Effects of molting on the expression of ecdysteroid responsive genes in the crustacean molting gland (Y-organ).

Ecdysteroid molting hormones coordinate arthropod growth and development. Binding of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) to ecdysteroid receptor EcR/RXR activates a cascade of nuclear receptor transcription factors that mediate tissue responses to hormone. Insect ecdysteroid responsive and Forkhead box class O (FOXO) transcription factor gene sequences were used to extract orthologs from blackback land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) Y-organ (YO) transcriptome: Gl-Ecdysone Receptor (EcR), Gl-Broad Complex (Br-C), Gl-E74, Gl-Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), Gl-Hormone Receptor 4 (HR4), Gl-FOXO, and Gl-Fushi tarazu factor-1 (Ftz-f1). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantified mRNA levels in tissues from intermolt animals and in YO of animals induced to molt by multiple limb autotomy (MLA) or eyestalk ablation (ESA). Gl-EcR, Gl-Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), Gl-Br-C, Gl-HR3, Gl-HR4, Gl-E74, Gl-E75, Gl-Ftz-f1, and Gl-FOXO were expressed in all 10 tissues, with Gl-Br-C, Gl-E74, Gl-E75, and Gl-HR4 mRNA levels in the YO lower than those in most of the other tissues. In MLA animals, molting had no effect on Gl-Br-C, Gl-E74, and Gl-Ftz-f1 mRNA levels and little effect on Gl-EcR, Gl-E75, and Gl-HR4 mRNA levels. Gl-HR3 and Gl-FOXO mRNA levels were increased during premolt stages, while Gl-RXR mRNA level was highest during intermolt and premolt stages and lowest at postmolt stage. In ESA animals, YO mRNA levels were not correlated with hemolymph ecdysteroid titers. ESA had no effect on Gl-EcR, Gl-E74, Gl-HR3, Gl-HR4, Gl-Ftz-f1, and Gl-FOXO mRNA levels, while Gl-RXR, Gl-Br-C, and Gl-E75 mRNA levels were decreased at 3 days post-ESA. These data suggest that transcriptional up-regulation of Gl-FOXO and Gl-HR3 contributes to increased YO ecdysteroidogenesis during premolt. By contrast, transcriptional regulation of ecdysteroid responsive genes and ecdysteroidogenesis were uncoupled in the YO of ESA animals.

Effects of molting on the expression of ecdysteroid biosynthesis genes in the Y-organ of the blackback land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis.

A pair of Y-organs (YOs) synthesize ecdysteroids that initiate and coordinate molting processes in decapod crustaceans. The YO converts cholesterol to secreted products through a biosynthetic pathway involving a Rieske oxygenase encoded by Neverland (Nvd) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases encoded by Halloween genes Spook (Spo; Cyp307a1), Phantom (Phm; Cyp306a1), Disembodied (Dib; Cyp302a1), and Shadow (Sad; Cyp315a1). NAD kinase (NADK) and 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS) support ecdysteroid synthesis in insects. A 20-hydroxylase, encoded by Shed in decapods and Shade in insects, converts ecdysone to the active hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). 20E is inactivated by cytochrome P450 26-hydroxylase (Cyp18a1). Contigs encoding these eight proteins were extracted from a Gecarcinus lateralis YO transcriptome and their expression was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. mRNA levels of Gl-Spo and Gl-Phm were four orders of magnitude higher in YO than those in nine other tissues, while mRNA levels of Gl-NADK and Gl-ALAS were similar in all ten tissues. In G. lateralis induced to molt by multiple leg autotomy, YO mRNA levels of Gl-Nvd, Gl-Spo, Gl-Phm, Gl-NADK, and Gl-ALAS were highest in intermolt and premolt stages and lower in postmolt. Gl-Dib mRNA level was not affected by molt stage. mRNA level of Gl-Sad, which converts 2-deoxyecdysone to ecdysone, was higher in mid- and late premolt stages, when YO ecdysteroidogenic capacity is greatest. Gl-Cyp18a1 mRNA level was highest in intermolt, decreased in premolt stages, and was lowest in postmolt. In animals induced to molt by eyestalk ablation, YO mRNA levels of all eight genes were not correlated with increased hemolymph 20E titers. These results suggest that YO ecdysteroidogenic genes are differentially regulated at transcriptional and translational levels.

