Relationship between the cGAS-STING and NF-κB pathways-role in neurotoxicity.

Neurotoxicity can cause a range of symptoms and disorders in humans, including neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, nerve conduction abnormalities, neuroinflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cognitive deficits. The cyclic guanosine-adenosine synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and NF-κB pathway are two important signaling pathways involved in the innate immune response. The cGAS-STING pathway is activated by the recognition of intracellular DNA, which triggers the production of type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, IL-1ß, and IL-6. These cytokines play a role in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. The NF-κB pathway is activated by various stimuli, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral particle components, and neurotoxins. NF-κB activation may lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote neuroinflammation and cause neuronal damage. A potential interaction exists between the cGAS-STING and NF-κB pathways, and NF-κB activation blocks STING degradation by inhibiting microtubule-mediated STING transport. This review examines the progress of research on the roles of these pathways in neurotoxicity and their interrelationships. Understanding the mechanisms of these pathways will provide valuable therapeutic insights for preventing and controlling neurotoxicity.

Manganese dioxide nanoparticles provoke inflammatory damage in BV2 microglial cells via increasing reactive oxygen species to activate the p38 MAPK pathway.

With the widespread use of manganese dioxide nanoparticles (nano MnO2), health hazards have also emerged. The inflammatory damage of brain tissues could result from nano MnO2, in which the underlying mechanism is still unclear. During this study, we aimed to investigate the role of ROS-mediated p38 MAPK pathway in nano MnO2-induced inflammatory response in BV2 microglial cells. The inflammatory injury model was established by treating BV2 cells with 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 µg/mL nano MnO2 suspensions for 12 h. Then, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger (20 nM N-acetylcysteine, NAC) and the p38 MAPK pathway inhibitor (10 µM SB203580) were used to clarify the role of ROS and the p38 MAPK pathway in nano MnO2-induced inflammatory lesions in BV2 cells. The results indicated that nano MnO2 enhanced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and TNF-α, elevated intracellular ROS levels and activated the p38 MAPK pathway in BV2 cells. Controlling intracellular ROS levels with NAC inhibited p38 MAPK pathway activation and attenuated the inflammatory response induced by nano MnO2. Furthermore, inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway with SB203580 led to a decrease in the production of inflammatory factors (IL-1ß and TNF-α) in BV2 cells. In summary, nano MnO2 can induce inflammatory damage by increasing intracellular ROS levels and further activating the p38 MAPK pathway in BV2 microglial cells.

A transcriptomics-based investigation of the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis induced by nickel oxide nanoparticles.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) are an emerging nanomaterial, which poses a huge threat to the health of workplace population. Nanoparticles induce pulmonary fibrosis, and its mechanisms are associated with noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, ncRNAs and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks which involved in NiONP-induced pulmonary fibrosis are still unclear. This study aimed to identify ncRNA-related ceRNA networks and investigate the role of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in pulmonary fibrosis. Male Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with 0.015, 0.06, and 0.24 mg/kg NiONPs twice a week for 9 weeks. First, we found there were 93 circularRNAs (circRNAs), 74 microRNAs (miRNAs), 124 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 1675 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) differentially expressed through microarray analysis. Second, we constructed ceRNA networks among lncRNAs/circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs and identified two ceRNA networks (lncMelttl16/miR-382-5p/Hsd17b7 and circIqch/miR-181d-5p/Stat1) after real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) validation. Furthermore, based on Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, ncRNAs were found to be involved in biological processes and signaling pathways related to pulmonary fibrosis. KEGG analysis showed that NiONPs activated the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in rats. In vitro, HFL1 cells were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL NiONPs for 24 h. We found that NiONPs induced collagen deposition and Wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation. Moreover, a blockade of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway alleviated NiONP-induced collagen deposition. In conclusion, these observations suggested that ncRNAs were crucial in pulmonary fibrosis development and that the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway mediated the deposition of collagen.

