Subject(s)
Employment , Laboratories, Dental , Personnel Management , Humans , Job Application , Personnel Selection , WorkforceABSTRACT
Normative data for the Children's Depression Inventory on 792 nonreferred students in Grades 7 through 12 were gathered. It was found that girls endorsed more depressive symptomatology than did boys at statistically significant levels, but the magnitude of the effect was trivial. More than one-third of the overall sample reported suicidal ideation. Although a significant gender effect was obtained, again the effect was weak in magnitude. It is suggested that effect-size analyses may advance understanding of normative research on depression.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Suicide/psychology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Analysis of Variance , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards , Psychometrics , Reference Values , Sex FactorsSubject(s)
Depression/psychology , Helplessness, Learned , Self Concept , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
A new technique is presented to realize Schmidt plates by ionic exchange controlled by electric field into adjacent areas. The shape and optical path in these areas may be adjusted very accurately. A preliminary plate has been made with three areas, and results are analyzed.
ABSTRACT
Graded-index surface or buried waveguides have been realized by thermal or electrically induced ionic exchange in glass. Deep waveguides can be obtained up to 200 microm when Li(+) ions are used. Using Ag(+) ions, buried waveguides can be obtained with a maximum index at 80 microm into the substrate. Typical losses for these devices are 0.5 dB/cm. Maximum index variations can be tuned from 0 to 0.11.
ABSTRACT
Female undergraduates (n = 62) who scored as extreme internals or externals on the Mirels Personal Fate Control Scale participated in a partial replication of Hiroto's learned helplessness experiment. Lights were added to the treatment apparatus, which made explicit to subjects the contingency or noncontingency between their responses and the termination of an aversive tone. As predicted, the performance of internals was significantly impaired by uncontrollability (learned helplessness), while that of externals was facilitated by controllability (learned effectiveness). Externals performed as well as internals in the "escapable" condition, but their performance was inferior to that of internals in the control condition. Following "inescapable" treatment, internals performed worse than externals. These results are supportive of Lefcourt's theory of cue explication. Implications for locus of control and learned helplessness research are discussed.
Subject(s)
Avoidance Learning , Internal-External Control , Acoustic Stimulation , Cues , Female , Humans , Photic StimulationABSTRACT
Hypotheses derived from an earlier study were tested in experimental dyads with 32 adult chronic psychotic state hospital residents of both sexes. Patients either interacted with an adult model who was noncontingently warm and rewarding, or were not exposed initially to a model. In a second phase, the model displayed task responses and novel behaviors incidental to the task, and the patient's subsequent imitation of the model under minimal demand conditions was recorded. In a third phase, the model again displayed the same behaviors, whereupon half the patients in each group were subjected to moderate (explicit verbal request) or high (verbal request plus material rewards) incentives to imitate. Under strong incentive conditions, initial differences between groups on incidental imitation vanished, indicating that a previously positive relationship with a model facilitates imitative performance but not learning.
Subject(s)
Imitative Behavior , Reinforcement, Social , Schizophrenia/rehabilitation , Chronic Disease , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Reward , Schizophrenic PsychologyABSTRACT
To investigate whether the characteristics of the recently developed Stanford Preschool Internal-External Scale (SPIES; Mischel, Zeiss, & Zeiss, 1974) would remain stable for older children of apparently different socioeconomic status than the normative sample, the SPIES was administered to 104 kindergarteners of essentially middle class background in an ordinary elementary school. The findings indicate that the SPIES may be useful in research on perceived locus of control in kindergarteners as well as preschool children.