ABSTRACT
AIM: To assess if early change in albuminuria was linked to an initial change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and long-term kidney outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. METHODS: Using a medical database from a multicentre healthcare institute in Taiwan, we retrospectively enrolled 8310 people receiving SGLT2 inhibitors from 1 June 2016 to 31 December 2021. We compared the risks of initial eGFR decline, major adverse renal events (MARE; >50% eGFR reduction or development of end-stage kidney disease), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), or hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: In all, 36.8% (n = 3062) experienced a >30% decrease, 21.0% (n = 1743) experienced a 0%-30% decrease, 14.4% (n = 1199) experienced a 0%-30% increase, and 27.7% (n = 2306) experienced a >30% increase in urine albumin-to-creatine ratio (UACR) after 3 months of SGLT2 inhibitor treatment. Greater acute eGFR decline at 3 months correlated with greater UACR reduction: -3.6 ± 10.9, -2.0 ± 9.5, -1.1 ± 8.6, and -0.3 ± 9.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 for the respective UACR change groups (p < 0.001). Over a median of 29.0 months, >30% UACR decline was associated with a higher risk of >30% initial eGFR decline (hazard ratio [HR] 2.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61-4.47]), a lower risk of MARE (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.48-0.89), and a comparable risk of MACE or HHF after multivariate adjustment (p < 0.05). The nonlinear analysis showed early UACR decline was linked to a lower risk of MARE but a higher risk of initial steep eGFR decline of >30%. CONCLUSION: Physicians should be vigilant for the potential adverse effects of abrupt eGFR dipping associated with a profound reduction in UACR, despite the favourable long-term kidney outcomes in the population with T2D receiving SGLT2 inhibitor treatment.
Subject(s)
Albuminuria , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetic Nephropathies , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors , Humans , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/adverse effects , Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects , Female , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Aged , Taiwan/epidemiology , Kidney/physiopathology , Kidney/drug effects , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recently, there have been conflicting results reporting an increased risk of AR or MR associated with oral fluoroquinolones (FQs).This study investigated whether the use of FQs increases the risk of mitral regurgitation (MR) or aortic regurgitation (AR). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by using the Taiwan National Health Insurance research database. A unidirectional case-crossover design without selecting controls from an external population was adopted in this study. A total of 26,650 adult patients with new onset of AR or MR between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012, were identified. The risk of outcomes was compared between the hazard period and one of the randomly selected referent periods of the same individuals. RESULTS: Before exclusion of pneumonia diagnosed within 2 months before the index date, patients who took FQs had a significantly greater risk of AR or MR (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-1.77), any AR (combined AR and MR) (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.10-2.04), and any MR (combined AR and MR) (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.16-1.62). After exclusion of pneumonia, FQs exposure remained significantly associated with a greater risk of MR (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.17-1.62) and any MR (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.48). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that patients treated with FQs could be warned about the potential risk for MR even after considering the possibility of protopathic bias. Reducing unnecessary FQs prescriptions may be considered to reduce the risk of valvular heart disease.
Subject(s)
Aortic Valve Insufficiency , Cross-Over Studies , Fluoroquinolones , Mitral Valve Insufficiency , Humans , Fluoroquinolones/adverse effects , Male , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/chemically induced , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/epidemiology , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aortic Valve Insufficiency/chemically induced , Aortic Valve Insufficiency/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Taiwan/epidemiology , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The successful treatment and improvement of acute kidney injury (AKI) depend on early-stage diagnosis. However, no study has differentiated between the three stages of AKI and non-AKI patients following heart surgery. This study will fill this gap in the literature and help to improve kidney disease management in the future. METHODS: In this study, we applied Raman spectroscopy (RS) to uncover unique urine biomarkers distinguishing heart surgery patients with and without AKI. Given the amplified risk of renal complications post-cardiac surgery, this approach is of paramount importance. Further, we employed the partial least squares-support vector machine (PLS-SVM) model to distinguish between all three stages of AKI and non-AKI patients. RESULTS: We noted significant metabolic disparities among the groups. Each AKI stage presented a distinct metabolic profile: stage 1 had elevated uric acid and reduced creatinine levels; stage 2 demonstrated increased tryptophan and nitrogenous compounds with diminished uric acid; stage 3 displayed the highest neopterin and the lowest creatinine levels. We utilized the PLS-SVM model for discriminant analysis, achieving over 90% identification rate in distinguishing AKI patients, encompassing all stages, from non-AKI subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study characterizes the incidence and risk factors for AKI after cardiac surgery. The unique spectral information garnered from this study can also pave the way for developing an in vivo RS method to detect and monitor AKI effectively.