Chicken manure application alters microbial community structure and the distribution of antibiotic-resistance genes in rhizosphere soil of Cinnamomum camphora forests.

The distribution of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in environmental soil is greatly affected by livestock and poultry manure fertilization, the application of manure will lead to antibiotic residues and ARGs pollution, and increase the risk of environmental pollution and human health. Cinnamomum camphora is an economically significant tree species in Fujian Province, China. Here, through high-throughput sequencing analysis, significant differences in the composition of the bacterial community and ARGs were observed between fertilized and unfertilized rhizosphere soil. The application of chicken manure organic fertilizer significantly increased the relative abundance and alpha diversity of the bacterial community and ARGs. The content of organic matter, soluble organic nitrogen, available phosphorus, nitrate reductase, hydroxylamine reductase, urease, acid protease, ß-glucosidase, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in the soil of C. camphora forests have significant effects on bacterial community and ARGs. Significant correlations between environmental factors, bacterial communities, and ARGs were observed in the rhizosphere soil of C. camphora forests according to Mantel tests. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that chicken manure organic fertilizer application has a significant effect on the bacterial community and ARGs in the rhizosphere soil of C. camphora forests, and several environmental factors that affect the bacterial community and ARGs were identified.

Evaluation of different diagnostic methods for spinal tuberculosis infection.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tuberculosis (TB) is the most fatal infectious disease worldwide. Approximately 24.6% of tuberculosis cases are extrapulmonary and predominantly affect the spine. It is difficult to diagnose spinal TB (STB). We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT)-960 culture, T-SPOT.TB, Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB)/resistance to rifampin (RIF), and Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) to detect STB. METHODS: We assessed 126 patients presumed to have STB using these four methods. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using clinical diagnosis as a reference. RESULTS: Of the patients, 41 were diagnosed with STB and 85 with non-STB. In the STB group, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the MGIT-960 culture were 29.3% (12/41), 100% (85/85), 100% (12/12), and 74.6% (85/114), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of T-SPOT.TB were 92.7% (38/41), 82.4% (70/85), 58.5% (31/53), and 95.9% (70/73), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay were 53.7% (22/41), 100% (85/85), 100% (22/22), and 81.7% (85/104), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of mNGS were 39.0% (16/41), 98.8% (84/85), 94.1% (16/17), and 77.1% (84/109), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of mNGS + Xpert MTB/RIF were 73.2% (30/41), 100% (85/85), 96.8% (30/31), and 72.0% (85/118), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the mNGS + T-spot assay were 97.6% (40/41), 100% (85/85), 67.9% (38/56), and 75.9% (85/113), respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of T-spot + Xpert MTB/RIF were 95.1% (39/41), 100% (85/85), 72.2% (39/54), and 81.0% (85/105), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: T-SPOT.TB is the most effective method for diagnosing STB; however, Xpert MTB/RIF is more reliable and can detect RIF resistance. Clinicians can use mNGS to identify pathogens in patients with spinal infections; these pathogens appeared to be more meaningful in guiding the clinical management of patients in the non-STB group. The combination of Xpert MTB/RIF and mNGS can improve the early diagnosis rate and drug resistance detection, reduce the diagnostic cycle, and provide early targeted anti-TB treatment for patients with STB.

Pure uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery for treating thoracic tuberculous spondylitis: an initial case series of seven patients.