Genome Analysis Using Whole-Exome Sequencing of Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate from Malagasy Trios Identifies Variants Associated with Cilium-Related Pathways and Asian Genetic Ancestry.

BACKGROUND: Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common congenital disabilities that can occur as isolated non-syndromic events or as part of Mendelian syndromes. OFC risk factors vary due to differences in regional environmental exposures, genetic variants, and ethnicities. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding OFCs, due to advances in sequencing and genotyping technologies. Despite these advances, very little is known about the genetic interplay in the Malagasy population. METHODS: Here, we performed high-resolution whole-exome sequencing (WES) on non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate (nCL/P) trios in the Malagasy population (78 individuals from 26 families (trios)). To integrate the impact of genetic ancestry admixture, we computed both global and local ancestries. RESULTS: Participants demonstrated a high percentage of both African and Asian admixture. We identified damaging variants in primary cilium-mediated pathway genes WNT5B (one family), GPC4 (one family), co-occurrence in MSX1 (five families), WDR11 (one family), and tubulin stabilizer SEPTIN9 (one family). Furthermore, we identified an autosomal homozygous damaging variant in PHGDH (one family) gene that may impact metabiotic activity. Lastly, all variants were predicted to reside on local Asian genetic ancestry admixed alleles. CONCLUSION: Our results from examining the Malagasy genome provide limited support for the hypothesis that germline variants in primary cilia may be risk factors for nCL/P, and outline the importance of integrating local ancestry components better to understand the multi-ethnic impact on nCL/P.

Evolutionary conservation of the fidelity of transcription.

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription, or the conservation of these mechanisms across the tree of life. To address these issues, we measured the error rate of transcription in five organisms of increasing complexity and found that the error rate of RNA polymerase II ranges from 2.9 × 10-6 ± 1.9 × 10-7/bp in yeast to 4.0 × 10-6 ± 5.2 × 10-7/bp in worms, 5.69 × 10-6 ± 8.2 × 10-7/bp in flies, 4.9 × 10-6 ± 3.6 × 10-7/bp in mouse cells and 4.7 × 10-6 ± 9.9 × 10-8/bp in human cells. These error rates were modified by various factors including aging, mutagen treatment and gene modifications. For example, the deletion or modification of several related genes increased the error rate substantially in both yeast and human cells. This research highlights the evolutionary conservation of factors that control the fidelity of transcription. Additionally, these experiments provide a reasonable estimate of the error rate of transcription in human cells and identify disease alleles in a subunit of RNA polymerase II that display error-prone transcription. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that the error rate and spectrum of transcription co-evolved with our genetic code.

Self-Perception of Cognitive-Communication Functions After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

PURPOSE: A mixed-method approach was used to investigate the lived experiences of adults with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The study aimed to understand the perceived relationship between cognitive-communication problems, thinking and communication concerns, and neurobehavioral symptoms. We hypothesized that individuals with cognitive-communication problems would attribute their problems with communication to their mTBI history and their self-perceived problems would be correlated with symptomatology. METHOD: The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and an online cognitive-communication survey was used to conduct a study of 30 adults with mTBI history. Quantitative survey and NSI scores were analyzed with content analysis and correlational statistics. RESULTS: The average NSI Total score was 17 with the following subscale scores: somatic (5), affective (8), and cognitive (3.9). Participants reported problems with expressive communication (56%), comprehension (80%), thinking (63%), and social skills (60%). Content analysis revealed problems in the following areas: expression (e.g., verbal, and written language), comprehension (reading and verbal comprehension), cognition (e.g., attention, memory and speed of processing, error regulation), and functional consequences (e.g., academic work, social problems, and anxiety and stress). A Pearson correlation indicated a statistically significant relationship (p < .01) between the Communication Survey Total and the Total, Somatic, Affective, and Cognitive subscales. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a multifactorial basis of cognitive-communication impairment in adults with mTBI. We show that those with mTBI history perceive difficulties with cognitive-communication skills: conversations, writing, and short-term memory/attention. Furthermore, those with mTBI perceive their cognitive-communication problems after injury have impacted their vocational, social, and academic success.

