ABSTRACT
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is considered a public health problem. Current treatments have disadvantages because they are invasive and have serious side effects, and thus there is a need for research into new, more effective pharmacological alternatives. Plants are promising sources of bioactive substances, and new analogues can be obtained through chemical reactions. The present study aimed to evaluate the antileishmanial effects of the analog dillapiole n-butyl ether (DBE) extracted from Piper aduncum leaves. The cytotoxic potential of DBE was evaluated at concentrations of 15.62 to 500 µM in peritoneal macrophages for 48 h, and in RAW 264.7 macrophages for 72 h using a dose-response method. The antileishmanial activity in L. amazonensis promastigotes used concentrations of 0.2 to 4.5 µM for 24, 48 and 72 h and the quantification of the cellular infection rate used a concentration of 4.5 µM of DBE against the amastigote forms internalized in macrophages for 24 h and 48 h. Nitric oxide was quantified from macrophages previously treated with DBE for 24 h and 48 h. The dosage of reactive oxygen species used a concentration of 4.5 µM of DBE incubated together with dichlorofluorescein acetate for 1, 3, 6, and 24 h. For the molecular modeling of DBE, the Leishmania protein, available in the "Protein Data Bank" database, was used. The studied molecule was not toxic to cells and presented a CC50 of 413 µM in peritoneal macrophages and 373.5 µM in RAW 264.7. The analogue inhibited promastigote forms of L. amazonensis with an IC50 of 1.6 µM for 72 h. DBE presented an infection rate of 17% and 12%, dillapiole of 24% and 14% and Pentacarinat® of 10% and 9% over 48 h. DBE demonstrated a binding energy of -7.8 for the U53 enzyme. It is concluded that the analogue showed promising antileishmanial activity for future in vivo tests.
Subject(s)
Antiprotozoal Agents , Macrophages, Peritoneal , Piper , Plant Extracts , Animals , Mice , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology , Antiprotozoal Agents/chemistry , Antiprotozoal Agents/isolation & purification , Piper/chemistry , Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects , Macrophages, Peritoneal/parasitology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Nitric Oxide , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Leishmania/drug effects , Time Factors , RAW 264.7 Cells , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/drug therapyABSTRACT
Transporting live fish is a common practice in fish farming, and is certainly one of the main problems that affect fish homeostasis. In this scenario, the use of natural additives has shown promise in improving fish resistance to adverse situations. This study aimed to assess the impact of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil (OGEO) on water quality, hematological parameters, and residue levels in the plasma, fillet, and liver of juvenile piraputanga (Brycon hilarii) during a two-hour transportation period. The fish were divided into plastic bags (4 L) and exposed to three different OGEO concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg L-1), while a control group received no OGEO (three repetitions each). After the two-hour transportation, blood samples were collected, as well as portions of the fillet and liver for quantifying essential oil compounds, which were also measured in the plasma. Oxygen levels remained high throughout the transportation period, in all groups, while the pH decreased. Hemoglobin, MCHC, and MCH increased in fish exposed to OGEO concentrations of 20 and 30 mg L-1, compared to the control group. However, lymphocyte counts and the concentrations of essential oil compounds in plasma, fillet, and liver increased with higher OGEO concentrations. The use of 10 mg L-1 OGEO in the two-hour transport water is promising to ensure the survival and well-being of Brycon hilarii juveniles (weighing 16 g), showing to be safe and effective. The residual concentration of eugenol the major compound of OGEO in the fillet remains below the maximum limit of the recommended daily intake.
Subject(s)
Liver , Ocimum , Oils, Volatile , Water Quality , Animals , Ocimum/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Liver/chemistry , Liver/drug effects , Transportation , Characiformes/blood , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of the essential oils (EOs) of Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis and Piper aduncum in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), and evaluate the possible histopathological alterations in their gills. For the acute toxicity tests, juvenile tambaqui (n=24/treatment) were distributed in six treatments with three replicates, which comprised the control and five EO concentrations of A. triphylla (60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg L-1), L. gracilis (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 mg L-1) and P. aduncum (42.5, 45, 47.5, 50 and 52.5 mg L-1), with an exposure period of 4 h. The mortality rate and severity of damage to the tambaqui gills were proportional to the increase in the concentration of the EO, with LC50-4 h values estimated at 109.57 mg L -1 for A. triphylla, 41.63 mg L -1 for L. gracilis and 48.17 mg L -1 for P. aduncum. The main morphological damages observed in the gills of the tambaqui exposed to the three EOs, were Grade I: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lamellar epithelial cells, lamellar fusion, epithelial detachment, capillary dilation and constriction, proliferation of chloride cells and mucosal cells and edema; in low frequency Grade II damage as epithelial rupture and lamellar aneurysm. Necrosis (Grade III damage) was observed only in gill lamellae exposed to P. aduncum EO (47.5, 50.0 and 52.5 mg L-1). Concentrations of EOs below LC50-4 h can be used sparingly, for short periods of exposure for the treatment of diseases in tambaqui breeding.
