Photobiomodulation therapy's effects on cardiac fibrosis activation after experimental myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION: Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and interventions to reduce myocardial infarction (MI) complications are widely researched. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has altered multiple biological processes in tissues and organs, including the heart. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the temporal effects of PBMT on cardiac fibrosis activation after MI in rats. In this proof-of-concept study, we monitored the change in expression patterns over time of genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the formation of cardiac fibrosis post-MI submitted to PBMT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental MI was induced, and PBMT was applied shortly after coronary artery ligation (laser light of wavelength 660 nm, 15 mW of power, energy density 22.5 J/cm2 , 60 seconds of application, irradiated area 0.785 cm2 , fluence 1.1 J/cm2 ). Ventricular septal samples were collected at 30 minutes, 3, 6, 24 hours, and 3 days post-MI to determine temporal PBMT's effects on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression associated with cardiac fibrosis activation and miRNAs expression. RESULTS: PBMT, when applied after ischemia, reversed the changes in mRNA expression of myocardial extracellular matrix genes induced by MI. Surprisingly, PBMT modified cardiac miRNAs expression related to fibrosis replacement in the myocardium. Expression correlations between myocardial mRNAs were assessed. The correlation coefficient between miRNAs and target mRNAs was also determined. A positive correlation was detected among miR-21 and transforming growth factor beta-1 mRNA. The miR-29a expression negatively correlated to Col1a1, Col3a1, and MMP-2 mRNA expressions. In addition, we observed that miR-133 and Col1a1 mRNA were negatively correlated. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that PBMT, through the modulation of gene transcription and miRNA expressions, can interfere in cardiac fibrosis activation after MI, mainly reversing the signaling pathway of profibrotic genes.

Raman spectroscopy study of atherosclerosis in human carotid artery.

Fourier-transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy has been used for identification and evaluation of human artherosclerotic lesions, providing biochemical information on arteries. In this work, fragments of human carotid arteries postmortem were analyzed using a FT-Raman spectrometer operating at an excitation wavelength of 1064 nm, power of 200 mW, and spectral resolution of 4 cm(-1). A total of 75 carotid fragments were spectroscopically scanned and FT-Raman results were compared with histopathology. Discriminant analysis using Mahalanobis distance was applied over principal components scores for tissue classification into three categories: nonatherosclerotic, atherosclerotic plaque without calcification and with calcification. Nonatherosclerotic artery, atherosclerotic plaque, and calcified plaque exhibit spectral signatures related to biochemicals presented in each tissue type, such as bands of collagen and elastin (proteins), cholesterol and its esters, and calcium hydroxyapatite and carbonate apatite, respectively. Spectra of nonatherosclerotic artery were then classified into two groups: normal and discrete diffuse thickening of the intima layer (first group) and moderate and intense diffuse thickening of the intima layer (second group). FT-Raman could identify and classify the tissues found in the atherosclerotic process in human carotid in vitro and had the ability to identify alterations to the diffuse thickening of the intima layer and classify it depending on the intensity of the thickening.

Análise direcional do fluxo sanguíneo miocárdico após revascularização transmiocárdica com laser de CO2: estudo através de ressonância magnética com imagens de gradiente ultra-rápido / Analize of the miocardial blood flow direction after CO2 transmyocardial laser revascularization, by first - pass magnect ressonance imaging

Objetivo: Avaliar a direção do fluxo sangüíneo miocárdico de pacientes submetidos à revascularização transmiocárdica com laser de CO2 (RTML), através de estudos de imagem por ressonância magnética. Casuística e Métodos: Dez pacientes submetidos a RTML com laser de C02 (potência de 800 W) foram estudados através da ressonância magnética de gradiente ultra-rápido (Gradiente eco-EPI de seqüência híbrida), visando avaliar o direcionamento da perfusão miocárdica após o procedimento. Gadolínio - DTPA (0,1 mmol/kg) foi injetado "em bolus" através de veia periférica em velocidade de 5 ml/seg em repouso durante o pico de "stress" induzido por dipiridamol. Foi avaliada sua distribuição miocárdica através da obtenção de curvas de intensidade de sinal no tempo para as diversas subregiões do mìocárdio, em modelo de 24 segmentos.Resultados: Após período médio de 14,7 meses, pudemos detectar isquemia em ao menos uma das paredes ventriculares em 6 (60por cento) pacientes. Em 1 (10por cento) paciente pode-se notar que o fluxo sangüíneo miocárdico dirigia-se do subendocárdio para o subepicárdio, ao contrário dos demais. Conclusão: A ressonância magnética, usando a técnica de perfusão miocárdica de primeira passagem, permitiu observar o direcionamento do fluxo sangüíneo miocárdico. Em um dos pacientes, a presença de fluxo miocárdico invertido (do endocárdio para o epicárdio) sugeriu a patência dos canais realizados através da RTML(AU)#S#a

Correlation between near-infrared Raman spectroscopy and the histopathological analysis of atherosclerosis in human coronary arteries.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Modern diagnostic methods such as near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (NIRS) allow quantification and evaluation of human atherosclerotic lesions, which can be useful in diagnosing coronary artery disease. The objective of the present study is to obtain feasible diagnostic information to detect atheromatous plaque using NIRS combined with discriminant analysis. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIAL AND METHODS: An 830 nm Ti: sapphire laser pumped by an argon laser provides near-infrared excitation. A spectrograph disperses light scattered from arterial tissue and a liquid-nitrogen cooled CCD detects the Raman spectra. A total of 111 arterial fragments were scanned and Raman results were compared with histopathology. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis distance (m-distance) were used to model an algorithm for tissue classification into three categories: non-atherosclerotic (NA), non-calcified (NC), and calcified (C) using Raman spectra. Spectra were randomly separated into training and prospective groups. RESULTS: It has been found that, for the NA tissue, the algorithm has sensitivity of 84 and 78% and specificity of 91 and 93% for training and prospective groups, respectively. For the NC tissue the algorithm has sensitivity of 88 and 90% and specificity of 88 and 83%. For the C tissue both sensitivity and specificity were maximum, 100%. CONCLUSIONS: An algorithm using PCA and discriminant analysis based on m-distance has been developed and successfully applied to diagnose coronary artery disease by NIRS obtaining good sensitivity and specificity for each tissue category.