Intestinal microbiota promoted NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis via effecting serum metabolism.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) are toxic heavy metal compounds that induce liver fibrosis and metabolic disorders. Current research shows that the intestinal microbiota regulates liver metabolism through the gut-liver axis. However, it is unclear whether NiONPs affect the intestinal microbiota and the relationship between microbiota and liver metabolic disorders. Therefore, in this study, we established liver fibrosis model by administering 0.015, 0.06 and 0.24 mg/mL NiONPs through tracheal instillation twice a week for 9 weeks in rats, then we collected serum and fecal sample for whole metabolomics and metagenomic sequencing. As the result of sequencing, we screened out seven metabolites (beta-D-glucuronide, methylmalonic acid, linoleic acid, phosphotidylcholine, lysophosphatidylinositol, docosapentaenoic acid and progesterone) that related to functional alterations (p < 0.05), and obtained a decrease of probiotics abundances (p < 0.05) as well as a variation of the microbiota enzyme activity (p < 0.05), indicating that NiONPs inhibited the proliferation of probiotics. As the result of correlation analysis, we found a positive correlation between differential metabolites and probiotics, such as lysophosphatidylinositol was positively correlated with Desulfuribacillus, Jeotgallibacillus and Rummeliibacillus (p < 0.05). We also found that differential metabolites had correlations with differential proteins and enzymes of intestinal microbiota, such as glucarate dehydratase, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p < 0.05). Finally, we screened six metabolic pathways with both differential intestinal microbiota enzymes and metabolites were involved, such as pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and linoleic acid metabolism. In vitro experiments showed that NiONPs increased the transcriptional expression of Col1A1 in LX-2 cells, while reducing the mRNA expression of serine/threonine activators, acetyl coenzyme carboxylase, and lysophosphatidylinositol synthase, and short chain fatty acid sodium butyrate can alleviate these variation trends. The results proved that the intestinal microbiota enzyme systems were associated with serum metabolites, suggesting that the disturbance of intestinal microbiota and reduction of probiotics promoted the occurrence and development of NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis by affecting metabolic pathways.

LncRNA AP000487.1 regulates PRKCB DNA methylation-mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in Nano NiO-induced collagen formation in BEAS-2B cells.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (Nano NiO) have been shown to cause pulmonary fibrosis; But, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA AP000487.1 in regulating PRKCB DNA methylation and the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/ Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/ Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway in Nano NiO-induced collagen formation. We found that lncRNA AP000487.1 was able to bind to the promoter region of the PRKCB gene by Chromosomal RNA pull-down experiments (Ch-RNA pull-down). Moreover, Nano NiO exposure led to down-regulation of lncRNA AP000487.1 expression and PRKCB DNA methylation, resulting in up-regulation of PRKCB expression, activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, and increased collagen formation in BEAS-2B cells. Conversely, overexpression of lncRNA AP000487.1 restored PRKCB expression, reduced its hypomethylation and attenuated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway activation and collagen formation. Furthermore, treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor, decitabine, alleviated Nano NiO-induced PRKCB2 expression, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway activation, and collagen formation. Additionally, using PRKCB2 overexpression plasmid, PRKCB2 siRNA, and PRKCB2 protein inhibitor LY317615 influenced NF-κB pathway activity and collagen formation. Finally, TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242) restrained Nano NiO-induced MyD88/NF-κB pathway activation and excessive collagen formation. In summary, we demonstrated that the down-regulated lncRNA AP000487.1 could cause PRKCB hypomethylation and increased expression, resulting in NF-κB pathway activation and collagen formation in Nano NiO-induced BEAS-2B cells. This is the first study to reveal the role of lncRNA AP000487.1 in regulating collagen formation in Nano NiO-exposed BEAS-2B cells. Our study identified that lncRNA AP000487.1/PRKCB hypomethylation/NF-κB pathway was a regulatory axis of BEAS-2B cells collagen excessive formation. Our findings indicate that lncRNA AP000487.1 and PRKCB DNA methylation may function as biomarkers or potential targets in response to Nano NiO exposure.