Telehealth for Preoperative Evaluation of Patients With Breast Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic drove rapid, widespread adoption of telehealth (TH). We evaluated surgical telehealth utilization and outcomes for newly diagnosed breast cancer patients during the initial pandemic period. Methods We identified patients with breast cancer diagnosed March 17, 2020 through May 17, 2020 who underwent surgery as the initial treatment. Clinicodemographic characteristics were collected. Initial consultation types (office, telephone, or video) were categorized. Outcomes included time to consultation, surgeon touchpoints, time to surgery, surgery types, and reexcision rates. Continuous variables were compared using Mann-Whitney tests or t-tests, and categorical variables were compared using χ2 or Fisher's exact tests. Results Of 158 patients, 56% had initial telehealth consultations (21% telephone, 35% video) and 42% did not have a preoperative physical examination. Age, race/ethnicity, and stage distributions were similar between initial visit types. Median time to consultation was lower in the initial telehealth group than the office group (6 days vs 9 days, p = 0.01). Other outcomes (surgeon touchpoints, time to surgery, surgery type, reconstruction) were similar between visit types. We observed higher reexcision rates in patients with initial telehealth visits (20% telehealth vs 4% office, p = 0.01), but evaluation was limited by small numbers. The reexcision rate was 13% for patients with telehealth visits and no preoperative physical exam. Discussion During the initial pandemic period, the majority of new breast cancer patients had an initial telehealth surgical consultation. Office and telehealth consultation visits had comparable numbers of postconsultation surgeon touchpoints and most outcomes. Our findings suggest that telehealth consultations may be feasible for preoperative breast cancer consultations.

Economic Impact of Reducing Reexcision Rates after Breast-Conserving Surgery in a Large, Integrated Health System.

BACKGROUND: Reexcision after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is costly for patients, but few studies have captured the economic burden to a healthcare system. We quantified operating room (OR) charges as well as OR time and then modeled expected savings of a reexcision reduction initiative. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort review of all breast cancer patients with BCS between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2020. Operating room charges of disposable supplies and implants as well as operative time were calculated. RESULTS: During the 5-year period, the 8804 patients who underwent BCS, 1628 (18.5%) required reexcision. The reexcision cohort was younger (61 vs. 64 years, p < 0.001), more likely to have ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (23.7% vs. 15.2%, p < 0.001), and had larger tumors (T1+T2 73.2% vs. 83.1%, p < 0.001). Reexcision costs represented 39% of total costs, the cost per patient for surgery was fourfold higher for reexcision patients. Reexcision operations comprised 14% of total operating room (OR) time (1848 of 13,030 hours). The reexcision rate for 54 surgeons varied from 7.2-39.0% with 46% (n = 25) having a reexcision rate >20%. A model simulating reducing reexcision rates to 20% or below for all surgeons reduced the reexcision rate to 16.2% overall. Using per procedure data, the model predicted a decrease in reexcision operations by 18% (327 operations), OR costs by 14% ($287,534), and OR time by 11% (204 hours). CONCLUSIONS: Reexcision after BCS represents 39% of direct OR costs and 14% of OR time in our healthcare system. Modest improvements in surgeon reexcision rates may lead to significant economic and OR time savings.

Analysis of the genomic landscapes of Barbadian and Nigerian women with triple negative breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that disproportionately affects women of African ancestry (WAA) and is often associated with poor survival. Although there is a high prevalence of TNBC across West Africa and in women of the African diaspora, there has been no comprehensive genomics study to investigate the mutational profile of ancestrally related women across the Caribbean and West Africa. METHODS: This multisite cross-sectional study used 31 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from Barbadian and Nigerian TNBC participants. High-resolution whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the Barbadian and Nigerian TNBC samples to identify their mutational profiles and comparisons were made to African American, European American and Asian American sequencing data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Whole exome sequencing was conducted on tumors with an average of 382 × coverage and 4335 × coverage for pooled germline non-tumor samples. RESULTS: Variants detected at high frequency in our WAA cohorts were found in the following genes NBPF12, PLIN4, TP53 and BRCA1. In the TCGA TNBC cases, these genes had a lower mutation rate, except for TP53 (32% in our cohort; 63% in TCGA-African American; 67% in TCGA-European American; 63% in TCGA-Asian). For all altered genes, there were no differences in frequency of mutations between WAA TNBC groups including the TCGA-African American cohort. For copy number variants, high frequency alterations were observed in PIK3CA, TP53, FGFR2 and HIF1AN genes. CONCLUSION: This study provides novel insights into the underlying genomic alterations in WAA TNBC samples and shines light on the importance of inclusion of under-represented populations in cancer genomics and biomarker studies.

