Amorphous Calcium Carbonate from Plants Can Promote Bone Growth in Growing Rats.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) supplementation on bone growth in growing rats. METHODS: We used 3-week-old male Wistar rats to simulate childhood and adolescent growth stages. Rats were divided into four groups as follows: a control group (C), a low-dose group (L, 20.65 mg/kg body weight (BW) ACC), a medium-dose group (M, 206.5 mg/kg BW ACC), and a high-dose group (H, 413 mg/kg BW ACC) administered by gavage. Body length (BL) and BW were measured weekly. The bone mineral density (BMD) of two lumbar vertebrae (L3 and L4) and the left femur were analyzed by micro-computed tomography (µCT) at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. At the end of 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed. After that, blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta. Femurs and tibias were collected and weighed, and their lengths were measured. Then, bone samples were used to perform histopathological and histomorphometric analyses. RESULTS: It showed that ACC supplementation in growing rats increased the trabecular bone thickness and serum bone formation biomarkers. Furthermore, high-dose ACC decreased serum bone resorption biomarkers and increased BMD. CONCLUSIONS: ACC supplementation can enhance osteoblast metabolism and inhibit osteoclast metabolism, resulting in a higher bone formation rate compared to bone resorption. This led to increased trabecular bone thickness, a higher BMD, and supported bone growth.

Effective superior vena cava isolation using a novel C-shaped approach.

Introduction: Superior vena cava (SVC) isolation has been proposed as part of the ablation strategy for atrial fibrillation. However, circumferential isolation of the SVC can lead to late-onset complications, such as SVC stenosis. Methods: We describe a detailed observation of the SVC conduction pattern and present a newly developed approach for SVC isolation that involves creating a C-shaped non-circumferential ablation line while sparing the lateral segment. Results: Twelve consecutive patients were included in the study, all of whom achieved bidirectional block during the ablation procedure. Discussion: This approach to SVC isolation is effective and has the potential to reduce ablation related complications; however, larger studies and long-term follow-up is warranted to confirm these findings.

Minimal Fluoroscopic Catheter Ablation for Adult Patients with Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia without the Assistance of Intracardiac Echocardiography.

Background: Radiation exposure during fluoroscopic procedures increases the risk of cancer for both patients and operators. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of adopting a three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping (3D EAM) system during ablation for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), without the assistance of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), for both right- and left-chamber cardiac procedures. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled all patients with PSVT from September 2018 to December 2020. The patients were grouped according to the use of the 3D EAM system (3D-guided group, n = 102 vs. conventional group, n = 226). Results: The acute success rates were high in both groups (100% vs. 99.1%). The fluoroscopy time was significantly lower in the 3D-guided group than in the conventional group (2.4 ± 4.4 vs. 19.0 ± 10.8 min); the procedure time was significantly increased in the 3D-guided group (104.5 ± 29.9 vs. 94.0 ± 31.9 min), and this was associated with the post-electrophysiology test diagnosis after adjustment for multiple variables [standardized B coefficient (ß) 0.188]. There was no learning curve for each electrophysiologist in terms of fluoroscopy and procedure times. Conclusions: The 3D EAM system, without the assistance of ICE, was safe and effective in guiding PSVT ablation in both left- and right-chamber ablation.

Sustained Flexible Photonic Transistor Memories Based on Fully Natural Floating Gate Electrets.