Effect of accumulated temperature before overwintering on wheat seedling growth status in north winter wheat area of China.

To explore the impacts of global climate change on the suitable sowing date for winter wheat in north winter wheat area of China, we carried out a wheat sowing date experiment during growing seasons of 2019-2021 at the Beijing Experimental Base of the Institute of Crop Sciences, CAAS. Two winter wheat cultivars with different tillering powers were selected as experimental materials. Four different sowing dates were set: September 25th (J), October 5th (S0), October 15th (S1) and October 25th (S2), to examine the responses of population quality, individual characters, and stem and tiller physiology to the accumulated temperature difference before overwintering. The results showed that with the delay of sowing date, the accumulated temperature before winter and their difference between the adjacent sowing dates decreased gradually. The accumulative temperature at the sowing J and S0 both exceeded 550 ℃, which met the basic condition for the formation of strong wheat seedlings before winter. The average accumulated temperature at sowing S1 and S2 was 148.0 and 282.4 ℃ lower than that of S0, which was not conducive to the establishment of strong wheat seedlings before winter. The average accumulated temperature decreased by 204.0, 148.0 and 134.4 ℃, when the sowing date was delayed by 10 days under the four different sowing dates, respectively. The days from sowing to emergence were affected by the average daily temperature. The days from sowing to emergence gradually increased with the delay of sowing date when the daily average temperature was lower than 15 ℃, while the days from sowing to emergence were constant when the daily average temperature was higher than 15 ℃. The total stem number, leaf area index, dry matter weight, nitrogen accumulation and tiller number per plant of wheat also decreased with the decreases of pre-winter accumulated temperature. The soluble sugar content and nitrate reductase activity at the seedling increased first and then decreased with the decreases of accumulated temperature before winter, while the soluble protein content and glutamine synthetase activity to accumulated temperature performed differently among varieties. According to the population quality and individual traits of wheat before winter, among the four different sowing dates, the total stem number and tiller number per plant of wheat before sowing on October 5 were the closest to the standard of strong seedlings before winter in north winter wheat area. The accumulated temperature before winter is conducive to the formation of strong seedlings. When the daily average temperature is 15-17 ℃, it is the best sowing time for winter wheat in Beijing.

Food Sources May Affect the Symptom Rates of COVID-19, an Epidemiological Analysis Based on the Public Data in Gansu Province, China, During the Summer Epidemic Cycle in 2022.

According to the public data collected from the Health Commission of Gansu Province, China, regarding the COVID-19 pandemic during the summer epidemic cycle in 2022, the epidemiological analysis showed that the pandemic spread stability and the symptom rate (the number of confirmed cases divided by the sum of the number of asymptomatic cases and the number of confirmed cases) of COVID-19 were different among 3 main epidemic regions, Lanzhou, Linxia, and Gannan; both the symptom rate and the daily instantaneous symptom rate (daily number of confirmed cases divided by the sum of daily number of asymptomatic cases and daily number of confirmed cases) in Lanzhou were substantially higher than those in Linxia and Gannan. The difference in the food sources due to the high difference of the population ethnic composition in the 3 regions was probably the main driver for the difference of the symptom rates among the 3 regions. This work provides potential values for prevention and control of COVID-19 in different regions.