Subject(s)
Characiformes , Lippia , Oils, Volatile , Verbenaceae , Animals , Oils, Volatile/toxicity , Plant BreedingABSTRACT
The phythotherapy is an alternative to use of chemotherapeutical agents against monogenean infection. This study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of essential oil Ocimum gratissimum against monogenean Cichlidogyrus tilapiae as well as its acute toxicity in tilapia juveniles. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) and different concentrations of the essential oil, both in vitro and in vivo assays (short and long-term baths) were assessed. The LC50 was 40.70mg.L-1 and in the in vitro assay this concentration showed 80% efficacy at the last two hours and in the in vivo assay 65.87% efficacy in long-term bath. However, it provoked morphological alterations on the gills such as hyperplasia and edema. The parasites exposure at the highest concentration (320mg.L-1) showed 100% mortality after 2h exposure in the in vitro assay, whereas in the in vivo assay, short-term baths of 5min for 3 consecutive days showed an efficacy of 87.71% without gills damage. These results demonstrate the anthelminthic activity of essential oil O. gratissimum and the safety concentration to use in Nile tilapia.(AU)
A fitoterapia é uma alternativa ao uso de agentes químicos contra infecções por parasitos monogenéticos. Este estudo avaliou a atividade anti-helmíntica do óleo essencial Ocimum gratissimum contra o monogenea Cichlidogyrus tilapiae , bem como sua toxicidade aguda e histopatologia em juvenis de tilápias. Foram avaliadas a concentração letal média (CL50) e diferentes concentrações de óleo essencial, tanto in vitro como in vivo (banho de curta e longa duração). A CL50 foi de 40,70mg.L-1; no ensaio in vitro, essa concentração apresentou 80% de eficácia, e no ensaio in vivo 65,87% de eficácia em banho de exposição crônica. No entanto, provocou alterações morfológicas nas brânquias, como hiperplasia e edema. A exposição dos parasitas na concentração mais elevada (320mg.L-1) mostrou 100% de mortalidade após duas horas de exposição no ensaio in vitro, enquanto no ensaio in vivo, em banho de curta duração de cinco minutos, durante três dias consecutivos, apresentou uma eficácia de 87,71%, sem danos às brânquias. Esses resultados demonstraram a atividade anti-helmíntica do óleo essencial de O. gratissimum e a concentração de segurança para uso na tilápia-do-nilo em banhos de curta duração.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cichlids/anatomy & histology , Cichlids/parasitology , Ocimum/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/analysisABSTRACT
RESUMO A espécie Arrabidaea chica pertencente à família Bignoniaceae é também conhecida popularmente como crajiru. É Utilizada tradicionalmente no tratamento de enfermidades da pele, inflamações, infecções, dentre outros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biomassa aérea, teor e rendimento de extrato de crajiru em função de diferentes fontes de adubo orgânico em Manaus, AM. As mudas foram formadas através de estacas e mantidas por 60 dias em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 5x3 com delineamento em blocos casualizados onde os níveis dos fatores foram as diferentes fontes de adubo orgânico: composto (5,0 kg/m2), esterco de aves (3,0 kg/m2), casca de guaraná (4,0 kg/m2), esterco de gado (4,0 kg/m2) e controle (ausência), e os três morfotipos de crajiru. Obedeceu-se o espaçamento de 1,0x1,0 m entre planta e 2,0 m entre blocos. Após 240 dias foram avaliadas a produção de folhas e caules, relação folha/caule, teor de extratos hexânico concentrado em evaporador rotativo obtido pela fórmula: (massa do extrato/massa da amostra total)x100; e o rendimento de extrato estimado pela equação: (%extrato x massa seca total das folhas)/100. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias ao Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). As fontes de adubo orgânico promoveram melhor desenvolvimento das plantas de, exceto para o morfotipo 1. O esterco de aves proporcionou maior produção de biomassa, teor e rendimento de extratos. Dessa forma, sugere-se que a adubação orgânica propicia maior produção de biomassa, teor e rendimento de extratos de A. chica.
