Construction of Cs2AgBiCl6/COF Heterojunction for Boosted Photocatalytic Thioester Oxidation.

Lead-free halide perovskites as a new kind of potential candidate for photocatalytic organic synthesis have attracted much attention recently. The rational heterojunction construction is regarded as an efficient strategy to delicately regulate their catalytic performances. Herein, a semi-conductive covalent organic framework (COF) nanosheet, C4N, is employed as the functional component to construct Cs2AgBiCl6/C4N (CABC/C4N) heterojunction. It is found that the C4N nanosheets with rich surface functional groups can serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites to manipulate the growth of CABC nanocrystals and afford close contact between each other, therefore facilitate the transfer and spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers, as verified by in situ X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Moreover, the oxygen affinity of C4N endows the heterojunctions with outstanding aerobic reactivity, thus improving the photocatalytic performance largely. The optimal CABC/C4N heterojunction delivers a thioanisole conversion efficiency of 100% after 6 h, which is 2.2 and 7.7-fold of that of CABC and C4N. This work provides a new ideal for the design and application of lead-free perovskite heterojunction photocatalysts for organic reactions.

Potential actions of capsaicin for preventing vascular calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo.

Vascular calcification (VC) is an accurate risk factor and predictor of adverse cardiovascular events; however, there is currently no effective therapy to specifically prevent VC progression. Capsaicin (Cap) is a bioactive alkaloid isolated from Capsicum annuum L., a traditional medicinal and edible plant that is beneficial for preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, the effect of Cap on VC remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects and related mechanisms of Cap on aortic calcification in a mouse and on Pi-induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). First, we established a calcification mouse model with vitamin D3 and evaluated the effects of Cap on calcification mice using von Kossa staining, calcium content, and alkaline phosphatase activity tests. The results showed that Cap significantly improved calcification in mice. VSMCs were then cultured in 2.6 mM Na2HPO4 and 50 µg/mL ascorbic acid for 7 days to obtain a calcification model, and we investigated the effects and mechanisms of Cap on VSMCs calcification by assessing the changes of calcium deposition, calcium content, and subsequent VC biomarkers. These results showed that Cap alleviated VSMCs calcification by upregulating the expressions of TRPV1. Moreover, Cap reduced the expression of Wnt3a and ß-catenin, whereas DKK1 antagonised the inhibitory effect of Cap on VSMC calcification. This study is the first to offer direct evidence that Cap inhibits the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway by upregulating the expression of the TRPV1 receptor, resulting in the decreased expression of Runx2 and BMP-2, thereby reducing VSMC calcification. Our study may provide novel strategies for preventing the progression of VC. This could serve as a theoretical basis for clinically treating VC with spicy foods.

In Situ Loading of Cu Nanocrystals on CsCuCl3 for Selective Photoreduction of CO2 to CH4.

Rational design and facile synthesis of efficient environmentally friendly all-inorganic lead-free halide perovskite catalysts are of great significance in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Aiming at photogenerated charge carrier separation and CO2 reaction dynamics, in this paper, a CsCuCl3 /Cu nanocrystals (NCs) heterojunction catalyst is designed and synthesized via a simple acid-etching solution process by using Cu2 O as the sacrificed template. Due to the disproportionation reaction of Cu2 O induced by concentrated hydrochloric acid, Cu NCs can be deposited onto the surface of CsCuCl3 microcrystals directly and tightly. As revealed by photoelectrochemical analysis, in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra, etc., the Cu NCs contribute a lot to extracting photoelectrons of CsCuCl3 to improve the charge separation efficiency, regulating the CO2 adsorption and activation, and also stabilizing the reaction intermediates. Therefore, CsCuCl3 /Cu heterojunction exhibits a total electron consumption rate of 58.77 µmol g-1 h-1 , which is 2.9-fold of that of single CsCuCl3 . Moreover, high CH4 selectivity of up to 92.7% is achieved, which is much higher than that of CsCuCl3 (50.4%) and most lead-free halide perovskite-based catalysts. This work provides an ingenious but simple strategy to rationally design cocatalysts in situ decorated perovskite catalysts for manipulating both the catalytic activity and the product selectivity.