BACKGROUND: The development of thoracic surgical techniques has provided a new avenue for treating thoracic tuberculosis. Moreover, microscopic treatment of spinal tuberculosis has attracted increasing attention, as it affords good visual access and reduces trauma. Traditional thoracoscopic treatment of spinal tuberculosis usually requires 2-3 passages, accompanied by a corresponding number of incisions. With a large number of conventional thoracoscopic surgeries performed, improved resolution of the microscopic field of view, effective hemostasis of the peripheral vessels using the ultrasonic knife, and many reports in the literature, thoracic tuberculosis can now be treated microscopically by creating a single channel. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and surgical technique for thoracic tuberculous spondylitis treatment via debridement and bone graft fusion surgery employing pure uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), combined with posterior internal fixation. METHODS: Seven patients with relatively complete documentation were included in this study. All patients underwent lesion removal and bone graft reconstruction via uniportal VATS with posterior internal fixation. The mean patient age was 39.6 years. Surgical duration, blood loss volume, postoperative recovery time, and thoracic kyphosis angle were recorded. RESULTS: The surgeries were successful with no severe postoperative complications. All patients were followed-up, and no recurrence of tuberculosis was observed. Imaging data, including computed tomography scans, confirmed the complete removal of the lesions. Additionally, bone fusion at the graft site was successful, no loss of the thoracic kyphosis angle was noted postoperatively, and the thoracic kyphosis angle improved. CONCLUSIONS: Pure uniportal VATS yields satisfactory results and inflicts less trauma than previous surgical techniques. This technique also offers a reference value for treating thoracic tuberculous spondylitis.

Resveratrol alleviates amyloid ß-induced neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress by circ_0050263/miR-361-3p/PDE4A axis during Alzheimer's disease.

Resveratrol (Res) has been identified to reduce neurodegeneration. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable noncoding RNAs that are considered to be ideal biomarkers for molecular targeting treatment. Here, this study focused on investigating the function and relationship of circ_0050263 and Res in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH was exposed to amyloid-ß (Aß) to induce AD cell model in vitro. Cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammatory reaction were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometery, and ELISA analysis. The oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) were determined by detecting related markers. Levels of genes and proteins were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was adopted to verify the binding between miR-361-3p and circ_0050263 or PDE4A (Phosphodiesterase 4A). Subsequently, we found that Res treatment alleviated Aß-induced apoptosis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and ERS in SK-N-SH cells. Circ_0050263 is a stable circRNA, which was increased by Aß, but decreased by Res in SK-N-SH cells. Circ_0050263 overexpression reversed Res-induced neuroprotective effects. Mechanistically, circ_0050263 acted as a sponge for miR-361-3p, which targeted PDE4A. Circ_0050263 silencing abated Aß-induced neuronal injury, which were counteracted by following PDE4A overexpression. Moreover, PDE4A upregulation could attenuate Res-mediated neuroprotective effects. In all, Res alleviated Aß-induced neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and ERS via circ_0050263/miR-361-3p/PDE4A axis, providing new insights for AD therapy.

Universal Method for Label-Free Detection of Pathogens and Biomolecules by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based on Gold Nanoparticles.

The detection of biomolecules is the key to basic molecular research, diagnostics, drug screening, and other biomedical applications. However, the existing detection techniques can only detect single classes of biomolecules, which warrant the development of a versatile biomolecule detection platform. Here, we developed a universal method for label-free detection of biomolecules via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) by using sulfhydryl-modified gold nanoparticles as the substrate. The biomolecules can be adsorbed on the surface of gold nanoparticles cleaned by bromide ions to obtain initially enhanced Raman signals, and the aggregator (calcium ion) was further added to form a "hot spot", which enhanced the biomolecular signal again. Through the "two-step enhancement method", we were able to obtain fingerprints of DNA, RNA, amino acids, peptides, proteins, viruses, bacteria, and lipid molecules. This low-toxic, highly sensitive, and widely applicable technique has potential applications in biomedical research, clinical testing, and disease diagnosis and lays the foundation for the development of SERS technology in various fields.

A simplified model for analyzing rainwater retention performance and irrigation management of green roofs with an inclusion of water storage layer.