ABSTRACT The Arrabidaea chicaspecies belongs to the Bignoniaceae family and is also popularly known as crajiru. It is traditionally used to treat skin diseases, inflammations and infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass production, the content and the yield of crajiru extract in face of different sources of organic fertilizer in Manaus, AM. The seedlings were formed by cuttings and kept for 60 days in a greenhouse. The trial was conducted in a 5x3 factorial design with randomized block organization where the factor levels were different sources of organic fertilizer: compound (5.0 kg / m 2), chicken manure (3.0 kg / m 2), bark guarana (4.0 kg / m2), cattle manure (4.0 kg / m 2) and control (absence), and the three morphotypes of crajiru. It was obeyed the spacing between the plants (1,0 x1,0m) and the blocks (2,0m) . After 240 days it were evaluated the production of leaves and stems, the leaf / stem ratio, and the content of hexane extracts concentrated by rotary evaporation obtained by the following formula: (mass of extract / mass of total sample) x100; and the yield estimated by the equation extract: (% extract x total dry mass of leaves) / 100. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means to the Tukey"s test (p <0.05). The sources of organic fertilizer promoted better development of plants, except for the morphotype 1. The poultry manure provided higher biomass, content and yield of extracts. Thus, it is suggested that the organic fertilizer provides greater biomass production, content and yield of A. chica extracts.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/analysis , Biomass , Bignoniaceae/classification , Plants, Medicinal/anatomy & histology , Crops, Agricultural/classification , Manure/classificationABSTRACT
RESUMO Piper hispidum é uma espécie pioneira pertencente à família Piperaceae, com importância na medicina popular e na obtenção de óleo essencial. Assim como outras espécies da família, possui poucas informações sobre técnicas de cultivo. O objetivo foi avaliar a propagação via estaquia de Piper hispidum em função do tipo de substrato e estaca em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 (estacas) x 5 (substratos), com três repetições de 12 estacas, sendo as estacas (apical, mediana e basal) e os substratos (areia lavada, substrato comercial, solo + esterco de aves, solo + casca de guaraná e fibra de coco). Foram avaliadas: enraizamento (%), número de brotações, comprimento da maior brotação (cm), número de folhas, comprimento da maior raiz (cm), massa seca da raiz (g) e massa seca das brotações (g). Foi realizada análise de variância pelo teste F a 5% de probabilidade e para as médias foi realizado o teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Recomenda-se utilizar estacas apicais e basais, nesta ordem. Ocorreu interação entre os fatores substrato e tipos de estaca somente para variável número de brotações. Os substratos areia lavada e substrato comercial são indicados para maiores porcentagens de enraizamento com 81,56% e 81,33%, respectivamente. O enraizamento foi superior nas estacas apicais (85,67%) e basais (74,47%). Porém, para esta espécie os substratos solo + esterco de aves e/ou solo + casca de guaraná foram mais indicados quando o objetivo é obter estacas de qualidade.
ABSTRACT Piper hispidum is a pioneer species belonging to the family Piperaceae, with relevance in popular medicine and in obtaining essential oil. As other species of this family, there is little information about cultivation techniques. The aim of this work was to evaluate the propagation through cutting from the Piper hispidum according to the type of substrate and cutting technique in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The trial experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Western Amazon. The design was completely randomized factorial 3 x 5, with three replications of 12 cuttings with types of cuttings (apical, median and basal) and substrates (washed sand, commercial substrate, soil + poultry manure, soil + guarana shell and coconut fiber). After 60 days, the following characteristics were evaluated: rooting (%), number of shoots, length of the largest sprouting (cm), number of leaves, length of the longest root (cm), root dry weight (g) and dry weight of shoots (g). An analysis of variance was performed by the F test at 5% probability and for the averages` comparison the Tukey test was done at 5% level of probability. It is recommended to employ apical and basal cuttings, respectively. There was interaction between the factors and substrate types of cuttings only for the variable number of sprouts. These two substrates, washed sand and commercial substrate, are suggested for higher percentages of rooting with 81,56% and 81,33 %, respectively. The rooting was higher in the apical cuttings (85,67 %) and basal ones (74,47 % ). However, for this species, the substrates soil + poultry manure and/or soil + guaraná shell were most indicated when the goal was to obtain high-quality cuttings.