Deubiquitinase USP47 attenuates virus-induced type I interferon signaling.

The innate immune responses are tightly regulated to ensure effective clearance of invading pathogens and avoid excessive inflammation. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are important post-translational modifications in antiviral immune responses. Here, we discovered deubiquitinase USP47 as a novel negative immune system regulator. Overexpression of USP47 repressed Sendai virus, poly(I:C) and poly(dA:dT)-induced ISRE and IFN-ß activation, along with reduced IFNB1 transcription and enhanced viral replication. Knockdown of USP47 expression had the opposite effects. Dual-luciferase and phosphorylation assays showed that USP47 targeted downstream of MAVS and upstream of TBK1. Additional co-immunoprecipitation assays suggested that USP47 interacted with TRAF3 and TRAF6. Importantly, USP47 removed K63-linked polyubiquitin chains from TRAF3 and TRAF6. Hence, we describe a novel modulator of the antiviral innate immune response, USP47, which removes K63-linked polyubiquitins from TRAF3 and TRAF6, leading to reduced type I IFN signaling.

Trajectories of oxygen saturation within 6-72 hours after birth in neonates at moderate altitude: a prospective longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Trajectories of pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) within the first few days after birth are important to inform the strategy for identifying asymptomatic hypoxemic disease but remain poorly substantiated at higher altitudes. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal cohort study with consecutive neonates at a local hospital in Luchun County, China, at an altitude of 1650 m between January and July 2020. We repeatedly measured the pre- and post-ductal SpO2 values at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after birth for neonates without oxygen supplements. All neonates underwent echocardiography and were followed up to 42 days after discharge. We included neonates without hypoxemic diseases to characterize the trajectories of SpO2 over time using a linear mixed model. We considered the 2.5th percentile as the reference value to define hypoxemic conditions. RESULTS: A total of 1061 neonates were enrolled. Twenty-five had non-cardiac hypoxemic diseases, with 84% (21/25) presenting with abnormal SpO2 within 24 hours. One had tetralogy of Fallot identified by echocardiography. Among the 1035 asymptomatic neonates, SpO2 values declined from 6 hours after birth, reached a nadir at 48 hours, and tended to level off thereafter, with identical patterns for both pre- and post-ductal SpO2. The reference percentile was 92% for both pre- and post-ductal SpO2 and was time independent. CONCLUSIONS: A decline within 48 hours features SpO2 trajectories within the first 72 hours at moderate altitude. Our findings suggest that earlier screening may favorably achieve a benefit-risk balance in identifying asymptomatic hypoxemic diseases in this population.

Exosomes from artesunate-treated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transferring SNHG7 to promote osteogenesis via TAF15-RUNX2 pathway.

Aim: Effect of artesunate (ART)-treated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) on osteogenesis and its underlying mechanisms were investigated. Materials & methods: Proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcified nodule formation of osteoblasts were determined. A mouse model of osteoporosis was established by ovariectomy. Results: SNHG7 was upregulated in BMSC-Exos by twofold, which was further enhanced in ART-BMSC-Exos by about twofold. ART intensified BMSC-Exos-induced proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity by about fourfold, calcified nodule formation by about threefold and upregulation of osteogenesis related molecules RUNX2 (by 50%), BMP2 (by 30%) and ATF4 (by 40%) via delivering SNHG7. Mechanistically, SNHG7 recruited TAF15 to facilitate RUNX2 stability. Conclusion: ART-BMSC-Exos facilitated osteogenesis via delivering SNHG7 by modulating TAF15/RUNX2 axis.

Osteoporosis is the most common and complex skeletal disorder worldwide. Exosomes derived from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) have been recognized as an ideal seed source for bone tissue regeneration. We aimed to explore the effect of artesunate (ART)-BMSC-Exos on osteogenesis and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that ART-BMSC derived exosomal SNHG7 facilitated osteoblast activity and attenuated osteogenesis in mice by modulating TAF15/RUNX2 pathway. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of ART-BMSCs-Exos for osteoporosis and suggest ART-BMSC-Exos as a novel therapeutic option for osteoporosis.

