The Wisconsin silicone oil study (report #1): anatomical and functional outcomes of repair of retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

BACKGROUND: Silicone oil (SO) is a long-term tamponade for repair of complex retinal pathology but has limitations including late redetachment. This study describes our experience with SO tamponade for repair of retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), with attention to anatomic and functional outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective consecutive case series of eyes with retinal detachment (RD) complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) receiving SO tamponade at the University of Wisconsin between 2013 and 2019. Group 1 defined as primary SO placement; Group 2 had SO placed after failing prior retinal detachment repair. RESULTS: Inclusion criteria of SO placement for repair of RD with PVR was met for 117 eyes. The final reattachment rate was 84% for all eyes, with no difference between Groups 1 and 2. Vision improvement was 2.1 lines for Group 1 (p = 0.06 from baseline) and 4.6 lines for Group 2 (p < 0.0001). The mean number of silicone oil placements was 1.4. Less improvement in vision was noted with repeat SO placement, though overall functional vision of 5/200 or better was achieved in 63.2% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: SO tamponade allows long-term anatomical stabilisation and substantial vision recovery in eyes with retinal detachment complicated by PVR. Rates of anatomic and functional success have improved significantly when compared to prior studies using oil tamponade for repair of PVR.

A Case of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

PURPOSE: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of granulocytes, caused the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. While ocular manifestations of CML are rare, the presentations can range from asymptomatic to sudden vision loss. CML associated ocular findings that have been reported include retinal hemorrhages, leukemic infiltrates, and optic disc edema, but a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in the setting of CML has not been described. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 21-year-old man presented with intermittent vision loss in his right eye, tinnitus in the right ear, and abdominal distension. Work up revealed significant leukocytosis, splenomegaly, and a positive BCR-ABL1 mutation. He was diagnosed with CML and started on systemic therapy. Exam of the right eye revealed a large intraocular mass. After two weeks of systemic treatment, the large elevation in the right eye had improved, allowing visualization of diffuse subretinal whitening. At follow up, an RRD secondary to an atrophic hole in an area of prior subretinal infiltrates were noted. He underwent repair with a scleral buckle. Postoperative course was complicated by redetachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, which led to an unrepairable detachment, despite multiple surgeries with silicone oil tamponade. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular findings related to CML are rare, with the lowest incidence when compared to other leukemias, and are associated with worse outcomes. Posterior segment findings include intraretinal hemorrhages, Roth spots, and retinal infiltrates. This unique case describes an RRD in CML retinopathy with an aggressive course and poor anatomical result.

Comparison of Standard 7-Field, Clarus, and Optos Ultrawidefield Imaging Systems for Diabetic Retinopathy (COCO Study).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity levels assessed from 7 standard-field stereoscopic color photographs on a 35° fundus camera to both Clarus and Optos ultrawidefield color images. Design: Cross-sectional, comparative imaging study. Participants: Participants with DR imaged at a single-center retina practice. Methods: Participants were imaged on 3 cameras at a single visit with the Topcon 35° fundus camera, Clarus, and Optos. The DR Severity Scale (DRSS) level was determined within the 7-field (7F) area of each image set using the ETDRS scale. An additional global DRSS was assigned for both Clarus and Optos images using the entire visible retina. Weighted kappa (wκ) measured the agreement between cameras. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was a 3-way comparison of DRSS level within the 7F area imaged on the 3 cameras. Secondary outcomes included a comparison of the DRSS obtained with standard 7F imaging to the global DRSS of Clarus and Optos and a comparison of the global DRSS between Clarus and Optos only. Results: Ninety-seven eyes (50 participants) were evaluated. Agreement within 1-step of ETDRS levels between standard 7F imaging and Clarus 7F was 90.1% (wκ = 0.65), and with Optos 7F in 85.9%, (wκ = 0.58). Agreement within 1-step between standard 7F imaging and Clarus global was 88.9% of eyes (wκ = 0.63), and Optos global was 85.7%, (wκ = 0.54). Agreement between Clarus and Optos global DR level within 1-step was 89.1% (wκ = 0.68). Intergrader agreement for the 7F ETDRS level was 96% for standard 7F imaging, 98% for Clarus, and 95.5% for Optos. Conclusions: These findings suggest that when evaluating the 7F area on Clarus and Optos, DR severity grades are comparable to standard 7F imaging. However, it is important to understand the unique attributes and differences of each fundus camera when changing the type of system used in a clinical setting due to upgrading equipment. Additionally, if the facility has access to > 1 device, there should not be an exchange between cameras for the same patient. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Ocular Findings Aid in Diagnosis of West Nile Virus.