Rainwater retention and water content in green roofs are primarily influenced by structural configurations (i.e., soil layer, vegetation layer, and water storage layer) and climatic factors (i.e., rainfall and evapotranspiration (ET)). Based on the principle of water balance, this study proposes a conceptual model for simulating water flow in green roofs with water storage layers. Three green roof model experiments were conducted from August 1st, 2020 to July 31st, 2021 for calibrating and verifying the conceptual model. The proposed model was solved iteratively using a newly developed program in Visual Basic. The results showed that the conceptual model can capture the dynamic variations in the rainwater retention and water content of green roofs well. The average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient is 0.65 and the average error is 6%. The annual rainwater retention capacity (RRC) of green roofs in the perennial rainy climate model was on average 28% higher than that in the seasonal rainy climate model. At the expense of water stress, high ET plants significantly increased the annual RRC of green roofs at a low level. As the water storage layer depth increased from zero to 150 mm, the annual RRC of green roofs increased by 41%, and the water stress decreased by 49%. Compared with an increase in water holding capacity and soil depth, the response of the annual RRC and water stress of green roofs for increasing water storage layer depth is much greater. As per climate of Southern China region, the water storage layer depth of 100 mm is found to obtain optimal rainwater retention and irrigation management in green roof with similar soil thickness (100 mm).

Effect of erythromycin on epiphytic bacterial communities and water quality in wetlands.

The occurrence of antibiotics such as erythromycin (ERY) under macrolide group, has long been acknowledged for negatively affecting ecosystems in freshwater environments. However, the effects of ERY on water quality and microbial communities in epiphytic biofilms are poorly understood. Here, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High-throughput sequencing, and physicochemical analytical methods were employed to unravel the impact of ERY on the water quality and bacterial morphology, biodiversity, composition, interaction, and ecological function in epiphytic biofilms attached to Vallisneria natans and artificial plants in mesocosmic wetlands. The study showed that ERY exposure significantly impaired the nutrient removal capacity (TN, TP, and COD) and altered the epiphytic bacterial morphology of V. natans and artificial plants. ERY did not affect the bacterial α-diversity. Notwithstanding ERY decreased the bacterial composition, but the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Patescibacteria spiked by 62.2 % and 54 %, respectively, in V. natans, while Desulfobacteria and Chloroflexi increased by 8.9 % and 11.2 %, respectively, in artificial plants. Notably, ERY disturbed the food web structure and metabolic pathways such as carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, membrane transport, and signal transduction. This study revealed that ERY exposure disrupted the bacterial morphology, composition, interaction or food web structure, and metabolic functions in epiphytic biofilm. These data underlined that ERY negatively impacts epiphytic bacterial communities and nutrient removal in wetlands.

circRNA DENND1B inhibits tumorigenicity of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via miR-122-5p/TIMP2 axis.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cancers. However, circ_DENND1B has not been studied yet. GSE100186 dataset was used for the level analysis of circ_DENND1B. The quantitative real-time PCR was used to verify the expression of circ_DENND1B, microRNA-122-5p (miR-122-5p) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP2) in ccRCC tissues and cells. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis were detected by colony formation assay, thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, transwell and flow cytometry. The binding of miR-122-5p to circ_DENND1B/TIMP2 was investigated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Finally, the role of circ_DENND1B in ccRCC was detected by tumorigenesis experiment in mice. circ_DENND1B was downregulated in ccRCC and circ_DENND1B overexpression suppressed the malignant behaviors of ccRCC cells. circ_DENND1B acted as a sponge of miR-122-5p. miR-122-5p upregulation reversed the effects of circ_DENND1B on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. TIMP2 was a target of miR-122-5p. Overexpression of circ_DENND1B regulated TIMP2 level by inhibiting miR-122-5p expression in ccRCC cells. circ_DENND1B overexpression inhibited the tumor growth of ccRCC in vivo. circ_DENND1B inhibited ccRCC cell progression by promoting TIMP2 expression by sponging miR-122-5p, suggesting that circ_DENND1B might be an effective therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Variation in Community Structure of the Root-Associated Fungi of Cinnamomum camphora Forest.

