ABSTRACT
Anti-opium-smoking had been the key policy of successive central and local governments from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republican Period. Since the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government in January 1912, the Anti-opium-smoking campaign had culminated across the country. Under the support of the government, the "National Anti-Opium Association of China" and "Association of Chinese People Rejecting Opium" were established which made an important contribution to China's anti-opium-smoking campaign.Yunnan, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other local governments also combined with local specific circumstances to make anti-opium-smaking policy for punishing severely the opium cultivation, trade and opium smoking, thus, the overrun of opium began to be brought under an overall control.
Subject(s)
Opioid-Related Disorders/history , Opium/history , Smoking Prevention/history , China , Health Promotion/history , Health Promotion/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Opioid-Related Disorders/prevention & control , Public Policy/history , Smoking/history , Voluntary Health Agencies/historyABSTRACT
Ethyl carbamate (EC) in wine, grain spirits and wine sauce (145 samples) was analysed using solid-phase extraction and stable isotope dilution GC/MS. Samples were obtained from markets in eight areas (Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Handan, Qinhuangdao, Langfang, Zhangjiakou, Xingtai and Cangzhou) of Hebei Province, China. The method had a limit of detection of 2 µg kg⻹, with recoveries varying from 95.7 to 102% and RSD ranging 2.3-5.6%. The average concentrations of ethyl carbamate in wines, grain spirits and wine sauce were 14.7 (<2.0-44.5) µg kg⻹, 33.8 (2.9-129) µg kg⻹ and 8.7 (<2.0-63.3) µg kg⻹, respectively. The results led to the development of limit standards that can be used to predict the concentration of ethyl carbamate in Chinese fermented wines.
Subject(s)
Alcoholic Beverages/analysis , Carcinogens/analysis , Condiments/analysis , Food Contamination , Urethane/analysis , Wine/analysis , Alcoholic Beverages/economics , Alcoholic Beverages/microbiology , Alcoholic Beverages/standards , China , Condiments/economics , Condiments/microbiology , Condiments/standards , Diet/ethnology , Edible Grain/chemistry , Fermentation , Food Inspection , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Guidelines as Topic , Health Policy , Health Promotion , Humans , Limit of Detection , Reproducibility of Results , Solid Phase Extraction , Wine/economics , Wine/microbiology , Wine/standardsABSTRACT
An electrophoretically slowly moving hemoglobin variant, Hb Quin-Hai was found in an 8-year-old boy and in his father, during a survey for abnormal hemoglobins in Quin-Hai County, Hainan Island, Guangdong, P.R.C. Both carriers were clinically and hematologically normal. Structural studies indicated a new variant beta 78 (EF2) Leu replaced by Arg.