Photonic transistor memory with high-speed communication and energy-saving capabilities has emerged as a new data storage technology. However, most floating-gate electrets are composed of quantum dots derived from petroleum or metals, which are either toxic or harmful to the environment. In this study, an environmentally friendly floating-gate electret made entirely from biomass-derived materials was designed for photonic memories. The results show that the photosensitive hemin and its derivative protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) were successfully embedded in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Correspondingly, their disparate photochemistry and core structure strongly affected the photosensitivity and charge-trapping capacity of the prepared electrets. With an appropriate energy-level alignment, the interlayer exciton formed with the correct alignment of energy levels within the PPIX/PLA electret. In addition, the demetallized core offered a unique relaxation dynamic and additional trapping sites to consolidate the charges. Correspondingly, the as-prepared device exhibited a memory ratio of up to 2.5 × 107 with photo-writing-electrical-erasing characteristics. Conversely, hemin demonstrated self-charge transfer during relaxation, making it challenging for the device to store the charges and exhibit a photorecovery behavior. Furthermore, the effect of trapping site discreteness on memory performance was also investigated. The photoactive components were effectively distributed due to the high dipole-dipole interaction between the PLA matrix and PPIX, resulting in a sustained memory performance for at least 104 s after light removal. The photonic memory was also realized on a bio-derived dielectric flexible substrate. Accordingly, a reliable photorecording behavior was observed, wherein, even after 1000 cycles of bending under a 5 mm bending radius, the data was retained for more than 104 s. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a two-pronged approach has been used to improve the performance of photonic memories while addressing the issue of sustainability with a biodegradable electret made entirely from natural materials.

Subclinical myocardial injury increases the risk of heart failure in patients with and without type 2 diabetes post-acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effect of subclinical myocardial injury (sMi) on heart failure (HF) risk after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We examined the frequency patterns of sMi after ACS among patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM), and the influence of sMis on HF risk at 1 year. METHODS: Fifty patients with ACS who underwent revascularization were prospectively enrolled. After discharge, serial study visits were conducted and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-TnT) levels were checked at 3-month intervals for 1 year. sMi was defined as hs-TnT ≥14 ng/L without clinical symptoms. The primary endpoint was a composite of post-ACS chronic HF or significant left ventricular (LV) dysfunction without HF symptoms. A multivariable logistic regression model was used for risk evaluation. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 58 years, and 90% were men. Overall, 44% of patients had DM, and the median LV ejection fraction at discharge was 56%. Patients with DM had a higher incidence of sMi than those without DM (63.6% vs. 32.1%, P < 0.05). sMi occurred at least twice in most patients, and the prevalence declined over time in DM, but not in non-DM. Fourteen patients (28%) met the primary endpoint at 1 year, and the risk was higher in patients with DM (odds ratio: 4.99) and patients with sMi (odds ratio: 6.26). However, sMi was not a mediator of the association between DM and HF risk. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DM had a higher incidence of sMi. Nonetheless, sMi increased the risk of HF after ACS, irrespective of diabetes status.

Pulmonary artery catheter usage in diagnosis of Shoshin beriberi presented with unexplained lactic acidosis.

Wet beriberi is a rare but fatal disease in modern society. The nonspecific clinical manifestations, including symptoms of heart failure and recalcitrant lactic acidosis, can prevent timely diagnosis. The use of a pulmonary artery catheter can promptly confirm a high cardiac output state and plays a crucial role in rapidly deteriorating cases. Appropriate treatment with intravenous administration of thiamine leads to dramatic recovery within hours. We present two cases of Shoshin beriberi, a fulminant variant of wet beriberi, diagnosed in 2016 and 2022 at our institute. The patients experienced haemodynamic collapse and refractory lactic acidosis, which were successfully diagnosed with the use of a pulmonary artery catheter and reversed by thiamine supplementation. We also reviewed 19 cases of wet beriberi reported between 2010 and 2022.

Fermented jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) collagen enhances antioxidant activity and cartilage protection on surgically induced osteoarthritis in obese rats.

Collagen has been considered a key treatment option in preventing damage to the articular cartilage over time and supporting the healing process, following the onset of osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to investigate the effect of collagen fermented from jellyfish (FJC) by Bacillus subtilis natto on anterior cruciate ligament transection with medial meniscectomy (ACLT + MMx)-induced knee OA in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in rats. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an HFD for 6 weeks before ACLT + MMx surgery, after which they were administered a daily oral gavage of saline (control, OA, and OBOA), either with FJC (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg body weight) or glucosamine sulfate as a positive control (GS; 200 mg/kg body weight) for 6 weeks. Treatment with FJC decreased the fat weight, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels in obese rats. Additionally, FJC downregulated the expression of some proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide; suppressed leptin and adiponectin expression; and attenuated cartilage degradation. It also decreased the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3. These results demonstrated that FJC showed a protective effect on articular cartilage and also suppressed the degradation of cartilage in an animal OA model, suggesting its potential efficacy as a promising candidate for OA treatment.