Plant-associated microbial communities play essential roles in the vegetative cycle, growth, and development of plants. Cinnamomum camphora is an evergreen tree species of the Lauraceae family with high ornamental, medicinal, and economic values. The present study analyzed the composition, diversity, and functions of the fungal communities in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root endosphere of C. camphora at different slope positions by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the alpha diversity of the fungal communities in the bulk soil and rhizosphere of the downhill plots was relatively higher than those uphill. A further analysis revealed that Mucoromycota, the dominant fungus at the phylum level, was positively correlated with soil bulk density, total soil porosity, mass water content, alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen, maximum field capacity, and least field capacity. Meanwhile, the prevalent fungus at the class level, Mortierellomycetes, was positively correlated with total phosphorus and available and total potassium, but negatively with alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen. Finally, the assignment of the functional guilds to the fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) revealed that the OTUs highly enriched in the downhill samples compared with the uphill samples, which were saprotrophs. Thus, this study is the first to report differences in the fungal community among the different soil/root samples and between C. camphora forests grown at different slope positions. We also identified the factors favoring the root-associated beneficial fungi in these forests, providing theoretical guidance for managing C. camphora forests.

Repeated High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulated Temporal Variability of Brain Regions in Core Neurocognitive Networks Over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients.

BACKGROUND: Early intervention of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) may be the most promising way for delaying or even preventing the progression to Alzheimer's disease. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has been recognized as a promising approach for the treatment of aMCI. OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we aimed to investigate the modulating mechanism of tDCS on the core neurocognitive networks of brain. METHODS: We used repeated anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and assessed the effect on cognition and dynamic functional brain network in aMCI patients. We used a novel method called temporal variability to depict the characteristics of the dynamic brain functional networks. RESULTS: We found that true anodal stimulation significantly improved cognitive performance as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment after simulation. Meanwhile, the Mini-Mental State Examination scores showed a clear upward trend. More importantly, we found significantly altered temporal variability of dynamic functional connectivity of regions belonging to the default mode network, central executive network, and the salience network after true anodal stimulation, indicating anodal HD-tDCS may enhance brain function by modulating the temporal variability of the brain regions. CONCLUSION: These results imply that ten days of anodal repeated HD-tDCS over the LDLPFC exerts beneficial effects on the temporal variability of the functional architecture of the brain, which may be a potential neural mechanism by which HD-tDCS enhances brain functions. Repeated HD-tDCS may have clinical uses for the intervention of brain function decline in aMCI patients.

Experimental and numerical investigation on hydrological characteristics of extensive green roofs under the influence of rainstorms.

Green roof rainwater retention, peak runoff reduction, and runoff time delay are considered important hydrological performance indicators for assessing management of urban stormwater. In this study, simulated rainfall experiments were conducted on three green roof models with different water storage layer depths. The numerical model was established using Hydrus-1D program, and the sensitivity of main parameters, the hydrological response of green roofs with a water storage layer, and water storage on the soil surface were analyzed. In addition to the saturated water content of the soil, the depth of the green roof water storage layer is the most sensitive parameter to rainwater retention and initial drainage time. During the simulated rainfall experiment, the 25-mm-deep water storage layer (WSL-25) increased the rainwater retention capacity (RRC) by 46%. For a 20-year return period corresponding to South China region, the RRC of green roofs with WSL-25 increased by 31% compared with that without a water storage layer. The initial drainage time was delayed by 50 min, and the peak drainage rate was reduced by 89%. In this case, a 100-mm soil layer, a 50-mm water storage layer, and a 50 mm maximum surface water storage depth were considered the optimal structural configurations of green roofs. This shows that water storage on the soil surface and bottom water storage layer were equally important for improving RRC, reducing peak drainage and delaying drainage time of green roofs.