INTRODUCTION: West Nile virus disease, which is endemic to the United States, is a rarely reported systemic infection that can be difficult to diagnose. Chorioretinitis is an uncommon manifestation of West Nile virus but has pathognomonic ocular findings that can aid in diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old man presented with acute onset fever, chills, and dyspnea. He underwent an extensive but nondiagnostic workup during hospitalization. New visual complaints prompted ophthalmology consultation. Funduscopic examination showed macular hemorrhages and midperipheral chorioretinal lesions. Fluorescein angiography revealed target-like lesions in a radial distribution, which is pathognomonic for West Nile virus chorioretinitis. Serology confirmed the diagnosis of West Nile virus disease. Systemic and ocular symptoms improved with supportive care. DISCUSSION: West Nile virus disease has many nonspecific manifestations. History of recent mosquito exposure is not always readily elicited. In patients with visual symptoms, eye examination can help in its diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: West Nile virus should be considered in patients with acute febrile or neurological illness during mosquito season.

Retinal Detachment Associated with Retinal Dialysis: Clinical Features and Outcomes of Surgery in a 10-Year Study.

PURPOSE: To report the surgical approaches and outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for retinal detachment associated with retinal dialysis. DESIGN: Retrospective, consecutive case series. SUBJECTS: All patients who underwent surgery for retinal detachment secondary to retinal dialysis between January 1, 2012, and January 1, 2022. METHODS: Retrospective consecutive case series. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), single-operation success rate. RESULTS: The study cohort included 60 eyes of 58 patients with a mean age of 26.4 (standard deviation, 13.0) years. Males comprised 49 (84.5%) patients. Known trauma occurred in 35 (61.4%) cases. Initial surgical management included scleral buckling (SB) in 49 (81.7%) eyes and combined SB and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in 11 (18.3%) eyes. Preoperative BCVA correlated with BCVA at last follow-up visit (r = 0.66; P < 0.001). At last visit, the SB group had a mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA of 0.36 (20/46) and a single-operation success rate of 76.9% at 6 months, whereas the SB/PPV group had a mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA of 1.08 (20/238) and single-operation success rate of 77.8% (P = 0.04 and P = 0.96, respectively). Six eyes in the SB/PPV group received silicone oil tamponade. In eyes with at least 1 year of follow-up, 4 (14.8%) in the SB group and 6 (100%) in the SB/PPV group developed a visually significant cataract requiring cataract surgery (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal detachment associated with retinal dialysis is typically associated with trauma and more often occurs in young male patients. The current study confirms that SB without PPV is an effective initial treatment strategy for most patients with retinal dialysis and has a low rate of cataract formation. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

STELLATE NONHEREDITARY IDIOPATHIC FOVEOMACULAR RETINOSCHISIS: NOVEL FINDINGS AND OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY ANALYSIS.