Cardiovascular risk of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist versus agonist in men with prostate cancer: an observational study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: The impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist and agonist (GnRHa) treatment on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in prostate cancer (PCa) remains inconclusive due to conflicting findings. We compared the effects of GnRH antagonist and GnRHa treatments on CVD risk in patients with PCa and pre-existing CVD, in a Taiwan population-based database. METHODS: We assessed the risk of major adverse CV events (MACE: ischemic heart disease [IHD], stroke, congestive heart failure [CHF] or all cause deaths) and composite CV events (IHD, stroke, CHF or CV deaths) occurring ≥90 days after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) initiation in patients with PCa after 90 days of treatment with either GnRH antagonist (degarelix; n = 499) or GnRHa (goserelin, leuprolide, triptorelin; n = 15,127). Patients identified with pre-existing CVD had received cardiac therapy for IHD, reported a stroke or CHF within a year before ADT initiation. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained for MACE and composite CV events risk after adjusting for age, baseline status of diabetes, hypertension and treatments received. RESULTS: All GnRH antagonist-treated patients showed lower risk of composite CV events than the GnRHa-treated patients. The lower composite CV events risk associated with GnRH antagonist was also observed in patients with metastasis at diagnosis (aHR 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.38; p = 0.013) and those receiving ADT for more than six months (aHR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.16-0.54; p < 0.0001). In patients with pre-existing CVD, the MACE risk was 33% lower (aHR 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96; p = 0.0299) and composite CV events risk was 84% lower (aHR 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05-0.50; p = 0.0017) in GnRH antagonist-treated than the GnRHa-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PCa and pre-existing CVD, GnRH antagonist use was associated with lower risks for composite CV events and MACE compared with GnRHa.

Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Intracoronary Adenosine Injection in Fractional Flow Reserve Assessment.

Background: The recommended dosage of intracoronary adenosine in fractional flow reserve (FFR) assessment is controversial. High-dose adenosine may overcome the biological variability of adenosine response in hyperemia. Objectives: We aimed to test the efficacy and safety of a high-dose escalation protocol at our institute. Methods: Using the adenosine dose escalation protocol, the percentages of FFR ≤ 0.75 and 0.80 after high-dose escalation were compared with those at conventional doses. The chi-squared test was used to evaluate the accuracy of FFR values with the tested doses by comparing them with the results of a non-invasive pretest. Results: A total of 87 patients (130 vessels) were included, and protocol adherence was 93.1%. High-dose intracoronary adenosine was injected in 78.5% of the vessels. The dose escalation strategy was well-tolerated without serious complications. The positive rate increased significantly after conducting the protocol compared to that with a conventional dose (28.2% vs. 23.6% with an FFR threshold of 0.75, and 48.7% vs. 42.5% with a threshold of 0.80, both p < 0.05). In the validation cohort, only FFR ≤ 0.75 was associated with the binary result of the non-invasive pretest (p < 0.01 vs. p = 0.37). The high-dose adenosine escalation strategy did not increase the accuracy of FFR (77.8% vs. 75.6% in conventional dose and high-dose adenosine, respectively). Conclusions: The use of a high-dose escalation strategy increased the positive rate in FFR assessments.