Whole-transcriptome sequencing revealed differentially expressed mRNAs and non-coding RNAs played crucial roles in NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) induced liver fibrosis, while its mechanisms associated with transcriptome remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the roles of differentially expressed (DE) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis, and further confirm whether JNK/c-Jun pathway enriched by the DE RNAs was involved in the regulation of the disease. A liver fibrosis rat model was established by intratracheal perfusion of NiONPs twice a week for 9 weeks. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was applied to obtain expression profiles of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the model rat and control liver tissues. Comparing the RNA expression profiles of the model and control liver tissues, we identified 324 DE mRNAs, 129 DE lncRNAs, 24 DE miRNAs and 33 DE circRNAs, and the potential interactions among them were revealed by constructing two co-expression networks, including lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks. Using RT-qPCR, we verified the sequencing results of some RNAs in the networks and obtained similar expression profiles, indicating our sequencing results were reliable and referable. Through Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, we predicted the biological functions and signaling pathways potentially related to NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis, such as "positive regulation of JNK cascade", "inflammatory response", "transcription factor binding", and MAPK, Wnt, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. JNK/c-Jun pathway, a subclass of MAPK signal, was selected for further investigation because it was significantly enriched by fibrosis-related DE genes and activated in animal models. In vitro, we detected the cytotoxicity of NiONPs on LX-2 cells and treated the cells with 5 µg/ml NiONPs for 12 h. The results showed NiONPs induced the up-regulated protein expression of fibrotic factors collagen-1a1 (Col-1a1) and matrix metalloproteinas2 (MMP2) and JNK/c-Jun pathway activation. While these effects were reversed after JNK/c-Jun pathway was blocked by SP600125 (JNK pathway inhibitor), indicating the pathway was involved in NiONPs-induced excessive collagen formation. In conclusion, our results revealed the DE mRNAs and ncRNAs played crucial roles in NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis, and JNK/c-Jun pathway mediated the development of the disease.

The Status of Occupational Stress and Its Influence on the Health of Medical Staff in Lanzhou, China.

This study aimed to understand the status quo of occupational stress and its impact on the health of medical staff and provide a theoretical basis for relieving occupational stress and improving the health status of medical staff. The occupational stress and health status of medical staff in 14 hospitals in Lanzhou were studied using a general questionnaire, Effort-Reward Imbalance questionnaire, and Self-Rated Health Measurement Scale. A total of 2169 participants were included in the analysis, and 59.4% of the medical staff experienced occupational stress. The results of the occupational stress survey showed that the prevalence of occupational stress among medical staff aged 40-50, with a master's degree or above, senior professional title, working for 10-20 years, and working more than 48 h per week was higher than in the other groups. The health survey results showed that, compared with other groups, the scores of physical, mental, and social health were lower in medical staff with working years of 10-20 years and working hours of more than 48 h per week. The results show that working years and working hours per week affect not only the level of occupational stress but also physiological, psychological, and social health.

LncRNA HOTAIRM1 Involved in Nano NiO-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Regulating PRKCB DNA Methylation-Mediated JNK/c-Jun Pathway.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (Nano NiO) lead to pulmonary fibrosis, and the mechanisms are associated with epigenetics. This study aimed to clarify the regulatory relationship among long noncoding RNA HOXA transcript antisense RNA myeloid-specific 1 (HOTAIRM1), DNA methylation and expression of protein kinase C beta (PRKCB), and JNK/c-Jun pathway in Nano NiO-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, we constructed the rat pulmonary fibrosis model by intratracheal instillation of Nano NiO twice a week for 9 weeks and established the collagen deposition model by treating BEAS-2B cells with Nano NiO for 24 h. Here, the DNA methylation pattern was analyzed by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in rat fibrotic lung tissues. Then, we integrated mRNA transcriptome data and found 93 DNA methylation genes with transcriptional significance. Meanwhile, the data showed that Nano NiO caused the down-regulation of lncRNA HOTAIRM1, the hypomethylation, and up-regulation of PRKCB2, JNK/c-Jun pathway activation, and collagen deposition (the up-regulated Col-I and α-SMA) both in vivo and in vitro. DNMTs inhibitor 5-AZDC attenuated Nano NiO-induced PRKCB2 expression, JNK/c-Jun pathway activation, and collagen deposition, but overexpression of PRKCB2 aggravated the changes mentioned indicators in Nano NiO-induced BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, JNK/c-Jun pathway inhibitor (SP600125) alleviated Nano NiO-induced excessive collagen formation. Additionally, overexpression of HOTAIRM1 restrained the PRKCB hypomethylation, the activation of JNK/c-Jun pathway, and collagen formation induced by Nano NiO in BEAS-2B cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that HOTAIRM1 could arrest Nano NiO-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the PRKCB DNA methylation-mediated JNK/c-Jun pathway.