Inorganic Copper-Based Halide Perovskite for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

In view of the toxicity of the Pb element, exploring eco-friendly Pb-free halide perovskites with excellent photoelectric properties is of great research and practical application significance. Herein, copper-based halide perovskite CsCuCl3 and the corresponding Br--substituted sample (CsCuCl2Br) are designed and explored as the catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction for the first time. A facile antisolvent recrystallization process with pre-prepared single crystals as the precursor is employed to controllably synthesize CsCuCl3 and CsCuCl2Br microcrystals (MCs). The electronic structure and charge transfer property analysis by theoretical and experimental investigation reveal that CsCuCl3 possesses a satisfying bandgap (1.92 eV) and conduction band minimum (CBM) to harvest the sunlight and drive the conversion of CO2 to CH4 and CO. The Br- substitution can not only narrow the bandgap but also facilitate the transportation of charge carriers. Thus, a total electron consumption rate of 44.71 µmol g-1 h-1 is achieved for CsCuCl2Br MCs, which is much better than that of same-sized CsPbBr3 microcrystals or even better than many perovskite nanocrystal photocatalysts. This study suggests that Cu-based perovskites can serve as promising candidates for artificial photosynthesis or other photocatalytic applications, which may propose a new thought to construct lead-free, low-cost photocatalysts.

Metagenomic analysis of viral diversity and a novel astroviruse of forest rodent.

BACKGROUND: Rodents are important virus reservoirs and natural hosts for multiple viruses. They are one of the wild animals that are extremely threatening to the spread of human viruses. Therefore, research on rodents carrying viruses and identifying new viruses that rodents carry is of great significance for preventing and controlling viral diseases. METHODS: In this study, fecal samples from six species of forest rodents in Northeast China were sequenced using metagenomics, and an abundance of virome information was acquired. Selection of important zoonotic in individual rodents for further sequence and evolutionary analysis. RESULTS: Among the top 10 most abundant viral families, RNA virus include Orthomyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae, DNA virus include Herpesviridae, Insect virus include Nodaviridae and Baculoviridae, Plant virus Tombusviridae and Phage (Myoriviridae). Except for Myoviridae, there was no significant difference in the abundance of virus families in the feces of each rodent species. In addition, a new strain of astrovirus was discovered, with an ORF and genome arrangement comparable to other rodent astroviruses.The newly identified astrovirus had the highest similarity with the rodent astrovirus isolate, CHN/100. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in this study provided an overview of the viral community present in these rodent fecal samples, revealing some rodent-associated viruses closely related to known human or animal pathogens. Strengthening our understanding of unclassified viruses harbored by rodents present in the natural environment could provide scientific guidance for preventing and controlling new viral outbreaks that can spread via rodents.

Sulfur Dioxide: An Emerging Signaling Molecule in Plants.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) has long been viewed as toxic gas and air pollutant, but now is being verified as a signaling molecule in mammalian cells. SO2 can be endogenously produced and rapidly transformed into sulfur-containing compounds (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, cysteine, methionine, glutathione, glucosinolate, and phytochelatin) to maintain its homeostasis in plant cells. Exogenous application of SO2 in the form of gas or solution can trigger the expression of thousands of genes. The physiological functions of these genes are involved in the antioxidant defense, osmotic adjustment, and synthesis of stress proteins, secondary metabolites, and plant hormones, thus modulating numerous plant physiological processes. The modulated physiological processes by SO2 are implicated in seed germination, stomatal action, postharvest physiology, and plant response to environmental stresses. However, the review on the signaling role of SO2 in plants is little. In this review, the anabolism and catabolism of SO2 in plants were summarized. In addition, the signaling role of SO2 in seed germination, stomatal movement, fruit fresh-keeping, and plant response to environmental stresses (including drought, cold, heavy metal, and pathogen stresses) was discussed. Finally, the research direction of SO2 in plants is also proposed.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Carex myosuroides Villars, 1779 (Cyperaceae).