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury , Biomarkers , Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , Urinalysis , Humans , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/urine , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Biomarkers/urine , Urinalysis/methods , Creatinine/urine , Support Vector Machine , Uric Acid/urine , Postoperative Complications/diagnosis , Postoperative Complications/urine , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Risk Factors , Least-Squares AnalysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is a rare plasma cell (PC) neoplasm with associated paraneoplastic syndrome. According to the current diagnostic criteria, peripheral polyneuropathy and monoclonal PC proliferative disorder represent two mandatory criteria. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a 54-year-old male with peripheral neuropathy of bilateral lower limbs, sclerotic bone lesions, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, splenomegaly, extravascular volume overload, endocrinopathy, and skin hemangiomas. Of note, serum and urine protein electrophoresis (PEP) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) of this patient indicated undetectable M-protein and the normal ratio of free light chains κ and λ (FLC-R (κ/λ)). No monoclonal PCs were found in bone marrow examinations or biopsy of diseased bones. However, his clinical manifestations matched most of the diagnostic criteria. After excluding other diseases that are easily confused with POEMS syndrome, the diagnosis of variant POEMS syndrome with undetectable M-protein was proposed. The patient obtained clinically significant improvement and elevated VEGF returned to normal after 6 months of treatment with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS: Monoclonal PC dyscrasia (M-protein) while being a mandatory criterion for POEMS syndrome is undetectable in a considerable amount of patients that otherwise demonstrate typical symptoms. Here, we reported a case of variant POEMS syndrome with featured clinical manifestations, elevated VEGF levels, and good response to therapies targeting PCs but no evidence of M-protein. Therefore, negative results in M-protein and monoclonal PCs aren't enough to reject the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome. It is imperative to recognize the variant form of POEMS syndrome.
Subject(s)
POEMS Syndrome , Humans , POEMS Syndrome/diagnosis , POEMS Syndrome/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Lenalidomide/therapeutic use , Thalidomide/therapeutic use , Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Myeloma Proteins/analysisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is widely used; however, studies on the long-term outcomes of ECMO are scarce. We investigated the long-term clinical outcomes of acute kidney disease (AKD) in patients receiving ECMO. METHODS: Electronic data (2009-2018) were retrospectively collected from a multicenter database. Patients were divided into two groups (AKD and non-AKD) according to their AKD status 8-90 days after the initiation of ECMO. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to balance baseline covariates between the two groups. The primary outcomes were major adverse kidney events (MAKEs) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), and the secondary outcomes were all-cause readmission, sepsis-related readmission, infection-related readmission, and dementia. RESULTS: Totally, 395 patients were eligible for analysis; of them, 160 patients (40.5%) developed AKD. The AKD group had a higher risk of MAKEs (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68-2.53) than did the non-AKD group. Subgroup analysis revealed that the observed unfavorable effect of AKD on the risk of MAKEs was more pronounced in patients receiving venovenous ECMO than in those receiving venoarterial ECMO (HR: 5.69 vs. 1.85, respectively; p for interaction = 0.004). AKD group had a higher risk of MACE during the initial 3-year post-ECMO in comparison to those without (HR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.22-2.30). Moreover, the risks of all-cause, sepsis-related, and infection-related readmissions were high in AKD survivors. CONCLUSIONS: AKD is associated with an increased risk of long-term MAKEs and initial 3-year MACE in ECMO recipients. In addition, AKD is associated with increased risks of all-cause, infection-related, and sepsis-related readmissions.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , Humans , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Acute Kidney Injury/therapy , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Retrospective Studies , Patient Readmission/statistics & numerical data , Aged , Adult , Sepsis/complications , Sepsis/etiology , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
AIMS: The PIONEER-HF and PARAGLIDE-HF trials aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of the in-hospital initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in patients hospitalized for AHF. However, whether the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the trials apply to patients encountered in real-world routine care is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the applicability of the PIONEER-HF and PARAGLIDE-HF trials to real-world AHF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified 28 293 AHF hospitalized patients between August 2008 to August 2017 from the Chang Gung Research Database and classified them into four groups based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and trial criteria. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of HF hospitalization and cardiovascular (CV) death. We defined PIONEER-HF eligible (n = 3683) and non-eligible (n = 3502) patients with an LVEF ≤40%, and PARAGLIDE-HF eligible (n = 5191) and non-eligible (n = 5832) patients with an LVEF >40%. Over a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, the PIONEER-HF non-eligible and eligible groups exhibited similar rates of HF hospitalization and CV death (41.1% vs. 41.8%, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.88-1.04). No significant difference was found in the composite outcome between PARAGLIDE-HF non-eligible and eligible groups (36.7% vs. 38.6%; aHR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.90-1.04). CONCLUSIONS: Using trial criteria, only 31.3% of AHF patients were eligible for sacubitril-valsartan. Yet, non-eligible patients demonstrated similar outcomes to eligible patients, indicating a need for further evaluation of sacubitril-valsartan benefits in non-eligible AHF patients.