Care in the time of COVID-19: impact on the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in a large, integrated health care system.

PURPOSES: To delineate operational changes in Kaiser Permanente Northern California breast care and evaluate the impact of these changes during the initial COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place period (SiP, 3/17/20-5/17/20). METHODS: By extracting data from institutional databases and reviewing electronic medical charts, we compared clinical and treatment characteristics of breast cancer patients diagnosed 3/17/20-5/17/20 to those diagnosed 3/17/19-5/17/2019. Outcomes included time from biopsy to consultation and treatment. Comparisons were made using Chi-square or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. RESULTS: Fewer new breast cancers were diagnosed in 2020 during the SiP period than during a similar period in 2019 (n = 247 vs n = 703). A higher percentage presented with symptomatic disease in 2020 than 2019 (78% vs 37%, p < 0.001). Higher percentages of 2020 patients presented with grade 3 (37% vs 25%, p = 0.004) and triple-negative tumors (16% vs 10%, p = 0.04). A smaller percentage underwent surgery first in 2020 (71% vs 83%, p < 0.001) and a larger percentage had neoadjuvant chemotherapy (16% vs 11%, p < 0.001). Telehealth utilization increased from 0.8% in 2019 to 70.0% in 2020. Times to surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy were shorter in 2020 than 2019 (19 vs 26 days, p < 0.001, and 23 vs 28 days, p = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: During SiP, fewer breast cancers were diagnosed than during a similar period in 2019, and a higher proportion presented with symptomatic disease. Early-stage breast cancer diagnoses decreased, while metastatic cancer diagnoses remained similar. Telehealth increased significantly, and times to treatment were shorter in 2020 than 2019. Our system continued to provide timely breast cancer treatment despite significant pandemic-driven disruption.

Indulging interactivity: a learning management system as a facilitative boundary object.

With the recent global pandemic, education institutions including higher education have shifted to offering online instruction for a prolonged period of time. Faculty and instructors have had to transform the content of face-to-face instruction into a format fit for distance education. In the virtual space, understanding or facilitating interactivity is a key component of online teaching for sustaining engagement and social interactions; promoting active learning between participants; and providing resources, tasks, and activities. The learning management system as a facilitative boundary object makes pivoting to online classes more tactical when adopting cultural-historical activity theory as an analytical lens, which can be used as a guide to re-envision how interactions can be implemented in e-learning or online courses and how instructors can repurpose resources and tools to maximize their instructional practices. Examples of interactivity and the implications for practitioners are synthesized, and the multiple components at play in the online and hybrid space are characterized in order to promote the exchange of practices and knowledge mobilization.

Implementation of Intraoperative Ultrasound Localization for Breast-Conserving Surgery in a Large, Integrated Health Care System is Feasible and Effective.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative ultrasound (IUS) localization for breast cancer is a noninvasive localization technique. In 2015, an IUS program for breast-conserving surgery (BCS) was initiated in a large, integrated health care system. This study evaluated the clinical results of IUS implementation. METHODS: The study identified breast cancer patients with BCS from 1 January to 31 October 2015 and from 1 January to 31 October 2019. Clinicopathologic characteristics were collected, and localization types were categorized. Clinical outcomes were analyzed, including localization use, surgeon adoption of IUS, day-of-surgery intervals, and re-excision rates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate predictors of re-excision. RESULTS: The number of BCS procedures increased 23%, from 1815 procedures in 2015 to 2226 procedures in 2019. The IUS rate increased from 4% of lumpectomies (n = 79) in 2015 to 28% of lumpectomies (n = 632) in 2019 (p < 0.001). Surgeons using IUS increased from 6% (5 of 88 surgeons) in 2015 to 70% (42 of 60 surgeons) in 2019. In 2019, 76% of IUS surgeons performed at least 25% of lumpectomies with IUS. The mean time from admission to incision was shorter with IUS or seed localization than with wire localization (202 min with IUS, 201 with seed localization, 262 with wire localization in 2019; p < 0.001). The IUS re-excision rates were lower than for other localization techniques (13.6%, vs 19.6% for seed localization and 24.7% for wire localization in 2019; p = 0.006), and IUS predicted lower re-excision rates in a multivariable model (odds ratio [OR], 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: In a high-volume integrated health system, IUS was adopted for BCS by a majority of surgeons. The use of IUS decreased the time from admission to incision compared with wire localization, and decreased re-excision rates compared with other localization techniques.