Cognitive training program improves cognitive ability and daily living ability in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical syndrome of mild memory or other cognitive impairment without dementia and is a clinical transition state between normal aging and dementia. Careful and meticulous nursing intervention can improve the clinical symptoms of MCI and delay the progression of the disease. AIMS: This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive function training interventions in elderly patients with MCI. METHODS: 106 patients were randomized into the intervention group or the control group. They received conventional nursing intervention and those in the intervention group received additional cognitive training program for 6 weeks. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), activities of daily living (ADL) scales, and Barthel index (BI) were evaluated before and 6 weeks after the intervention, as well as the serum levels of S100ß and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) at two time points. RESULTS: After intervention, the MMSE scores and MoCA scores in both groups were significantly increased and the score in the intervention group was significantly higher. In the intervention group, the performance of conventional nursing intervention and cognitive training program significantly increased the scores of ADL and BI (p < 0.001). The serum levels of NSE and S100ß in the intervention group were significantly lower. DISCUSSION: The performance of cognitive training program alleviated the brain tissue damage in elderly patients with MCI. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of cognitive training program in elderly patients with MCI improved their cognitive ability and daily living ability.

The Euscaphis japonica genome and the evolution of malvids.

Malvids is one of the largest clades of rosids, includes 58 families and exhibits remarkable morphological and ecological diversity. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly for Euscaphis japonica, an early-diverging species within malvids. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis suggests that the unstable phylogenetic position of E. japonica may result from incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization event during the diversification of the ancestral population of malvids. Euscaphis japonica experienced two polyploidization events: the ancient whole genome triplication event shared with most eudicots (commonly known as the γ event) and a more recent whole genome duplication event, unique to E. japonica. By resequencing 101 samples from 11 populations, we speculate that the temperature has led to the differentiation of the evergreen and deciduous of E. japonica and the completely different population histories of these two groups. In total, 1012 candidate positively selected genes in the evergreen were detected, some of which are involved in flower and fruit development. We found that reddening and dehiscence of the E. japonica pericarp and long fruit-hanging time promoted the reproduction of E. japonica populations, and revealed the expression patterns of genes related to fruit reddening, dehiscence and abscission. The key genes involved in pentacyclic triterpene synthesis in E. japonica were identified, and different expression patterns of these genes may contribute to pentacyclic triterpene diversification. Our work sheds light on the evolution of E. japonica and malvids, particularly on the diversification of E. japonica and the genetic basis for their fruit dehiscence and abscission.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Euscaphis japonica, a monotypic species.

BACKGROUND: Understanding plant genetic diversity is important for effective conservation and utilization of genetic resources. Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Dippel, is a monotypic species with high phenotypic diversity, narrow distribution, and small population size. In this study, we estimated the genetic diversity and population structure of E. japonica using nine natural populations and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Our results could provide a theoretical reference for future conservation and utilization of E. japonica. RESULTS: We obtained a total of 122 DNA bands, of which 121 (99.18%) were polymorphic. The average number of effective alleles (Ne = 1.4975), Nei's gene diversity index (H = 0.3016), and Shannon's information index (I = 0.4630) revealed that E. japonica possessed a high level of genetic diversity. We observed that E. japonica consisted of both deciduous and evergreen populations. UPGMA tree showed that the evergreen and deciduous E. japonica form a sister group. There is little genetic differentiation among geographic populations based on STRUCTURE analysis. The Dice's similarity coefficient between the deciduous and evergreen populations was low, and the Fst value was high, indicating that these two types of groups have high degree of differentiation. CONCLUSION: Rich genetic diversity has been found in E. japonica, deciduous E. japonica and evergreen E. japonica populations, and genetic variation mainly exists within the population. The low-frequency gene exchange between deciduous and evergreen populations may be the result of the differentiation of deciduous and evergreen populations. We suggest that in-situ protection, seed collection, and vegetative propagation could be the methods for maintenance and conservation of E. japonica populations.

Dysregulation of the Sirt5/IDH2 axis contributes to sunitinib resistance in human renal cancer cells.

