ABSTRACT
Cinnamomum cassia Presl (Cinnamon) has been widely cultivated in the tropical or subtropical areas, such as Yunnan, Fujian, Guandong, and Hainan in China, as well as India, Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia. Four new glycosides bearing apiuronic acid (1, 4, 6, and 7) and their sodium or potassium salts (2, 3, and 5), together with 31 known compounds, were isolated from a hot water extract of the bark of C. cassia via repeated chromatography. The structures of the new compounds (1-7) were determined by NMR, IR, MS, and ICP-AES data and by acid hydrolysis and sugar analysis. This is the first report of the presence of apiuronic acid glycosides. Some of the isolates were evaluated for their analgesic effects on a neuropathic pain animal model induced by paclitaxel. Cinnzeylanol (8), cinnacaside (9), kelampayoside A (10), and syringaresinol (11) showed analgesic effects against paclitaxel-induced cold allodynia.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/pharmacology , Glycosides/pharmacology , Neuralgia/drug therapy , Analgesics/isolation & purification , Animals , Cinnamomum aromaticum/chemistry , Glycosides/isolation & purification , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Molecular Structure , Phytochemicals/isolation & purification , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Plant Bark/chemistry , Republic of KoreaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: A botanical drug derived from the ethanolic extract composed of Clematis chinensis Osbeck (Ranunculaceae), Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz (Cucurbitaceae) and Prunella vulgaris Linné (Lamiaceae) has been used to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis as an ethical drug in Korea. In our study, we investigated the effect of this herbal complex extract (HCE) on schizophrenia-like behaviours induced by MK-801. METHODS: HCE (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o) was orally administered to male ICR mice to a schizophrenia-like animal model induced by MK-801. We conducted an acoustic startle response task, an open-field task, a novel object recognition task and a social novelty preference task. KEY FINDINGS: We found that a single administration of HCE (100 or 300 mg/kg) ameliorated MK-801-induced abnormal behaviours including sensorimotor gating deficits and social or object recognition memory deficits. In addition, MK-801-induced increases in phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3ß expression levels in the prefrontal cortex were reversed by HCE (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS: These results imply that HCE ameliorates MK-801-induced dysfunctions in prepulse inhibition, social interactions and cognitive function, partly by regulating the Akt and GSK-3ß signalling pathways.
Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Cognition/drug effects , Cognitive Dysfunction/prevention & control , Gait Disorders, Neurologic/prevention & control , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects , Schizophrenia/prevention & control , Sensory Gating/drug effects , Animals , Clematis , Cognitive Dysfunction/chemically induced , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Disease Models, Animal , Dizocilpine Maleate , Gait Disorders, Neurologic/chemically induced , Gait Disorders, Neurologic/physiopathology , Gait Disorders, Neurologic/psychology , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/metabolism , Locomotion/drug effects , Male , Mice, Inbred ICR , Phosphorylation , Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism , Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Prunella , Recognition, Psychology/drug effects , Reflex, Startle/drug effects , Schizophrenia/chemically induced , Schizophrenic Psychology , Social Behavior , TrichosanthesABSTRACT
The flower buds of Rosa rugosa Thunb. have been commonly used as a source of rose oil and as an ingredient in tea in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. Repeated chromatography of a hot water extract from the flower buds of R. rugosa led to the isolation and characterization of three new depside glucosides, rosarugosides A-C (1-3), along with three phenolic compounds, one ionone glucoside, four flavonoids, and two tannins having known chemical structures. Linarionoside A and 2-phenylethyl-(6- O-galloyl)-ß-d-glucopyranoside were isolated from R. rugosa for the first time in this study. The structures of the new compounds 1-3 were elucidated by interpreting one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. Among the isolates, a new depside glucoside (1) and two major phenolic glucosides (4 and 5) improved MK-801-induced sensorimotor gating deficits, which were measured via an acoustic startle response test in mice.
