Light-driven processes: key players of the functional biodiversity in microalgae.

Microalgae are prominent aquatic organisms, responsible for about half of the photosynthetic activity on Earth. Over the past two decades, breakthroughs in genomics and ecosystem biology, as well as the development of genetic resources in model species, have redrawn the boundaries of our knowledge on the relevance of these microbes in global ecosystems. However, considering their vast biodiversity and complex evolutionary history, our comprehension of algal biology remains limited. As algae rely on light, both as their main source of energy and for information about their environment, we focus here on photosynthesis, photoperception, and chloroplast biogenesis in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and marine diatoms. We describe how the studies of light-driven processes are key to assessing functional biodiversity in evolutionary distant microalgae. We also emphasize that integration of laboratory and environmental studies, and dialogues between different scientific communities are both timely and essential to understand the life of phototrophs in complex ecosystems and to properly assess the consequences of environmental changes on aquatic environments globally.

Les microalgues, organismes aquatiques majeurs, sont responsables de la moitié de l'activité photosynthétique planétaire. La lumière représente pour les microalgues une source d'énergie ainsi que d'informations sur leur environnement. Ces 20 dernières années, les progrès en génomique et biologie des écosystèmes et la disponibilité de ressources génétiques pour de nouvelles espèces modèles ont permis d'apprécier leur importance dans les écosystèmes globaux. Néanmoins, du fait de leur grande diversité et de leur histoire évolutive complexe, notre compréhension de la biologie des microalgues reste limitée. Nous nous concentrons ici sur la photosynthèse, la photoperception, et la biogenèse des plastes chez l'algue verte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii et les diatomées marines. Nous décrivons comment l'étude des processus gouvernés par la lumière ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour l'étude de la biodiversité fonctionnelle des microalgues. Nous soulignons combien seule l'intégration d'études en laboratoire et en contexte environnemental et le dialogue entre les communautés scientifiques concernées permettront de comprendre la vie de ces phototrophes dans des écosystèmes complexes, et d'évaluer correctement les conséquences des changements environnementaux sur les milieux aquatiques.

bHLH-PAS protein RITMO1 regulates diel biological rhythms in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Periodic light-dark cycles govern the timing of basic biological processes in organisms inhabiting land as well as the sea, where life evolved. Although prominent marine phytoplanktonic organisms such as diatoms show robust diel rhythms, the mechanisms regulating these processes are still obscure. By characterizing a Phaeodactylum tricornutum bHLH-PAS nuclear protein, hereby named RITMO1, we shed light on the regulation of the daily life of diatoms. Alteration of RITMO1 expression levels and timing by ectopic overexpression results in lines with deregulated diurnal gene expression profiles compared with the wild-type cells. Reduced gene expression oscillations are also observed in these lines in continuous darkness, showing that the regulation of rhythmicity by RITMO1 is not directly dependent on light inputs. We also describe strong diurnal rhythms of cellular fluorescence in wild-type cells, which persist in continuous light conditions, indicating the existence of an endogenous circadian clock in diatoms. The altered rhythmicity observed in RITMO1 overexpression lines in continuous light supports the involvement of this protein in circadian rhythm regulation. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a wide distribution of RITMO1-like proteins in the genomes of diatoms as well as in other marine algae, which may indicate a common function in these phototrophs. This study adds elements to our understanding of diatom biology and offers perspectives to elucidate timekeeping mechanisms in marine organisms belonging to a major, but under-investigated, branch of the tree of life.

The diversity of small non-coding RNAs in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

BACKGROUND: Marine diatoms constitute a major component of eukaryotic phytoplankton and stand at the crossroads of several evolutionary lineages. These microalgae possess peculiar genomic features and novel combinations of genes acquired from bacterial, animal and plant ancestors. Furthermore, they display both DNA methylation and gene silencing activities. Yet, the biogenesis and regulatory function of small RNAs (sRNAs) remain ill defined in diatoms. RESULTS: Here we report the first comprehensive characterization of the sRNA landscape and its correlation with genomic and epigenomic information in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The majority of sRNAs is 25 to 30 nt-long and maps to repetitive and silenced Transposable Elements marked by DNA methylation. A subset of this population also targets DNA methylated protein-coding genes, suggesting that gene body methylation might be sRNA-driven in diatoms. Remarkably, 25-30 nt sRNAs display a well-defined and unprecedented 180 nt-long periodic distribution at several highly methylated regions that awaits characterization. While canonical miRNAs are not detectable, other 21-25 nt sRNAs of unknown origin are highly expressed. Besides, non-coding RNAs with well-described function, namely tRNAs and U2 snRNA, constitute a major source of 21-25 nt sRNAs and likely play important roles under stressful environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS: P. tricornutum has evolved diversified sRNA pathways, likely implicated in the regulation of largely still uncharacterized genetic and epigenetic processes. These results uncover an unexpected complexity of diatom sRNA population and previously unappreciated features, providing new insights into the diversification of sRNA-based processes in eukaryotes.