Fecal microbiome transplantation attenuates manganese-induced neurotoxicity through regulation of the apelin signaling pathway by inhibition of autophagy in mouse brain.

Manganese (Mn) is a common environmental pollutant. Mn exposure can lead to neurodegenerative diseases resembling Parkinson's disease, and has become a major public health concern. However, the mechanism of Mn-induced neurotoxicity in the brain is not clear. Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) may alleviate the neurotoxicity of Mn exposure by remodeling the gut microbiota. In this study, MnCl2 (manganese chloride) was administered to mice as in drinking water (Mn: 200 mg/L), and fecal matter from donor mice was administered by oral gavage every other day to the recipient mice. The Mn exposure model (Mn group) and FMT model (Mn+FMT group) were established and analyzed 5 weeks post-exposure. The Wipi1 gene exhibited the most significant increase associated with Mn exposure and Mn+FMT treatment groups based on transcriptome analysis. Combined analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics demonstrated that the apelin signaling pathway is the main pathway affected by FMT during Mn exposure. Immunofluorescence and Western blot showed that the expression of key proteins (Beclin-1, LC-3B, and PINK1) associated with autophagy in the hippocampus was robustly activated in the Mn exposure group, but attenuation was observed in Mn+FMT mice, suggesting a critical role of autophagy in neurotoxicity induced by Mn exposure. Our research provides evidence for the neurotoxic effects of Mn exposure through autophagy activation and provides an underlying mechanism of FMT protection against Mn-induced neurotoxicity through regulation of the apelin signaling pathway.

LncRNA MEG3 ameliorates NiO nanoparticles-induced pulmonary inflammatory damage via suppressing the p38 mitogen activated protein kinases pathway.

The lung inflammatory damage could result from the nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs), in which the underlying mechanism is still unclear. This article explored the roles of long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (lncRNA MEG3) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) pathway in pulmonary inflammatory injury induced by NiO NPs. Wistar rats were treated with NiO NPs suspensions (0.015, 0.06, and 0.24 mg/kg) by intratracheal instillation twice-weekly for 9 weeks. Meanwhile, A549 cells were treated with NiO NPs suspensions (25, 50, and 100 µg/ml) for 24 h. It can be concluded that the NiO NPs did trigger pulmonary inflammatory damage, which was confirmed by the histopathological examination, abnormal changes of inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, TGF-ß1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, CXCL-1 and CXCL-2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), pulmonary tissue and cell culture supernatant. Furthermore, NiO NPs activated the p38 MAPK pathway and downregulated MEG3 in vivo and in vitro. However, p38 MAPK pathway inhibitor (10 µM SB203580) reversed the alterations in the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines induced by NiO NPs. Meanwhile, over-expressed MEG3 significantly suppressed NiO NPs-induced p38 MAPK pathway activation and inflammatory cytokines changes. Overall, the above results proved that over-expression of lncRNA MEG3 reduced NiO NPs-induced inflammatory damage by preventing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway.

LncRNA MEG3 restrained pulmonary fibrosis induced by NiO NPs via regulating hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated autophagy.