Sunitinib (Sun), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, is the standard first-line treatment against advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but resistance to therapy is inevitable. Reactive oxygen species production is associated with sensitivity to chemotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms contributing to Sun resistance using the RCC cell lines ACHN and 786-O. We report that Sun-resistant cells exhibited reduced apoptosis, increased cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species production and disrupted mitochondrial function. Furthermore, chronic Sun treatment resulted in an up-regulation of Sirt5/isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) expression levels. Knockdown of Sirt5/IDH2 impaired mitochondrial function and partially attenuated Sun resistance. Finally, up-regulation of Sirt5 enhanced the expression of IDH2 via modulation of succinylation at K413 and promoted protein stability. In conclusion, dysregulation of Sirt5/IDH2 partially contributes to Sun resistance in RCC cells by affecting antioxidant capacity.

High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of the Composition and Diversity of the Bacterial Community in Cinnamomum camphora Soil.

Soil bacterial communities and root-associated microbiomes play important roles in the nutrient absorption and healthy growth of host plants. Cinnamomum camphora is an important timber and special economic forest tree species in Fujian Province. In this study, the high-throughput sequencing technique was used to analyze the composition, diversity, and function of the bacterial communities present in the soil from different samples and slope positions of C. camphora. The results of this analysis demonstrated that the related bacterial communities in C. camphora soil were mainly clustered based on sample type. Bacterial alpha diversity in the rhizosphere and bulk soil of C. camphora growing downhill was higher than that of C. camphora growing uphill. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadetes were positively correlated with pH, available phosphorus, total phosphorus, available potassium, and total potassium, while Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were negatively correlated with alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen. These results show that there were remarkable differences in the composition, diversity, and function of related bacterial communities between different sample types of C. camphora soil. The slope position had a marked effect on the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, while the root endosphere remained unaffected.

Chromosome-scale assembly of the Kandelia obovata genome.

The mangrove Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae) is an important coastal shelterbelt and landscape tree distributed in tropical and subtropical areas across East Asia and Southeast Asia. Herein, a chromosome-level reference genome of K. obovata based on PacBio, Illumina, and Hi-C data is reported. The high-quality assembled genome size is 177.99 Mb, with a contig N50 value of 5.74 Mb. A large number of contracted gene families and a small number of expanded gene families, as well as a small number of repeated sequences, may account for the small K. obovata genome. We found that K. obovata experienced two whole-genome polyploidization events: one whole-genome duplication shared with other Rhizophoreae and one shared with most eudicots (γ event). We confidently annotated 19,138 protein-coding genes in K. obovata and identified the MADS-box gene class and the RPW8 gene class, which might be related to flowering and resistance to powdery mildew in K. obovata and Rhizophora apiculata, respectively. The reference K. obovata genome described here will be very useful for further molecular elucidation of various traits, the breeding of this coastal shelterbelt species, and evolutionary studies with related taxa.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Tapiscia sinensis (Staphyleaceae).

Tapiscia sinensis, belong to Tapisciaceae, is endangered tree endemic to China. Here, we provide the complete plastid genomic data of T. sinensis with the aim of providing data for future conservation efforts research and revealing its phylogenetic position. The complete chloroplast sequence is 161,093 bp, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 87,782 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,517 bp, a pair of invert repeats (IR) regions of 27,387 bp. Plastid genome contains 131 genes, 85 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis base on 19 plastid genomes indicates that T. sinensis located Malvids branch, and is more closely related to the species of the order Sapindales than those of the order Malvales.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Monotropa uniflora (Ericaceae).

Monotropa uniflora is one of the representative plants of Ericaceae family, which was famous for entire translucent and 'ghostly' white. Also, unique lifestyle also attracts lots of researchers, which it obtains through fixed carbon from photosynthetic plants via a shared mycorrhizal network. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of M. uniflora was assembled and annotated, its full-length is 26,913 bp. Plastid genome contains 31 genes, 14 protein-coding genes, 14 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analyses based on the complete chloroplast genome sequence provided solid evidence that M. uniflora has a close relationship M. odorata. The chloroplast genome presented here will help for further conservation of M. uniflora and other saprophytes.