PURPOSE: To present novel findings in stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis, including the largest series of optical coherence tomography angiography findings to date. METHODS: A retrospective case series with multimodal imaging was obtained and reviewed. RESULTS: All three patients were women, aged 59-63. Two cases were unilateral, and one was bilateral. Vision ranged from 20/20 to 20/60 in the affected eyes. Peripheral retinoschisis was observed in all three patients. All patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year. In one case, progressive macular retinoschisis leading to foveal involvement was observed over two years, with an associated vision decline from 20/25 to 20/60. Attempted interventions included topical dorzolamide in all cases and intravitreal bevacizumab in one patient; however, no treatment effect was observed. The foveal avascular zone size was within normal limits (mean 280 µ m). In all stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis eyes, the retinoschisis cavities were nonvascular. CONCLUSION: Novel findings regarding stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis include the progressive nature of foveal involvement and the lack of response to topical dorzolamide and intravitreal bevacizumab. Foveal avascular zone was normal in all eyes, consistent with the relatively preserved vision in these cases. Retinoschisis cavities were nonvascular in all eyes, a finding which may give insight into the mechanism of this disease.

NONSURGICAL RESOLUTION OF FULL-THICKNESS MACULAR HOLES WITHOUT VITREOMACULAR TRACTION.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report a case series of full-thickness macular holes without vitreomacular traction that resolved without surgery. METHODS: This study is a retrospective case series of 11 patients who demonstrated closure of full-thickness macular holes without surgical intervention. RESULTS: All full-thickness macular holes closed, with all patients having improvement in visual acuity. All but one of the cases had visual acuity better than 20/40 at last recorded visit. Most cases presented with associated epiretinal membrane (73%), cystoid changes (64%), defects <150 µ m (80%), and resolved within 2 months (91%). Topical anti-inflammatory drops were used in 7 of 11 cases, and dorzolamide was used in one case. CONCLUSION: Full-thickness macular holes can develop in eyes without the presence of vitreomacular traction. Topical therapy without vitrectomy may be particularly helpful in closure of full-thickness macular holes with associated cystoid macular edema. Holes with a lamellar hole component may spontaneously resolve as part of a retinal remodeling process.

Ocular Emergencies During the Coronavirus Disease 'Safer at Home Order' in Wisconsin.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus pandemic created large shifts in utilization of hospital resources, patient presentations, and delivery of medical care. OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study evaluated the ocular emergencies at a tertiary-care academic hospital in Wisconsin during the COVID-19-related "Safer at Home" order. METHODS: Ophthalmology consultations performed March 23 through May 26, 2020, were compared to the same time period in the 4 preceding years and the subsequent year. Billing codes were obtained to evaluate the diagnoses and procedures performed during this time frame. RESULTS: In 2020, 155 consultations were performed (42 emergency department, 113 inpatient), compared to a mean of 214 over the 5 other study years. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of total consultations in 2020 was 0.72 (P ≤ 0.001) compared to previous years. Significantly fewer emergency department consultations were performed (IRR 0.62, P ≤ 0.001), while inpatient consultations were similar (IRR 0.88, P = 0.119). The most common diagnosis across all study years was fracture of the skull/orbit with injury to the eye/orbit. In 2020, 13% of consultations led to a procedure, compared to a total of 16% in the other years (IRR 0.59, P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a 28% reduction in ophthalmology consultations at a major university hospital in Wisconsin during the COVID-19-related "Safer at Home" order, though the number of consultations leading to surgery were stable. This suggests that while patients with less acute needs may have deferred care, those requiring urgent surgery still presented to the emergency department. These data may help hospitals appropriately allocate eye care resources during future public health emergencies.

Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Restrictions on Retinal Detachment: A Multicenter Experience.

In this retrospective, multicenter study of 261 eyes (259 patients), patients who underwent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) post-lockdown period experienced an additional 22-day delay, leading to significantly more epiretinal membrane and proliferative vitreoretinopathy and lower single-surgery anatomic success rates. During lockdown, perfluoropropane gas was used more commonly, and pneumatic retinopexy was used more commonly in COVID-19-positive patients.

Central Retinal Thickness and Visual Acuity Outcomes After Vitrectomy for Epiretinal Membrane With and Without Internal Limiting Membrane Peel.