Long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (lncRNA MEG3) was down-regulated in pulmonary fibrosis of rats induced by Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs), while the downstream regulatory mechanisms of MEG3 remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship among MEG3, Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and autophagy in pulmonary fibrosis caused by NiO NPs. The pulmonary fibrosis model in rats was constructed by intratracheal instillation of 0.015, 0.06, and 0.24 mg/kg NiO NPs twice a week for 9 weeks. Collagen deposition model was established by treating A549 cells with 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL NiO NPs for 24 h. Our results indicated that NiO NPs activated Hh pathway, down-regulated the expression of MEG3, and reduced autophagy activity in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, the autophagy process was promoted by Hh pathway inhibitor (CDG-0449), while the collagen formation in A549 cells was reduced by autophagy activator (Rapamycin). Furthermore, the overexpressed MEG3 inhibited the activation of Hh pathway, resulting in autophagy activity enhancement along with collagen formation reduction. In summary, lncRNA MEG3 can restrain pulmonary fibrosis induced by NiO NPs via regulating hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated autophagy, which may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis.

Dual role of cadmium in rat liver: Inducing liver injury and inhibiting the progression of early liver cancer.

The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) can induce damage in liver and liver cancer cells; however, the mechanism underlying its toxicity needs to be further verified in vivo. We daily administered CdCl2 to adult male rats at different dosages via gavage for 12 weeks and established rat liver injury model and liver cancer model to study the dual role of Cd in rat liver. Increased exposure to Cd resulted in abnormal liver function indicators, pathological degeneration, rat liver cell necrosis, and proliferation of collagen fibres. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that the area of GST-P-positive precancerous liver lesions decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that Cd induced mitophagy, as well as mitophagy blockade, as evidenced by the downregulation of TOMM20 and upregulation of LC3II and P62 with increasing Cd dose. Next, the expression of PINK1/Parkin, a classic signalling pathway protein that regulates mitophagy, was examined. Cd was found to promote PINK1/Parkin expression, which was proportional to the Cd dose. In conclusion, Cd activates PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Mitophagy blockade likely aggravates Cd toxicity, leading to the dual role of inducing liver injury and inhibiting the progression of early liver cancer.

Impacts of Nitrogen Deficiency on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain During the Medium Filling Stage: Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Comparisons.

Nitrogen (N) supplementation is essential to the yield and quality of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The impact of N-deficiency on wheat at the seedling stage has been previously reported, but the impact of distinct N regimes applied at the seedling stage with continuous application on filling and maturing wheat grains is lesser known, despite the filling stage being critical for final grain yield and flour quality. Here, we compared phenotype characteristics such as grain yield, grain protein and sugar quality, plant growth, leaf photosynthesis of wheat under N-deficient and N-sufficient conditions imposed prior to sowing (120 kg/hm2) and in the jointing stage (120 kg/hm2), and then evaluated the effects of this continued stress through RNA-seq and GC-MS metabolomics profiling of grain at the mid-filling stage. The results showed that except for an increase in grain size and weight, and in the content of total sugar, starch, and fiber in bran fraction and white flour, the other metrics were all decreased under N-deficiency conditions. A total of 761 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 77 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified. Under N-deficiency, 51 down-regulated DEGs were involved in the process of impeding chlorophyll synthesis, chloroplast development, light harvesting, and electron transfer functions of photosystem, which resulted in the SPAD and Pn value decreased by 32 and 15.2% compared with N-sufficiency, inhibited photosynthesis. Twenty-four DEGs implicated the inhibition of amino acids synthesis and protein transport, in agreement with a 17-42% reduction in ornithine, cysteine, aspartate, and tyrosine from metabolome, and an 18.6% reduction in grain protein content. However, 14 DEGs were implicated in promoting sugar accumulation in the cell wall and another six DEGs also enhanced cell wall synthesis, which significantly increased fiber content in the endosperm and likely contributed to increasing the thousands-grain weight (TGW). Moreover, RNA-seq profiling suggested that wheat grain can improve the capacity of DNA repair, iron uptake, disease and abiotic stress resistance, and oxidative stress scavenging through increasing the content levels of anthocyanin, flavonoid, GABA, galactose, and glucose under N-deficiency condition. This study identified candidate genes and metabolites related to low N adaption and tolerance that may provide new insights into a comprehensive understanding of the genotype-specific differences in performance under N-deficiency conditions.