Carex myosuroides Villars, 1779 is a typical alpine sedge with both ecological and agricultural value. The work reported here is the first complete chloroplast genome of this species. The chloroplast genome, with a total size of 185,609 bp, consists of two inverted repeats (IRs, 38,374 bp) separated by a large single-copy (LSC, 99,911 bp) region, and a small single-copy (SSC, 8950 bp) region. The overall genome GC content is 34.12%. The genome contains 125 genes, consisting of 82 protein-coding genes, 35 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis supports the taxonomic treatment of incorporating genus Kobresia to a broader circumscription of Carex. Our work could be helpful to future research on Cyperaceae.

Reactivation of γ-globin expression using a minicircle DNA system to treat ß-thalassemia.

Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin by editing the B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A (BCL11A) erythroid enhancer is an effective gene therapy for ß-thalassemia. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, fetal γ-globin expression can be robustly reactivated to mitigate the clinical course of ß-thalassemia. In our study, we found that the transfection efficiencies of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) were significantly and negatively correlated with the length of plasmids and greatly affected by the linearization of plasmids. Furthermore, the transgene expression of minicircles (MC) without plasmid backbone sequences was better both in vitro and in vivo compared with conventional plasmids. Thus, MC DNA was used to deliver the cassette of Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) into HSPCs, and a single-guide RNA targeting the erythroid enhancer region of BCL11A was selected. After electroporation with MC DNA, an evident efficiency of gene editing and reactivation of γ-globin expression in erythroblasts derived from unsorted HSPCs was acquired. No significant off-target effects were found by deep sequencing. Furthermore, fragments derived from lentiviral vectors, but not MC DNA, were highly enriched in promoter, exon, intron, distal-intergenic, and cancer-associated genes, indicating that MC DNA provided a relatively safe and efficient vector for delivering transgenes. The developed MC DNA vector provided a potential approach for the delivery of SaCas9 cassette and the reactivation of γ-globin expression for ameliorating syndromes of ß-thalassemia.

Upregulation of oncogene Activin A receptor type I by Helicobacter pylori infection promotes gastric intestinal metaplasia via regulating CDX2.

BACKGROUND: Activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) is involved in tumorigenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of ACVR1 in gastric cancer (GC) and its association with Helicobacter pylori remained unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database were utilized to explore the ACVR1 expression in GC and normal control and its association with survival. The ACVR1 was knocked out using CRISPR/Cas-9; RNA sequencing analysis was performed in AGS cells with ACVR1 knockout and normal control. Functional experiments (CCK-8, colony-forming, and transwell assays) were conducted to demonstrate the role of ACVR1 in cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. H. pylori-infected C57/BL6 models were established. ACVR1, p-Smad1/5, and CDX2 were detected in AGS cells cocultured with H. pylori strains. The CDX2 and key elements of BMP signaling pathway were detected in AGS cells with ACVR1 knockout and normal control. In addition, Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the ACVR1 and CDX2 expression in gastric samples. RESULTS: ACVR1 expression was higher in GC than normal control from TCGA, GEPIA, and samples collected from our hospital (p < 0.05). ACVR1 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Both cagA+ and cagA- H. pylori could upregulate the expression ACVR1 (p < 0.05). Downregulation of ACVR1 inhibited the H. pylori-induced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion (p < 0.05). H. pylori increased the expression of p-Smad 1/5 and CDX2. The CDX2 and key elements of BMP signaling pathway were downregulated in AGS cells with ACVR1 knockout. ACVR1 and CDX2 were upregulated in the stage of intestinal metaplasia (IM). Moreover, ACVR1 and CDX2 expressions were higher in H. pylori-positive group than H. pylori-negative group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that H. pylori infection increases ACVR1 expression, promoting gastric IM via regulating CDX2, which is an essential step in H. pylori carcinogenesis.

Knockdown of YKL-40 inhibits angiogenesis through regulation of VEGF/VEGFR2 and ERK1/2 signaling in endometrial cancer.

Studies have demonstrated that small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting YKL-40 (siYKL-40) inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion, and induces antiapoptotic abilities of endometrial cancer (EC) HEC-1A cells. However, its effect on angiogenesis is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of YKL-40 in endometrial cancer and the related molecular mechanisms. YKL-40 was knocked down by transfection with siYKL-40 and the effects on angiogenesis, cell viability, and signaling pathways were investigated. The results showed that siYKL-40 inhibited VEGFA levels and tube formation in endothelial cells. Additionally, inhibition of YKL-40 decreased the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphorylated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (pVEGFR2), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (pERK1/2). Furthermore, a nude mice xenograft model of EC showed that siYKL-40 inhibited tumor growth. Inhibition of YKL-40 led to suppression of angiogenesis and reduction of microvessel density through VEGF/VEGFR2 and ERK1/2 signaling in endometrial cancer cells. Taken together, this study demonstrated novel molecular mechanisms for role of YKL-40 in EC.