Purpose: This work compares best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) outcome measures following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with and without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel for epiretinal membrane (ERM). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 114 eyes of 114 patients with visually significant ERM undergoing PPV with membrane peel (PPV/MP) at a single institution. CRT measurements were collected from Heidelberg and Zeiss spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging units. Results compared preoperative and postoperative CRT and BCVA among patients with at least 60 days of follow-up. Results: A total of 114 eyes with ERM met the inclusion criteria. Eighty-one eyes (71%) underwent PPV/MP with ILM peel and 33 eyes (29%) underwent PPV/MP without ILM peel. There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative CRT between the 2 study groups (P = .95). The mean follow-up time of eyes undergoing PPV/MP without ILM peel and with ILM peel was 391 days and 319 days, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the mean reduction of CRT between the 2 groups (P = .470). Both groups had improvement of BCVA following surgery and there was no statistical difference in final logMAR visual acuity when comparing the 2 groups (P = .738). Conclusions: There was an overall improvement of CRT and BCVA among patients undergoing PPV/MP for ERM with or without ILM peel. There was no statistically significant difference in the final BCVA or CRT between the 2 groups.

Outcomes of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair When Comparing Surgeon Continuity in a Team-Based Practice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To facilitate timely surgery and efficient use of operating room time, our practice uses a team-based approach so patients may undergo primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery with a different surgeon instead of the diagnosing surgeon. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 331 eyes that underwent RRD surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: RRD surgery performed by the diagnosing surgon, and RRD surgery performed by a different surgeon. RESULTS: Of 331 eyes, 200 eyes (60.4%) were repaired by the diagnosing surgeon and 131 eyes (39.6%) were repaired by a different surgeon. Primary anatomic success (PAS) rates at 3 months postoperatively were equivalent between the two groups (87.0% and 87.8% in the diagnosing surgeon and different surgeon groups, respectively [P = .83]). There was no significant difference in preoperative (P = .08) or final (P = .28) visual acuity between the groups. Time between diagnosis and RRD repair was shorter in the different surgeon group (median of 1.5 days [IQR: 1.0-3.6] in the surgeon group versus 2.2 days [IQR: 0.8-5.7] in the diagnosing surgeon group) (P = .03). Logistic regression analysis gave no evidence to suggest that PAS rates depended on day of week, time of day surgery was performed, group, or the interaction between those factors (P = .93). CONCLUSIONS: Visual and anatomic success in RRD repair are equivalent when surgery is performed by either the diagnosing surgeon or a surgical colleague because time to surgery is reduced. Neither time of day nor day of the week had any influence on the outcomes. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2021;52:560-566.].

Management of Complications and Vision Loss from Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diabetes can be associated with profound visual loss due to several mechanisms. As the duration of diabetes and blood glucose levels increase, these changes become more severe. The proliferation of new blood vessels, vitreous hemorrhage, and tractional retinal detachments may ultimately result and can be devastating to visual function. New advances, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications and innovative microsurgical instruments, have provided additional methods for the management of diabetic retinopathy in the clinic and in the operating room, leading to improved outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Advances in earlier treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, especially with anti-VEGF injections, allow for a reduction in severity, improved vision, and more controlled and successful surgery. Modern surgical techniques and instrumentation have also allowed for improved patient outcomes. Future research into sustained delivery and release of anti-VEGF, reducing the need for frequent in-office injections, may prove to be additionally beneficial. Over the last decade, anti-VEGF has become an increasingly common treatment modality for the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, vitreous hemorrhages, and tractional retinal detachments. Further research is needed to determine the ideal method of delivery and timing of the treatment.