Postzygotic inactivating mutation of KIF13A located at chromosome 6p22.3 in a patient with a novel mosaic neuroectodermal syndrome.

Hypomelanosis of Ito (HMI) is part of a neuroectodermal syndrome characterized by distinctive skin manifestations with or without multisystemic involvements. In our undiagnosed diseases program, we have encountered a 3-year-old girl presenting with characteristic skin hypopigmentation suggesting HMI and developmental delay. An exome and genome approach utilizing next-generation sequencing revealed a heterozygous de novo frameshift variant in the KIF13A gene, i.e., NM_022113.6: c.2357dupA, resulting in nonsense-mediated decay. The low mutant allelic ratio suggested that the mutation has occurred postzygotically leading to embryonic mosaicism. Functionally, K1F3A regulates cell membrane blebbing and migration of neural crest cells by controlling recycling of RHOB to the plasma membrane and is also involved in melanosome biogenesis. Importantly, hypopigmentation of the skin has been reported in chr 6p22.3-p23 microdeletion syndrome supporting the association of KIF13A haploinsufficiency with the novel neuroectodermal syndrome. With the increased availability of genome sequencing, we envisage more genetic causes of HMI will be identified in the future.

Outpatient Mastectomy: Factors Influencing Patient Selection and Predictors of Return to Care.

BACKGROUND: After implementation of the Surgical Home Recovery (SHR) initiative for mastectomy within a large, integrated health delivery system, most patients are discharged on the day of the procedure. We sought to identify predictors of SHR and unplanned return to care (RTC). STUDY DESIGN: Mastectomy cases with and without reconstruction from October 2017 to August 2019 were analyzed. Patient characteristics, operative variables, and multimodal pain management were compared between admitted patients and SHR patients using logistic regression. We identified predictors of RTC in SHR patients, defined as 7-day readmission, reoperation, or emergency department visit. RESULTS: Of 2,648 mastectomies, 1,689 (64%) were outpatient procedures and the mean age of patients was 58.5 years. Predictors of SHR included perioperative IV acetaminophen (odds ratio [OR] 1.59; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.97), perioperative opiates (OR 1.47; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.02), and operation performed by a high-volume breast surgeon (OR 2.12; 95% CI, 1.42 to 3.18). Bilateral mastectomies (OR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.91), immediate reconstruction (OR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.70), and American Society of Anesthesiologists class 3 to 4 (OR 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.87) decreased the odds of SHR. Of SHR patients, 111 of 1,689 patients (7%) experienced RTC. Patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists class 3 to 4 (OR 2.01; 95% CI, 1.29 to 3.14) and African American race (OR 2.30; 95% CI, 1.38 to 4.91) were more likely to RTC; receiving IV acetaminophen (OR 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.88) and filling an opiate prescription (OR 0.51; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.77) decreased the odds of RTC. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeon volume and multimodal pain medication increased the odds of SHR. Within the SHR group, American Society of Anesthesiologists Class 3 to 4 and African American patients increased the likelihood of RTC. This study helps optimize patient selection and perioperative practice for successful SHR.