Effect of Different Collagen on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Medial Meniscectomy-Induced Osteoarthritis Male Rats.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common type of arthritis characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage and joint dysfunction. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques have been used to manage these diseases. Due to the diverse therapeutic properties of marine collagen, it has received considerable attention in its pharmacological application. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of jellyfish collagen, collagen peptide, other sources of marine collagen, and glycine in treating OA. In the OA rat model, an anterior cruciate ligament transection combined with medial meniscectomy surgery (ACLT + MMx) was used to induce osteoarthritis in rats. Two weeks before surgery, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a chow-fat diet. After 6 weeks of treatment with collagen, collagen peptide, and glycine, the results show that they could inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and their derivatives, such as COX-2, MMP-13, and CTX-II levels; therefore, it can attenuate cartilage degradation. Moreover, collagen peptides can promote the synthesis of collagen type II in cartilage. These results demonstrate that collagen and glycine have been shown to have protective properties against OA cartilage degradation. In contrast, collagen peptides have been shown to show cartilage regeneration but less protective properties. Jellyfish collagen peptide at a dose of 5 mg/kg b. w. has the most significant potential for treating OA because it protects and regenerates cartilage in the knee.

Comparative Analysis of Physical Activity Detected via an External Accelerometer and Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices.

Background: Physical activity (PA) has become an important health issue for decades. Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) have built-in PA-recording functions. We aimed to compare PA measurements using an external accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) and internal accelerometers (Abbott, Biotronik, and Medtronic CIEDs). Methods: This was a prospective, single-center observational study. The device-measured 7-day average PA was collected, and GT3X+ -measured 7-day average PA was used as the gold-standard, including all daily observations of activity. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to compare the correlations between GT3X+ -measured and CIED-measured PA. Bland-Altman plots were used to analyze measurement agreement, and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to analyze reliability. Results: In total, 720 patients treated with CIEDs were surveyed between November 2020 and April 2021, 60 of them were analyzed after patient screening by our protocol. Each manufacturer included 20 patients for the final analysis. The CIED-measured PAs of Abbott, Biotronik, and Medtronic were 3.0 ± 1.5, 2.6 ± 1.8, and 3.8 ± 2.5 h per day, respectively; the GT3X+ -measured PAs were 6.9 ± 2.8, 6.0 ± 2.4, and 6.4 ± 2.5 h per day, respectively. Moderate and significant correlations were found in patients using Abbott, Biotronik, and Medtronic CIEDs (r = 0.534, p = 0.015; r = 0.465, p = 0.039; r = 0.677, p = 0.001, respectively). Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients both showed a significant correlation and reliability between the average PA measured by GT3X+ and CIEDs (hours per day). Conclusion: Although the PA recording function of CIEDs includes a single-axis accelerometer, it has a moderate correlation compared with the triaxial accelerometer of the GT3X+. However, CIEDs seem to underestimate PA for 3-4 h compared to the GT3X+.

Comparison between drug-coated balloons and drug-eluting stents in very small coronary artery interventions.

The optimal management of very small vessel (reference diameter from 2.0 to 2.25 mm) in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) is controversial. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of drug-coated balloons (DCBs) and drug-eluting stents (DESs) for de-novo very small vessel interventions. We conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who received very small vessel PCI with a DCB or DES between January 2018 and March 2021. The outcome measures were the incidence of ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) within 1 year after PCI. MACCEs were defined as the composite of ischemia-driven TLR, all-cause death, non-fatal acute coronary syndrome, stroke, or heart failure requiring hospitalization. A total of 205 patients undergoing PCI with a DCB or DES were enrolled in this study. The procedural complication rate was 2.5% in the DES group and 1.7% in the DCB group (P = 1.000). After 1-year of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of TLR was 7.2% in the DCB group and 4.9% in the DES group (P = 0.530). The cumulative incidence of MACCEs was 10.6% in the DCB group and 12.7% in the DES group (P = 0.769). Only female gender, acute coronary syndrome on presentation, and dual antiplatelet therapy duration < 3 months were significantly associated with MACCEs at 1 year, but the use of DCB or DES was not. The use of DCBs or DESs in de novo very small vessel intervention was not associated with different outcomes at 1 year.

Conus branch artery utilization in percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion.