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular apoptosis via PI3K/Akt/mTOR and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways in rats.

Testicular toxicity is an adverse reaction of the effective chemotherapy drug cisplatin (CIS). Our previous study found that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) had a protective effect on CIS-induced testicular toxicity. However, the protective mechanism of GSPE against CIS-induced testicular toxicity remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether GSPE can reduce CIS-induced testicular toxicity and its potential mechanism in rats. The results showed that GSPE ameliorated CIS-induced the apoptosis of testicular cells and inhibited the protein levels of Bad, Cyt c, caspase-9, caspase-3, caspase-12, GRP78, CHOP, IRE1α, p-IRE1α, XBP-1S, PERK, p-PERK, eIF2α, and p-eIF2α. Besides, GSPE reversed the downregulation of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, and p-mTOR protein expression induced by CIS. These results indicated that GSPE can improve CIS-induced testicular cells apoptosis via activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR and inhibiting Bad/Cyt c/caspase-9/caspase-3 pathways. And GSPE relieved endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis via inhibiting PREK/eIF2α and IRE1α/XBP-1S/caspase-12 pathways. In conclusion, the evidence suggested that GSPE can act as a protective agent against testicular toxicity induced by CIS. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Testicular toxicity was a well-known adverse effect of cisplatin (CIS) in cancer treatment. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) has been reported to serve as one of the most therapeutic potentials agents. In present study, we explored the regulatory effects of GSPE on the apoptosis induced by CIS, which involved testicular apoptosis mechanisms in rats. Our results indicated that CIS caused testicular toxicity via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERS mediated apoptosis pathway in rats. This toxicity was attenuated by GSPE treatment via activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and inhibiting Bad/CytC/caspase-9/caspase-3 as well as PREK/eIF2α, IRE1α/XBP-1S/caspase-12 pathways. Our findings suggest that GSPE may be a novel protective agent against testicular toxicity induced by CIS.

A metabolomic-based study on disturbance of bile acids metabolism induced by intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles in rats.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (Nano NiO) evoke hepatotoxicity, while whether it affects the hepatic metabolism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the differential metabolites and their metabolic pathways in rat serum and to further verify the potential mechanism of bile acids' (BAs) metabolism dysregulation after Nano NiO exposure. Sixteen male Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with Nano NiO (0.24 mg/kg body weight) twice a week for 9 weeks. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was applied to filter the differentially expressed metabolites in rat serum. Western blot was employed to detect the protein contents. Twenty-one differential metabolites that associated with BAs, lipid and phospholipid metabolism pathways were identified in rat serum after Nano NiO exposure. Decreased cholic acid and deoxycholic acid implied that the BAs metabolism was disturbed. The nickel content increased in liver after Nano NiO exposure. The protein expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) was down-regulated, and the bile salt export pump was up-regulated after Nano NiO administration in rat liver. Moreover, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphotransferase (SULT2A1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 were elevated in the exposure group. In conclusion, Nano NiO might trigger the disturbances of BAs, lipid and phospholipid metabolism pathways in rats. The diminished serum BAs induced by Nano NiO might be related to the down-regulation of synthetase and to the overexpression of transmembrane protein and detoxification enzymes in BAs metabolism.

LncRNA MEG3 Involved in NiO NPs-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Regulating TGF-ß1-Mediated PI3K/AKT Pathway.