Long noncoding RNA HBBP1 enhances γ-globin expression through the ETS transcription factor ELK1.

ß-Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by defects in the production of adult hemoglobin (HbA, α2ß2), which leads to an imbalance between α- and non-α-globin chains. Reactivation of γ-globin expression is an effective strategy to treat ß-thalassemia patients. Previously, it was demonstrated that hemoglobin subunit beta pseudogene 1 (HBBP1) is associated with elevated fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) in ß-thalassemia patients. However, the mechanism underlying HBBP1-mediated HbF production is unknown. In this study, using bioinformatics analysis, we found that HBBP1 is involved in γ-globin production, and then preliminarily confirmed this finding in K562 cells. When HBBP1 was overexpressed, γ-globin expression was increased at the transcript and protein levels in HUDEP-2 cells. Next, we found that ETS transcription factor ELK1 (ELK1) binds to the HBBP1 proximal promoter and significantly promotes its activity. Moreover, the synthesis of γ-globin was enhanced when ELK1 was overexpressed in HUDEP-2 cells. Surprisingly, ELK1 also directly bound to and activated the γ-globin proximal promoter. Furthermore, we found that HBBP1 and ELK1 can interact with each other in HUDEP-2 cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that HBBP1 can induce γ-globin by enhancing ELK1 expression, providing some clues for γ-globin reactivation in ß-thalassemia.

Preparation of single crystalline AlN thin films on ZnO nanostructures by atomic layer deposition at low temperature.

The growth of hetero-epitaxial ZnO-AlN core-shell nanowires (NWs) and single crystalline AlN films on non-polar ZnO substrate at temperature of 380 °C by atomic layer deposition (ALD) was investigated. Structural characterization shows that the AlN shells have excellent single-crystal properties. The epitaxial relationship of [0002]ZnO//[0002]AlN, and [10-10]ZnO//[10-10]AlNbetween ZnO core and AlN shell has been obtained. The ZnO NW templates were subsequently removed by annealing treatment in forming gas, resulting in ordered arrays of AlN single-crystal nanotubes. The impact factors on the epitaxial growth of AlN films are thoroughly investigated. It turned out that the growth parameters including lattice mismatch between substrate and AlN, growth temperature, and the polarity of ZnO substrate play important roles on the growth of single-crystal AlN films by ALD. Finally, non-polar AlN films with single-crystalline structure have been successfully grown onm-plane ZnO (10-10) single-crystal substrates. The as-grown hollow AlN nanotubes arrays and non-polar AlN films with single-crystalline structures are suggested to be highly promising for applications in nanoscale devices. Our research has developed a potential method to obtain other inorganic nanostructures and films with single-crystalline structure at fairly low temperature.

Surface passivated halide perovskite single-crystal for efficient photoelectrochemical synthesis of dimethoxydihydrofuran.

Halide perovskite single-crystals have recently been widely highlighted to possess high light harvesting capability and superior charge transport behaviour, which further enable their attractive performance in photovoltaics. However, their application in photoelectrochemical cells has not yet been reported. Here, a methylammonium lead bromide MAPbBr3 single-crystal thin film is reported as a photoanode with potential application in photoelectrochemical organic synthesis, 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran. Depositing an ultrathin Al2O3 layer is found to effectively passivate perovskite surface defects. Thus, the nearly 5-fold increase in photoelectrochemical performance with the saturated current being increased from 1.2 to 5.5 mA cm-2 is mainly attributed to suppressed trap-assisted recombination for MAPbBr3 single-crystal thin film/Al2O3. In addition, Ti3+-species-rich titanium deposition has been introduced not only as a protective film but also as a catalytic layer to further advance performance and stability. As an encouraging result, the photoelectrochemical performance and stability of MAPbBr3 single-crystal thin film/Al2O3/Ti-based photoanode have been significantly improved for 6 h continuous dimethoxydihydrofuran evolution test with a high Faraday efficiency of 93%.