Data on the prevalence of conus branch artery (CBA) is scarce, and its utilization in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) is non-existing. The present study examined carefully in a large cohort the angiographic prevalence of CBA, its role as a collateral channel for the occlusion, and the potential usage of CBA in contemporary CTO PCI. We retrospectively examined consecutive CTO PCIs from our database between 2016 and 2019. All CTO PCIs were evaluated and the results with complications were recorded to determine the prevalence and utilization of CBA. From January 2016 to December 2019, a total of 556 CTO PCI attempts in 546 patients by high-volume operators were enrolled. The clinical, angiographic, and procedural details were collected. CBA was identifiable in 85.3% of these patients, and CBA providing visible collaterals connected to CTO distal lumen was found in 27.8% of patients. 84 CBA were used for balloon anchoring, 17 for selective distal true lumen visualization, and 9 as actual retrograde interventional collateral channel during CTO PCI. Only 1 patient suffered from chest pain during CBA balloon anchoring, and no other procedural complication such as arrhythmia or perforation occurred.CBA is frequently seen in coronary CTO. Its existence provided potential for various CTO PCI technique applications, without increase in risk.

Seahorse Protein Hydrolysate Ameliorates Proinflammatory Mediators and Cartilage Degradation on Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis with an Obesity Rat Model.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the age-related diseases and is highly present on the knees. Obesity and mechanical injuries as a risk factor of OA are attributed to cartilage disintegration, joint loading, and inflammation. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of seahorse protein hydrolysate (SH) on posttraumatic osteoarthritis in an obesity rat. The OA model was developed by anterior cruciate ligament transection with medial meniscectomy in a high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obesity rat model. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a HFD for 6 weeks before OA surgery. The OA rats were treated with oral gavage by 4, 8, or 20 mg/kg of body weight of SH for 6 weeks of treatment. The expressions of plasma proinflammatory factors, C-telopeptide of type II collagen, and matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 3 and MMP-13 were reduced by SH treatment. Plasma superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were enhanced by SH. SH also relieved the pain of the knee joint and swelling as well as decreased proteoglycan loss in the knee articular cartilage caused by osteoarthritis. Based on these results, SH suppressed proinflammatory factors and attenuated cartilage degradation and pain in the OA model. Therefore, seahorse protein hydrolysate might be a potential opportunity for improving the development of osteoarthritis.

Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Echinacea purpurea contained nanoparticles on meniscal/ligamentous injury induced osteoarthritis in obese male rats.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease associated with age, mechanical stress, and obesity. Echinacea purpurea is a medicinal plant that shows good anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, Echinacea purpurea ethanol extract nanoparticles (Nano-EE) were prepared by encapsulating Echinacea purpurea ethanol extract (EE) in chitosan-silica nanoparticles. Obesity (OB) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was induced by fed 40% high-fat diet and then anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injury were performed to induce OA. The rats got different doses of samples by oral gavage. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of Nano-EE were 69.1% and 36.1%, respectively. The average size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) of the Nano-EE were 145 ± 11 nm, 0.24 ± 0.01, - 4.57 ± 0.44 mV, respectively. Furthermore, electron microscopic images showed that the particles were spherical and were slightly agglomerated. Moreover, it showed that the leptin content, expression of MMPs, cytokines level, NF-κB level, and iNOS production were decreased whereas collagen II expression was increased after treatment. Besides, Nano-EE ameliorated the pain caused by OA and reduced the proteoglycan loss in cartilage. These results indicated that encapsulated EE (Nano-EE) can ameliorate OA with a low dosage and are more effective than unencapsulated EE.