Frequency of Urgent or Emergent Vitreoretinal Surgical Procedures in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance: The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) indicated that urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures should continue during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although decreases in the frequency of critical procedures have been reported outside the field of ophthalmology, analyses are limited by volume, geography, and time. Objective: To evaluate whether the frequency of ophthalmic surgical procedures deemed urgent or emergent by the AAO changed across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants: Vitreoretinal practices from 17 institutions throughout the US participated in this multicenter cross-sectional study. The frequency of 11 billed vitreoretinal Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes across respective weeks was obtained from each practice between January 1, 2019, and May 31, 2020. Data were clustered into intravitreal injections (code 67028), lasers and cryotherapy (codes 67141, 67145, and 67228), retinal detachment (RD) repairs (codes 67107, 67108, 67110, and 67113), and other vitrectomies (codes 67036, 67039, and 67040). Institutions were categorized by region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West Coast), practice setting (academic [tax-exempt] or private [non-tax-exempt]), and date of respective statewide stay-at-home orders. Main Outcomes and Measures: Nationwide changes in the frequency of billing for urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: A total of 526 536 CPT codes were ascertained: 483 313 injections, 19 257 lasers or cryotherapy, 14 949 RD repairs, and 9017 other vitrectomies. Relative to 2019, a weekly institutional decrease in injections was observed from March 30 to May 2, 2020, with a maximal 38.6% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 437.8 [436.3] to 273.8 [269.0] injections) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -259 to -69 injections; P = .002). A weekly decrease was also identified that spanned a longer interval, at least until study conclusion (March 16 to May 31, 2020), for lasers and cryotherapy, with a maximal 79.6% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 6.6 [7.7] to 1.5 [2.0] procedures) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -6.8 to -3.3 procedures; P < .001), for RD repairs, with a maximal 59.4% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 3.5 [4.0] to 1.6 [2.2] repairs) from April 13 to 19, 2020 (95% CI, -2.7 to -1.4 repairs; P < .001), and for other vitrectomies, with a maximal 84.3% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 3.0 [3.1] to 0.4 [0.8] other vitrectomies) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -3.3 to -1.8 other vitrectomies; P < .001). No differences were identified by region, setting, or state-level stay-at-home order adjustment. Conclusions and Relevance: Although the AAO endorsed the continued performance of urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures, the frequency of such procedures throughout the country experienced a substantial decrease that may persist after the COVID-19 pandemic's initial exponential growth phase. This decrease appears independent of region, setting, and state-level stay-at-home orders. It is unknown to what extent vitreoretinal intervention would have decreased without AAO recommendations, and how the decrease is associated with outcomes. Although safety is paramount during the COVID-19 pandemic, practices should consider prioritizing availability for managing high-acuity conditions until underlying reasons for the reduction are fully appreciated.

Vitrectomy With Sequential Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling and Flap Formation in Closure of a Large, Traumatic Macular Hole.

Purpose: We report the use of sequential vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) flaps in closure of a chronic, large, traumatic macular hole (MH) in a 32-year-old male patient. Methods: The patient underwent vitrectomy using a sequential ILM flap technique. Results: This sequential ILM flap technique resulted in complete closure of the MH and improvement in visual acuity. In this case, a second ILM flap procedure allowed for successful closure of a traumatic MH. Conclusions: This case suggests that the MH's closure may have been facilitated by both relief of tangential traction on the retina as well as glial tissue proliferation from presence of the ILM flap.

In Situ Tremor in Vitreoretinal Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Surgeon tremor was measured during vitreoretinal microscopic surgeries under different hand support conditions. BACKGROUND: While the ophthalmic surgeon's forearm is supported using a standard symmetric wrist rest when operating on the patient's same side as the dominant hand (SSD), the surgeon's hand is placed directly on the patient's forehead when operating on the contralateral side of the dominant hand (CSD). It was hypothesized that more tremor is associated with CSD surgeries than SSD surgeries and that, using an experimental asymmetric wrist rest where the contralateral wrist bar gradually rises and curves toward the patient's operative eye, there is no difference in tremor associated with CSD and SSD surgeries. METHODS: Seventy-six microscope videos, recorded from three surgeons performing macular membrane peeling operations, were analyzed using marker-less motion tracking, and movement data (instrument path length and acceleration) were recorded. Tremor acceleration frequency and magnitude were measured using spectral analysis. Following 47 surgeries using a conventional symmetric wrist support, surgeons incorporated the experimental asymmetric wrist rest into their surgical routine. RESULTS: There was 0.11 mm/s2 (22%) greater (p = .05) average tremor acceleration magnitude for CSD surgeries (0.62 mm/s2, SD = 0.08) than SSD surgeries (0.51 mm/s2, SD = 0.09) for the symmetric wrist rest, while no significant (p > .05) differences were observed (0.57 mm, SD = 0.13 for SSD and 0.58 mm, SD = 0.11 for CSD surgeries) for the experimental asymmetric wrist rest. CONCLUSION: The asymmetric wrist support reduced the difference in tremor acceleration between CSD and SSD surgeries.

