZT treatment (P < 0.07) and a calculated index of absolute mitochondrial biogenesis rate was significantly reduced by week 2 of AZT (P < 0.05) in hindlimb muscle. In preliminary studies, platelet mtDNA enrichments were compared to monocyte nDNA enrichments (used as a marker of a fully turned over tissue) in healthy human subjects. Fractional synthesis of mtDNA in platelets reached 98 +/- 3% after 5 weeks of H2O labeling. It is concluded that NRTIs decrease mtDNA synthesis and oxidative enzyme content and thus mitochondrial biogenesis in rodents and that the effects of NRTIs on mitochondrial biogenesis in tissues of HIV-1- infected humans can in principle be measured using this approach.

Isolation of peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells using RosetteSep and MACS for studies of DNA turnover by deuterium labeling.

Tracking deuterium ((2)H) incorporation into cellular DNA, after administration of (2)H(2)O or (2)H(2)-glucose, is a recently developed, broadly applicable method for measuring in vivo cell proliferation and turnover that can be used safely in humans. This approach has been used to evaluate the turnover of T-cell subpopulations purified from the peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected patients using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). A requirement for widespread adoption of this approach for medical decision-making and for use in larger clinical trials is a simple, reproducible, high-throughput method for isolation of highly purified CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood. Here, we present a simple method, which does not require FACS, for isolating these cells in sufficient purity and yield for analysis of (2)H incorporation into DNA. When blood from HIV-1-infected patients was used, neither the depletion of unwanted cell lineages by erythrocyte crosslinking (RosetteSep) nor the enrichment of CD4(+) cells by immunomagnetic beads (MACS) individually resulted in sufficient purity. The successive application of the two techniques, however, permitted isolation of >95% pure CD4(+) T cells in adequate yield (>10(6) cells/10 ml blood) from healthy donors and HIV-1-infected patients with CD4 counts between 300 and 700 cells/microl. Moreover, (2)H incorporation into cellular DNA after administration of (2)H(2)O to HIV-1-infected patients was indistinguishable between CD4(+) T cells isolated by RosetteSep/MACS and FACS. Thus, both FACS and the new method isolate a similar mixture of long- and short-lived CD4(+) T cells. In practice, the RosetteSep/MACS method is simple, rapid, robust and capable of high throughput.

Subpopulations of long-lived and short-lived T cells in advanced HIV-1 infection.

Antigenic stimulation of T cells gives rise to short-lived effector cells and long-lived memory cells. We used two stable isotope-labeling techniques to identify kinetically distinct subpopulations of T cells and to determine the effect of advanced infection with HIV-1. Long-term deuterated water (2H2O) incorporation into DNA demonstrated biphasic accrual of total and of memory/effector (m/e)-phenotype but not naive-phenotype T cells, consistent with the presence of short-lived and longer-lived subpopulations within the m/e-phenotype T cell pool. These results were mirrored by biphasic die-away kinetics in m/e- but not naive-phenotype T cells after short-term 2H-glucose labeling. Persistent label retention was observed in a subset of m/e-phenotype T cells (presumably memory T cells), confirming the presence of T cells with very different life spans in humans. In advanced HIV-1 infection, much higher proportions of T cells were short-lived, compared to healthy controls. Effective long-term anti-retroviral therapy restored values to normal. These results provide the first quantitative evidence that long-lived and quiescent T cells do indeed predominate in the T cell pool in humans and determine T cell pool size, as in rodents. The greatest impact of advanced HIV-1 infection is to reduce the generation of long-lived, potential progenitor T cells.

Proliferation kinetics of subpopulations of human marrow cells determined by quantifying in vivo incorporation of [2H2]-glucose into DNA of S-phase cells.

This report investigated in vivo turnover kinetics of marrow hematopoietic progenitors and precursors using a recently developed stable isotope-mass spectrometric technique (SIMST). Human subjects were administered a 2-day infusion of 6,6-[2H2]-glucose, a nontoxic stable isotope-labeled form of glucose, which becomes incorporated into DNA of all S-phase cells. The percent [2H2]-glucose incorporated into DNA in the form of [2H2]-deoxyadenosine (%[2H2]-dA enrichment) was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The rate constant of replacement of unlabeled by labeled DNA strands (labeling kinetics) was used to calculate population turnover kinetics of CD34+ cells, CD133+ cells, and CD133-CD34+ cells. The observed mean replacement half-life (t1/2) was 2.6 days for CD34+ cells, 2.5 days for CD133-CD34+ cells, and 6.2 days for CD133+ cells. Results from the estimated rate constant of replacement of labeled by unlabeled DNA (delabeling kinetics) also demonstrated slower turnover rates for CD133+ cells than for CD133-CD34+ cells. Although there was a relatively rapid initial decrease in the %[2H2]-dA enrichment, low levels of labeled DNA persisted in CD34+ cells for at least 4 weeks. The results indicate the presence of subpopulations of CD34+ cells with relatively rapid turnover rates and subpopulations with a slower t1/2 of 28 days. Results also demonstrate that in vivo [2H2]-glucose-SIMST is sensitive enough to detect differences in turnover kinetics between erythroid and megakaryocyte lineage cells. These studies are the first to demonstrate the use of in vivo [2H2]-glucose-SIMST to measure in vivo turnover kinetics of subpopulations of CD34+ cells and precursors in healthy human subjects.

CD4+ T cell kinetics and activation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who remain viremic despite long-term treatment with protease inhibitor-based therapy.

T cell dynamics were studied in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who continued using antiretroviral therapy despite detectable plasma viremia (RNA copies >2500 /mL). CD4(+) cell fractional replacement rates, measured by the deuterated glucose technique, were lower in treated patients with detectable viremia than in untreated patients and were similar to those in patients with undetectable viremia. Cell cycle and activation markers exhibited similar trends. For any level of viremia, CD4(+) cell fractional replacement rates were lower in patients with drug-resistant virus than in patients with wild-type virus, which suggests that the resistant variant was less virulent. Interruption of treatment in patients with drug-resistant viremia resulted in increased CD4(+) cell activation, increased CD4(+) cell turnover, and decreased CD4(+) cell counts. These data indicate that partial virus suppression reduces CD4(+) cell turnover and activation, thereby resulting in sustained CD4(+) cell gains, and that measurements of T cell dynamics may provide an in vivo marker of viral virulence.