Outcomes of daytime nurse practitioner-staffed versus resident-staffed nonsurgical intensive care units: A retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Rapid developments in medical care-such as monitoring devices, medications, and working hours restrictions for intensive care personnel-have dramatically increased the demand for intensive care physicians. Therefore, nurse practitioner (NP)-staffed care is becoming increasingly important. This study was aimed to compare the outcomes of daytime NP-staffed and daytime resident-staffed nonsurgical intensive care units (ICU). METHODS: We retrospectively assessed patients admitted to a nonsurgical ICU from March 2017 to December 2017. We collected basic patient data, including age, sex, admission diagnosis, transferring unit, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score. Primary endpoints were ICU mortality, hospital mortality, and 30-day mortality. Secondary endpoints were 48-h readmission, discharge to nonhome locations, and lengths of ICU and hospital stay. RESULTS: A total of 838 subjects were analysed: 334 subjects in the NP-staffed group and 504 in the resident-staffed group. The NP-staffed group was more likely to come from inpatient units (38.3% vs 16.5% for resident-staffed group; p < 0.001) and had lower disease severity (APACHE II score, 13.9 ± 8.4 vs 15.1 ± 8.2 for resident-staffed group; p = 0.047). After adjusting for age, sex, location before ICU admission, APACHE II score, and significantly different basic characteristics, there were no differences in ICU mortality, hospital mortality, or 30-day mortality between the two groups. Secondary analysis showed the NP-staffed group had a lower discharge rate to nonhome locations (2.1% vs 6.3%; p = 0.023) and shorter hospital stay (12.1 ± 14.1 vs 14.2 ± 14.3 days; p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: We observed no difference in mortality between daytime NP-staffed and resident-staffed nonsurgical ICUs. Daytime NP-staffed care is an effective, safe, feasible method for staffing nonsurgical ICUs.

The Association between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device-Detected Atrial High Rate Episodes.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia and it is associated with a higher risk of mortality and morbidity. The goal of this study was to assess the correlation between physical activity (PA) and atrial high rate episodes (AHREs) detected by cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). METHODS: We prospectively collected data from 81 patients from March 2017 to June 2019. Device-detected PA (hours per day) through an accelerometer and occurrence/burden of AHREs were determined at each outpatient clinic visit. Modest AHREs and long AHREs were defined as at least 1 episode of AHREs lasting ≥ 12 hours and 24 hours, respectively. The percentage of total AHREs in the follow-up period was defined as the burden of AHREs. Generalized estimating equations were used to explore the association between PA and occurrence/burden of AHREs to account for repeated measures within a participant. RESULTS: The patients had 336 follow-up visits (mean 4.1 visits each). The prevalence rates of device-detected modest AHREs and long AHREs were 4.8% and 3.9%, respectively. More PA (hours per day) was associated with a lower risk of modest AHREs [odds ratio (OR) 0.671, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.452-0.997, p = 0.048] and long AHREs (OR 0.536, 95% CI 0.348-0.824, p = 0.004) after adjusting for age, sex, and basic characteristics. More PA had a trend of association with fewer AHREs (ß -0.255, 95% CI -0.512 to 0.001, p = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS: More PA was associated with a lower risk of AHREs detected by CIEDs in older patients. PA may reduce the risk of AHREs.

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein is a Predictor of Subsequent Atrial High-Rate Episodes in Patients with Pacemakers and Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with morbidity and mortality. Modern pacemakers can detect atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) as a surrogate for AF. It remains controversial whether inflammation is a cause or a consequence of AF. This study investigated whether the inflammatory biomarker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) can predict subsequent AHREs. This study gathered prospective data from patients with pacemakers and a left ventricle EF ≥ 50% between 2015 and 2019. The hs-CRP and other cardiac biomarkers at baseline and device-detected AHREs, defined as atrial rate ≥ 180 bpm and duration ≥ 6 min, were determined. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the independent predictors for AHREs. A total of 171 consecutive patients were included. During the median follow-up of 614 days, 66 patients (39%) developed subsequent AHREs. In the univariate Cox regression analysis, sick sinus syndrome (p = 0.005), prior AF (p < 0.001), mitral A velocity (p = 0.008), and hs-CRP (p = 0.013) showed significant association with the increased risk of AHREs. In the multivariate Cox regression model, hs-CRP (HR = 1.121, 95% confidence interval = 1.015-1.238, p = 0.024) retained its significance. Our results suggest that elevated hs-CRP could predict subsequent AHREs and that inflammation could play a role in AF pathogenesis in patients with preserved EF.