Adoption of Opioid-Sparing and Non-Opioid Regimens After Breast Surgery in a Large, Integrated Health Care Delivery System.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative prescriptions have contributed to the opioid epidemic. In response, a large, integrated health care delivery system implemented initiatives to reduce outpatient opioid prescriptions. We evaluated the impact of these interventions on opioid-prescribing practices after breast surgery. METHODS: We examined postoperative prescribing practices before and after the 2016-2018 intervention period. Primary endpoints were the use of non-opioid regimens (NORs) and morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) prescribed for postoperative pain management, while secondary endpoints were emergency department (ED) visits and readmissions within 7 days of surgery. RESULTS: In a survey of breast surgeons, 23% reported using NORs in 2017 versus 79% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Comparing 1917 breast operations from 2016 with 2166 operations from 2019, NORs increased from 9% in 2016 to 39% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Average discharge MMEs per operation decreased from 190 in 2016 to 106 in 2019 (p < 0.001). NOR failure (defined as an additional opioid prescription within 2 weeks of surgery) was < 1%. Significantly fewer postoperative ED visits occurred in the NOR group (1.9% NOR vs. 3.4% opioid regimen [OR]; p < 0.001). The 7-day readmission rates for NOR and OR patients were similar (0.49% NOR vs. 0.32% OR; p = 0.45). CONCLUSION: Between 2016 and 2019, breast surgeons in a large, integrated health care delivery system adopted NORs for nearly 40% of breast operations, and prescribed significantly fewer MMEs, with no increases in ED visits or readmissions for NOR patients. This suggests that initiatives to decrease opioid prescribing were successful and that a NOR for pain management after breast surgery is feasible.

Intrapartum fetal surveillance education in Victorian hospitals revisited.

Fifteen years ago a survey of Victorian public maternity services showed that the majority of services provided no fetal surveillance education to their staff and that only one in ten undertook any sort of assessment of staff knowledge. Today, all hospitals, public and private, provide training and all public hospitals require their midwifery and medical staff to undertake regular assessment of knowledge. The requirements of specialist obstetricians in private practice remain variable.

What Genes Can Tell: A Closer Look at Vestibular Schwannoma.

OBJECTIVE: Comprehensive molecular profiling of radioresistant and cystic vestibular schwannoma (VS) subtypes. STUDY DESIGN: Our study utilized whole-exome sequencing (WES), RNA-sequencing (RNAseq), and correlated clinical data from 12 samples (2 samples of solid sporadic subtype, 8 with cystic changes, and 2 previously irradiated). SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: Patients diagnosed with VS who required surgical treatment. Inclusion: Cystic and radioresistant tumors matched to age and tumor volume, with solid sporadic VS samples as control; Exclusion: NF-2 patients. INTERVENTION(S): WES using custom probes for copy number analysis. A modified version of the Agilent Human Whole Exome sequencing hybrid capture system was used to process samples. Recurrent variants were identified and compared between groups. Leukocyte-derived DNA was utilized as internal control to reduce false-positives. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Analysis of genetic landscape of VS subtypes (naive solid VS, cystic VS, and previously irradiated VS) by performing deep next-generation sequencing. RESULTS: WES data achieved a mean coverage of 202X and RNAseq generated an average of 74 million total reads. As a group, 25% of samples had 22q loss. Somatic analysis identified previously reported genes and multiple novel mutations across samples. Differential expression analysis of RNAseq data found significantly mutated genes such as COL6A3, CLMP, ART4, Lumican that were shared by both cystic VS and irradiated VS, but not seen in sporadic VS. CONCLUSIONS: Using WES we were able to demonstrate that cystic and irradiated samples are subtypes of VS with an increased mutation burden and a unique genetic fingerprint. We identified differences between the genomic and molecular profile of cystic VS and radioresistant VS. Our results help advance the understanding of the pathophysiology of these tumor subtypes and suggest possible molecular targets for novel treatment strategies.