Subject(s)
Substrates for Biological Treatment/analysis , Piperaceae/classification , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Culture Techniques/instrumentationABSTRACT
Objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar, quantificar os constituintes, e avaliar a atividade antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais extraídos de rizomas de açafrão (Curcuma longa L.) e gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) cultivados nas condições de Manaus/AM frente a 14 salmonelas entéricas isoladas de frango resfriado. A extração dos óleos essenciais foi realizada utilizando-se aparelho tipo Clevenger e a composição determinada por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG-MS). A atividade antibacteriana foi realizada com o emprego de técnica de microdiluição em caldo. O óleo essencial de gengibre se mostrou expressivamente mais eficiente do que o óleo de açafrão, tanto em termos de ação bacteriostática (concentração inibitória mínima de 2500 a 5000 µg.mL-1) quanto bactericida (concentração bactericida mínima de 5000 a 10000 µg.mL-1) observando-se variação apenas em duas as amostras em termos de resistência a ação bactericida deste óleo. Assim, o óleo essencial de gengibre, representa uma alternativa para o controle de Salmonella enterica, entretanto, demais estudos abordando o sinergismo com alimentos são indicados.
The objective of this work was to identify, quantify constituents and evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oils from rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) grown under conditions of Manaus/AM front of enteric salmonella isolated from chilled poultry. The extraction of essential oils was performed using the Clevenger type apparatus and composition determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was performed with the use of microdilution broth. The essential oil of ginger proved significantly more efficient than tumeric oil, both in terms of bacteriostatic action (minimum inhibitory concentration 2500-5000 mg µg mL-1) and bactericidal (minimum bactericidal concentration 5000-10000 mg µg mL-1) observing changes in only two samples in terms of resistance to bactericidal activity of this oil. Thus, the essential oil of ginger, is an alternative for the control of Salmonella enterica, however, other studies addressing the synergism with food are indicated.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Zingiber officinale/classification , Curcuma/classification , Anti-Infective Agents/analysis , Plants, Medicinal/metabolism , Salmonella enterica/isolation & purification , Feeding Behavior , Food Preservation/classificationABSTRACT
O açafrão-da-terra (Curcuma longa L.) é originário do sudeste asiático e subcontinente indiano. É uma herbácea de caule subterrâneo, alaranjado, com vários rizomas secundários aproveitados na indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica devido às características de cor, sabor, odor, produção de óleos essenciais, e corantes. Na escolha do melhor material propagativo deve-se levar em consideração o material genético, o peso, tamanho, idade, capacidade de reserva acumulada, sanidade, dentre outros fatores. O objetivo neste experimento foi avaliar a influencia de diferentes acessos e pesos de rizomas-sementes na produção de açafrão. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições, tendo como tratamento principal os acessos (C-06, C-36 e C-38) e como tratamento secundário as classes de rizomas-sementes (peso): pequeno, médio e grande, ±5, ±10 e ±15 g/rizoma, respectivamente. Após a colheita, os rizomas foram distribuídos sobre tela suspensa para secagem à sombra com ventilação natural, por 20 dias. Posteriormente, para avaliar a produção, os rizomas foram classificados em 4 classes: A (> 15g ), B (±10 g), C (±5 g) e D(<5g). A interação entre os acessos e o tamanho do rizoma-semente foi significativa para todas as variáveis, com exceção da Classe D. Com o uso de rizoma-semente grande os acessos C-38 e o C-06 apresentaram maior produtividade total, 0,834 e 0,812kg/planta, respectivamente. O descarte gerado foi menor no acesso C-38 do que no C-06, representando 7,8 e 12,8% da produção total, respectivamente. O uso de rizomas-semente maiores aumentou significativamente a produção total. No acesso C-06 a produção passou de 0,481 para 0,812 kg/planta, ou seja, um aumento de 70%. O ganho relativo na produção de rizoma (kg/planta) no acesso C-06 para o plantio de rizomas com ±15 g, foi de 28%.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) originated in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is an herbaceous plant with underground, orange stem with several secondary rhizomes used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, because of its characteristics of color, taste, smell, production of essential oils and dyes. In cultivation, the best choice of propagation material must take account the genetic material, weight, age, accumulated reserve capacity, sanity, among other factors. In this study, seed-rhizomes of three weight categories - small, medium and large -, ± 05, ± 10 and ± 15 g / rhizome, respectively, of three genetic materials - C-06, C-36 and C-38 - from the Germplasm Bank of the ESALQ / USP were cultured from December 2009 to August 2010, at a spacing of 0.5 mx 0.2 m. After harvest, they were distributed on canvas suspended for drying in the shade and natural ventilation for 20 days. Later, to evaluate the production, they were classified into four categories: A (> 15g), B (± 10 g), C (± 5 g) and D (<5g) .The interaction between accessions and size of seed-rhizomes was significant for all variables, except for category D. With the use of large seed-rhizomes, C-38 and C-06 had a higher total yield, with 0.834 and 0.812 kg/plant, respectively. The use of large seed-rhizomes increased significantly the total production. In C-06, the production increased from 0.481 to 0.812 kg/plant, i.e. an increase of 70%. Also in C-06, the relative gain in the production of rhizome (kg / plant) for the planting of seed-rhizomes with ± 15 g was 28%.
