Collection of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteins.

In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic sparked a global crisis that continues to pose a serious threat to human health and the economy. Further advancement in research is necessary and requires the availability of quality molecular tools, including monoclonal antibodies. Here, we present the development and characterization of a collection of over 40 new monoclonal antibodies directed against different SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 proteins were expressed, purified, and used as immunogens. Upon development of specific hybridomas, the obtained monoclonal antibody (mAb) clones were tested for binding to recombinant proteins and infected cells. We generated mAbs against structural proteins, the Spike and Nucleocapsid protein, several non-structural proteins (nsp1, nsp7, nsp8, nsp9, nsp10, nsp16) and accessory factors (ORF3a, ORF9b) applicable in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, or Western blot. Our collection of mAbs provides a set of novel, highly specific tools that will allow a comprehensive analysis of the viral proteome, which will allow further understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the design of therapeutic strategies.

SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain fusion protein efficiently neutralizes virus infection.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, as dangerous mutations emerge, there is an increased demand for specific treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The spike glycoprotein on the virus envelope binds to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells through its receptor binding domain (RBD) to mediate virus entry. Thus, blocking this interaction may inhibit viral entry and consequently stop infection. Here, we generated fusion proteins composed of the extracellular portions of ACE2 and RBD fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (ACE2-Ig and RBD-Ig, respectively). We demonstrate that ACE2-Ig is enzymatically active and that it can be recognized by the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, independently of its enzymatic activity. We further show that RBD-Ig efficiently inhibits in-vivo SARS-CoV-2 infection better than ACE2-Ig. Mechanistically, we show that anti-spike antibody generation, ACE2 enzymatic activity, and ACE2 surface expression were not affected by RBD-Ig. Finally, we show that RBD-Ig is more efficient than ACE2-Ig at neutralizing high virus titers. We thus propose that RBD-Ig physically blocks virus infection by binding to ACE2 and that RBD-Ig should be used for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.

The HHV-6A Proteins U20 and U21 Target NKG2D Ligands to Escape Immune Recognition.

The coevolution of the human immune system and herpesviruses led to the emergence and diversification of both cellular danger molecules recognized by immune cells on the one hand and viral countermeasures that prevent the expression of these proteins on infected cells on the other. There are eight ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D in humans - MICA, MICB, ULBP1-6. Several of them are induced and surface-expressed on herpesvirus-infected cells to serve as danger signals to activate the immune system. Therefore, these ligands are frequently targeted for suppression by viral immune evasion mechanisms. Mechanisms to downregulate NKG2D ligands and thereby escape immune recognition have been identified in all other human herpesviruses (HHV), except for HHV-6A. In this study, we identify two HHV-6A encoded immunoevasins, U20 and U21, which suppress the expression of the NKG2D ligands ULBP1 and ULBP3, respectively, during infection. Additionally, MICB is targeted by a so far unexplored viral protein. Due to the diminished NKG2D ligand surface expression on infected cells, recognition of HHV-6A infected cells by innate immune cells is impaired. Importantly, our study indicates that immune escape mechanisms between the related herpesviruses HHV-6A and HHV-6B are evolutionary conserved as the same NKG2D ligands are targeted. Our data contribute an additional piece of evidence for the importance of the NKG2D receptor - NKG2D ligand axis during human herpesvirus infections and sheds light on immune evasion mechanisms of HHV-6A.