Comparison of United States and International Ophthalmic Drug Pricing.

PURPOSE: To compare United States and international drug pricing for commonly prescribed intravitreal and topical ophthalmic medications. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: For 25 commonly used ophthalmic medications (3 intravitreal, 22 topical), we obtained 2017 third quarter United States average wholesale price (AWP), drug acquisition cost, or consumer pricing through United States government health insurance plans (Veterans Affairs [VA], Medicaid, Medicare Part B, and Medicare Part D) and commercial drug plans (CVS Caremark and Navitus Health Solutions), online pricing without insurance through a large United States warehouse retailer (Costco), and international drug pricing through government-sponsored health plans in Italy, Spain, Turkey, Canada, and Japan. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Drug acquisition costs and consumer pricing of ophthalmic drugs through various payment systems. All prices were converted to United States dollars. RESULTS: For intravitreal medications in the United States, aflibercept and ranibizumab were priced similarly to each other and were more expensive than dexamethasone implants. Pricing of aflibercept and ranibizumab through government health insurance plans in Italy, Spain, Turkey, Canada, and Japan were less expensive by as much as 84.3% compared with the United States. For topical medications in the United States, pricing varied significantly both across different classes of medications and also between nonbranded and branded medications. Drug acquisition costs through the VA and Medicaid were inexpensive on average, but pricing through a hospital-employee drug insurance plan offered the smallest range (between $2.35 and $60.00). In all 5 non-United States countries studied, each topical medication with the exceptions of cyclosporine emulsion and difluprednate was less than $100, and 94.4% of topical medications in these countries had a nonbranded or branded option that was less than $50. CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, for topical more than intravitreal medications, significant price variation exists across both different drug pricing systems and different medications. Price differentials between nonbranded and branded medications can be significant. Internationally, topical medications exhibited a more limited and lower price range compared with drug pricing in the United States.

DIFFERENCES IN REFRACTIVE OUTCOMES BETWEEN PHACOEMULSIFICATION FOR CATARACT ALONE AND COMBINED PHACOEMULSIFICATION AND VITRECTOMY FOR EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE.

PURPOSE: To determine whether preoperative adjustments are required for intraocular lens calculations in combined phacovitrectomy surgery. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective study of 50 eyes that underwent combined phacovitrectomy and a control group of 50 eyes after cataract surgery over a 3-year period by a single anterior segment surgeon and a single posterior segment surgeon. Main outcome measures were predicted refractive error (RE), as determined by SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas, change compared with actual RE, surgically induced astigmatism, and the relationships between preoperative central foveal thickness or change in central foveal thickness and final RE. RESULTS: The differences in predicted and final RE between groups were not statistically significant between groups when both SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas were used (P > 0.05). Regardless of the formula used, final RE was neither significantly hyperopic nor myopic as compared to the target. There was no difference in surgically induced astigmatism between the two groups. Increased preoperative central foveal thickness was correlated with greater difference between predicted and actual RE. No relationship was noted between change in central foveal thickness and RE. CONCLUSION: Combined phacovitrectomy for concurrent cataract epiretinal membrane by experienced cataract and vitreoretinal surgeons seems to deliver as predictable refractive results as cataract surgery alone.