Establishment of multiplex allele-specific blocker PCR for enrichment and detection of 4 common EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the most severe cancers and the majority of patients miss the best timing for surgery when diagnosed, thus having to rely on radiotherapy, chemotherapy or target therapy. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) upregulation occurs in a large percentage of patients, who can then benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). However, the EGFR mutations they carry will vary the effectiveness of TKI. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) contains genetic information from cancer tissue that can be used as a liquid biopsy by non-invasive sampling. This study aimed to provide a solution for minor allele detection from ctDNA. METHODS: Our novel method, named multiplex allele-specific blocker PCR (MAB PCR), combines amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS), blocker PCR and fluorescent-labeled probes for better discrimination and higher throughput. MAB PCR was specially designed for low-quality samples such as ctDNA. A sensitive assay based on MAB PCR was developed for enriching and detecting four common EGFR mutations. This assay was optimized and evaluated with manufactured plasmids, and validated with 34 tissue samples and 94 plasma samples. RESULTS: The limit of detection of this assay was 102 copies and the detection sensitivity reached 0.1% mutant allele fraction (MAF). The results of clinical sample testing had 100% accordance with sequencing, which proved that this assay was accurate and applicable in clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS: This assay could accomplish low-cost and rapid detection of 4 common EGFR mutations sensitively and accurately, which has huge potential in clinical usage for guiding medication. Furthermore, this design could be used to detect other mutations.

Caudal type homeoboxes as a driving force in Helicobacter pylori infection-induced gastric intestinal metaplasia.

HELICOBACTER PYLORI: (H. pylori), a common pathogenic bacterium in the stomach, has been demonstrated to be a major cause of gastric cancer (GC). The typical pathological evolution of H. pylori infection-induced GC involves development from gastric atrophy, via intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia, to intestinal-type GC. During this process, IM is considered to be an "irreversible point" that significantly increases the risk for GC. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanism underlying IM is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori infection. Caudal type homeoboxes (CDXs) are transcription factors involved in intestinal differentiation establishment and the maintenance of normal intestinal mucosa and IM. H. pylori infection increases the expression of CDXs through epigenetic regulation, the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway and its downstream proinflammatory factors, and the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway, leading to the progression from normal gastric mucosa to IM. However, the precise mechanisms of gastric intestinal metaplasia have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on research progress revealing the functions of CDXs in H. pylori infection-induced IM, as well as the regulators modulating this process.

[Change laws of water absorption in Chinese herbal pieces and prediction model of relative density for Chinese medicine decoction].

This study aims to explore the change laws of water absorption in Chinese herbal pieces and establish the prediction model of relative density for Chinese medicine compound decoction. Firstly, fitted equations of water absorption and decocting time was established by observing the change laws of water absorption in 36 kinds of Chinese herbal pieces in 12 groups(according to the drug-parts) with decocting time. The r value of the mineral group and other type group was 0.691 2 and 0.663 3, respectively. The r value of the remaining 10 groups was 0.802 2-0.925 4. All P values were less than 0.05(n=21). The formula of the amount of water added was optimized by combining the fitted equations with determined water absorption, and the liquid yield could be controlled in a range of 100%±10%. Secondly, it was determined that the liquid density tester could be used for the rapid determination of relative density of Chinese medicine decoction after methodological study and comparison with the pycnometer method. The linear regression equation between the corrected relative density(y) and extraction ratio(%, x) was built by measuring and analyzing the related parameters such as liquid yield, relative density and extraction ratio in 46 kinds of Chinese herbal pieces. The established equation was y=0.041 3x+1.003 7, r=0.930 9(P <0.01, n=46), with linear range of 1.94%-65.75%. Based on this, the prototype model for predicting relative density of Chinese medicine decoction was established, and the relative densities of 8 Chinese medicine decoctions were within the prediction interval of this model in verification. This study lays a foundation for database construction of Chinese medicine decoction, implementation of personalized decocting mode and rapid quality control of Chinese medicine decoction.