Subject(s)
Weights and Measures/instrumentation , /pharmacology , Rhizome/classification , Seeds/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
A pimenta-de-macaco (Piper aduncum L. - Piperaceae) é uma espécie usada na medicina popular em quase todo o Brasil e apresenta alto teor de óleo essencial (2,5 a 4,0%) rico em dilapiol - éter fenílico com ação inseticida. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o sistema de cultivo da espécie P. aduncum nas condições de Manaus - AM. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, cada repetição com quatro plantas na área útil. Sete densidades de plantas (0,5 m x 0,5 m; 1,0 m x 0,5 m; 1,0 m x 1,0 m; 1,5 m x 1,0 m; 1,5 m x 1,5 m; 2,0 m x 1,5 m e 2,0 m x 2,0 m, E1 a E7, respectivamente) e três épocas de corte (C1 - 6 meses após transplantio; C2 - rebroto de C1 aos 6 meses - plantas com idade de 12 meses, no campo; C3 - rebroto de C2 aos 6 meses - plantas com 18 meses, no campo), portanto em esquema fatorial. Foi observado que o segundo corte (C2) apresentou maior produção, no espaçamento E4. Não houve diferença estatística para o teor de óleo essencial em C1, independente da densidade de plantas. Com relação ao rendimento (produção) em óleo essencial, o melhor foi observado com o corte C2, nos espaçamentos E3 e E4, com 76,0 kg/ha e 88 kg/ha, respectivamente, contendo até 85,6% de dilapiol no óleo. Assim, a melhor condição de cultivo nas condições de teste foi observada para o período de corte C2 e espaçamentos de 1,0 m x 1,0 m, e de 1,0 m x 1,5 m.
Pimenta-de-macaco (monkey pepper - Piper aduncum L. - Piperaceae) is a species used in folk medicine throughout Brazil, containing an essential oil (2.5 to 4.0% yield) rich in dillapiole, an arylpropanoid with insecticide action. The objective of this research was to improve the cultivation system of P. aduncum in local conditions of Manaus, AM. The study was conducted in the experimental fields of Embrapa Western Amazon, and used randomized blocks with four replicates, each replicate with four plants in its testing area. Seven plant densities (0.5 m x 0.5 m; 1.0 m x 0.5 m; 1.0 m x 1.0 m; 1.5 m x 1.0 m; 1.5 m x 1.5 m; 1.5 m 2.0 m; 2.0 m x 2.0 m, E1 to E7 respectively) and three cutting periods (C1 - 6 months after transplanting, C2 - regrowth of C1 after 6 months (plants with 12 months in the field) and C3 - regrowth of C2 after 6 months (plants with 18 months in the field), therefore in a factorial scheme. A larger production was observed in the second cutting (C2) in the plant density E4. There were no statistical differences in the essential oil content in C1, regardless of densities. In relation to the essential oil yield, the best result was observed for the cutting period C2 in the E3 and E4 densities, 76.0 kg/ha and 88 kg/ha, respectively, with a dillapiole content of up to 85.6%. Therefore, the best cultivation condition according to the test was observed for the cutting after 12 months of transplantation and plant density of 1.0 m x 1.0 m or 1.5 m x 1.5 m.