Animal-assisted therapy for dementia.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is a chronic condition which progressively affects memory and other cognitive functions, social behaviour, and ability to carry out daily activities. To date, no treatment is clearly effective in preventing progression of the disease, and most treatments are symptomatic, often aiming to improve people's psychological symptoms or behaviours which are challenging for carers. A range of new therapeutic strategies has been evaluated in research, and the use of trained animals in therapy sessions, termed animal-assisted therapy (AAT), is receiving increasing attention. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of animal-assisted therapy for people with dementia. SEARCH METHODS: We searched ALOIS: the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's Specialised Register on 5 September 2019. ALOIS contains records of clinical trials identified from monthly searches of major healthcare databases, trial registries, and grey literature sources. We also searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), Embase (OvidSP), PsycINFO (OvidSP), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), ISI Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO's trial registry portal. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-randomised trials, and randomised cross-over trials that compared AAT versus no AAT, AAT using live animals versus alternatives such as robots or toys, or AAT versus any other active intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data using the standard methods of Cochrane Dementia. Two review authors independently assessed the eligibility and risk of bias of the retrieved records. We expressed our results using mean difference (MD), standardised mean difference (SMD), and risk ratio (RR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS: We included nine RCTs from 10 reports. All nine studies were conducted in Europe and the US. Six studies were parallel-group, individually randomised RCTs; one was a randomised cross-over trial; and two were cluster-RCTs that were possibly related where randomisation took place at the level of the day care and nursing home. We identified two ongoing trials from trial registries. There were three comparisons: AAT versus no AAT (standard care or various non-animal-related activities), AAT using live animals versus robotic animals, and AAT using live animals versus the use of a soft animal toy. The studies evaluated 305 participants with dementia. One study used horses and the remainder used dogs as the therapy animal. The duration of the intervention ranged from six weeks to six months, and the therapy sessions lasted between 10 and 90 minutes each, with a frequency ranging from one session every two weeks to two sessions per week. There was a wide variety of instruments used to measure the outcomes. All studies were at high risk of performance bias and unclear risk of selection bias. Our certainty about the results for all major outcomes was very low to moderate. Comparing AAT versus no AAT, participants who received AAT may be slightly less depressed after the intervention (MD -2.87, 95% CI -5.24 to -0.50; 2 studies, 83 participants; low-certainty evidence), but they did not appear to have improved quality of life (MD 0.45, 95% CI -1.28 to 2.18; 3 studies, 164 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There were no clear differences in all other major outcomes, including social functioning (MD -0.40, 95% CI -3.41 to 2.61; 1 study, 58 participants; low-certainty evidence), problematic behaviour (SMD -0.34, 95% CI -0.98 to 0.30; 3 studies, 142 participants; very-low-certainty evidence), agitation (SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.89 to 0.10; 3 studies, 143 participants; very-low-certainty evidence), activities of daily living (MD 4.65, 95% CI -16.05 to 25.35; 1 study, 37 participants; low-certainty evidence), and self-care ability (MD 2.20, 95% CI -1.23 to 5.63; 1 study, 58 participants; low-certainty evidence). There were no data on adverse events. Comparing AAT using live animals versus robotic animals, one study (68 participants) found mixed effects on social function, with longer duration of physical contact but shorter duration of talking in participants who received AAT using live animals versus robotic animals (median: 93 seconds with live versus 28 seconds with robotic for physical contact; 164 seconds with live versus 206 seconds with robotic for talk directed at a person; 263 seconds with live versus 307 seconds with robotic for talk in total). Another study showed no clear differences between groups in behaviour measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MD -6.96, 95% CI -14.58 to 0.66; 78 participants; low-certainty evidence) or quality of life (MD -2.42, 95% CI -5.71 to 0.87; 78 participants; low-certainty evidence). There were no data on the other outcomes. Comparing AAT using live animals versus a soft toy cat, one study (64 participants) evaluated only social functioning, in the form of duration of contact and talking. The data were expressed as median and interquartile ranges. Duration of contact was slightly longer in participants in the AAT group and duration of talking slightly longer in those exposed to the toy cat. This was low-certainty evidence. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found low-certainty evidence that AAT may slightly reduce depressive symptoms in people with dementia. We found no clear evidence that AAT affects other outcomes in this population, with our certainty in the evidence ranging from very-low to moderate depending on the outcome. We found no evidence on safety or effects on the animals. Therefore, clear conclusions cannot yet be drawn about the overall benefits and risks of AAT in people with dementia. Further well-conducted RCTs are needed to improve the certainty of the evidence. In view of the difficulty in achieving blinding of participants and personnel in such trials, future RCTs should work on blinding outcome assessors, document allocation methods clearly, and include major patient-important outcomes such as affect, emotional and social functioning, quality of life, adverse events, and outcomes for animals.