Long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) involves in fibrotic diseases, but its role in nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs)-induced pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the relationships among MEG3, transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with NiO NPs twice a week for 9 weeks, and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549 cells) were exposed to NiO NPs for 24 h. The pathological alterations and increased hydroxyproline indicated that NiO NPs caused pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The up-regulated type I collagen (Col-I) suggested that NiO NPs-induced collagen deposition in A549 cells. Meanwhile, NiO NPs could significantly down-regulate MEG3, up-regulate TGF-ß1 and activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. However, we found that the PI3K/AKT pathway activated by NiO NPs could be suppressed by 10 µM TGF-ß1 inhibitor (SB431542) in A549 cells. The protein markers (Col-I, Fibronectin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin) of collagen deposition up-regulated by NiO NPs were reduced by 10 µM PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). Furthermore, we further found that overexpressed MEG3 inhibited the expression of TGF-ß1, resulting in the inactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway and the reduction of collagen formation. In summary, our results validated that MEG3 could arrest NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting TGF-ß1-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway.

LncRNA MEG3 mediates nickel oxide nanoparticles-induced pulmonary fibrosis via suppressing TGF-ß1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) causes pulmonary fibrosis via activating transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) in rats, but its upstream regulatory mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in NiO NPs-induced collagen deposition. Male Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with NiO NPs (0.015, 0.06, and 0.24 mg/kg b.w.) twice a week for 9 weeks. Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549 cells) were cultured with NiO NPs (25, 50, and 100 µg/ml) to establish collagen deposition model. We discovered that NiO NPs-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis was accompanied by the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurrence and MEG3 down-regulation in rat lung tissues. In cell collagen deposition model, NiO NPs also evoked EMT and decreased MEG3 expression in a dose-dependent manner in A549 cells. By overexpressing MEG3 in A549 cells, we found that MEG3 inhibited the level of TGF-ß1, EMT process and collagen formation. Moreover, our data showed that SB431542 (TGF-ß1 inhibitor) had an inhibitory effect on NiO NPs-induced EMT and collagen formation. Our results indicated that MEG3 inhibited NiO NPs-induced collagen deposition by regulating TGF-ß1-mediated EMT process, which may provide some clues for insighting into the mechanisms of NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Curcumin and Baicalin ameliorate ethanol-induced liver oxidative damage via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

One of the key mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease is oxidative stress. Both Curcumin and Baicalin exert antioxidant effects, but the mechanism of their combined effects of ethanol-induced liver injury is still unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate the dual antioxidant activity of Curcumin combined with Baicalin against ethanol-induced liver injury in rats. Rats were divided into five groups, a control, ethanol, ethanol + Curcumin (50 mg/kg), ethanol + Baicalin (50 mg/kg), and ethanol + Curcumin +Baicalin group with ten rats per group. The effects of ethanol on liver enzymes, oxidative stress indicators and the levels of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway related proteins and mRNA were observed along with liver histopathology in rats. Our results found that the serum ALT and AKP levels were increased in ethanol-treated rats, which also showed a rising trend of 8-OHdG and LPO levels while hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, T-AOC, and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were decreased in liver. The mRNA levels of Nrf2 and HO-1, the ratio of p-Nrf2/Nrf2, the protein level of HO-1 were decreased while NQO1 mRNA level, Nrf2, p-Nrf2, and NQO1 protein levels were increased in ethanol-treated rats. Combination treatment of Curcumin and Baicalin significantly reversed the ethanol-induced liver oxidative damage and further activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which was more effective than each drug alone. In conclusion, evidence has shown for the first time in this study that Curcumin combined with Baicalin ameliorated ethanol-induced liver oxidative damage in rats and revealed liver-protection. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Many drugs for treating alcoholic liver disease are available commercially, but some adverse effects they have may cause secondary damage to the liver. At present, the combined treatment of different natural phytochemicals has attracted special attention in modern medicine. Curcumin, a kind of phytochemicals, is extracted from turmeric rhizome. Baicalin is one of the major active components of Scutellaria Baicalensis. The current research is to explore the antioxidant effect of Curcumin and Baicalin in ethanol-induced liver injury in rats. Our research proves that Curcumin combined with Baicalin on ethanol-induced liver oxidative damage is superior to single drug treatment. Therefore, the combination of Curcumin and Baicalin may provide a more prospective natural remedy to combat ethanol-induced liver injury.