Subject(s)
Aminobutyrates , Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists , Biphenyl Compounds , Drug Combinations , Heart Failure , Hospitalization , Stroke Volume , Valsartan , Humans , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Male , Female , Aminobutyrates/therapeutic use , Aged , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Stroke Volume/physiology , Acute Disease , Tetrazoles/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Treatment Outcome , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and treatment with fixed-dose combination (FDC) regimens is recommended by current guidelines. However, the clinical outcomes of different FDC dosages remain unknown. This study aimed to examine the clinical outcomes of FDC regimens and the free combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin at different dosages. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with concurrent hypertension and hypercholesterolemia treated daily with an FDC of 5 mg amlodipine and 10 mg atorvastatin (5/10 fixed group), and FDC of 5 mg amlodipine and 20 mg atorvastatin (5/20 fixed group), or free combination of 5 mg amlodipine and 20 mg atorvastatin (5/20 free group) were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The primary outcome was the composite cardiovascular outcomes, including cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary intervention. A total of 9095 patients were eligible for inclusion. The incidence of primary outcome per 1000 person-years was 16.6 in the 5/10 fixed group, 12.6 in the 5/20 fixed group, and 16.5 in the 5/20 free group (5/20 fixed versus 5/20 free: hazard ratio [HR], 0.76 [95% CI, 0.64-0.91]; 5/20 fixed versus 5/10 fixed: HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.63-0.90]). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with concomitant hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, treatment with an FDC of amlodipine and high-dose atorvastatin led to a lower risk of a composite of cardiovascular outcomes than treatment with the free combination or a similar FDC with a lower dose of atorvastatin.
Subject(s)
Amlodipine , Atorvastatin , Drug Combinations , Heptanoic Acids , Hypercholesterolemia , Hypertension , Pyrroles , Humans , Amlodipine/administration & dosage , Amlodipine/adverse effects , Male , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , Hypercholesterolemia/complications , Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/epidemiology , Female , Middle Aged , Atorvastatin/administration & dosage , Aged , Taiwan/epidemiology , Treatment Outcome , Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects , Retrospective Studies , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Anticholesteremic Agents/administration & dosage , Anticholesteremic Agents/adverse effects , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Calcium Channel Blockers/administration & dosage , Calcium Channel Blockers/adverse effects , Calcium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure/drug effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Both high and low levels of serum potassium measurements are linked with a higher risk of adverse clinical events among patients with type 2 diabetes. The study was aimed at evaluating the implications of the various degrees of initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) change on subsequent serum potassium homeostasis following sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) initiation among patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used medical data from a multicenter health care provider in Taiwan and recruited 5529 patients with type 2 diabetes with baseline/follow-up eGFR data available after 4 to 12 weeks of SGLT2i treatment from June 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018. SGLT2i treatment was associated with an initial mean (SEM) eGFR decline of -3.5 (0.2) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in overall study participants. A total of 36.7% (n=2028) of patients experienced no eGFR decline, and 57.9% (n=3201) and 5.4% (n=300) of patients experienced an eGFR decline of 0% to 30% and >30%, respectively. Patients with an initial eGFR decline of >30% were associated with higher variability in consequent serum potassium measurement when compared with those without an initial eGFR decline. Participants with a pronounced eGFR decline of >30% were associated with a higher risk of hyperkalemia ≥5.5 (adjusted hazard ratio,4.59 [95% CI, 2.28-9.26]) or use of potassium binder (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.65 [95% CI, 1.78-3.95]) as well as hypokalemia events <3.0 mmol/L (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.21 [95% CI, 1.90-5.42]) or use of potassium supplement (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.37-2.56]) following SGLT2i treatment after multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should be aware that the eGFR trough occurs shortly, and consequent serum potassium changes following SGLT2i initiation.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Potassium , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors , Humans , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/adverse effects , Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects , Male , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Female , Middle Aged , Potassium/blood , Taiwan/epidemiology , Aged , Risk Factors , Biomarkers/blood , Risk Assessment , Hyperkalemia/chemically induced , Hyperkalemia/blood , Hyperkalemia/epidemiology , Kidney/physiopathology , Kidney/drug effects , Retrospective Studies , Hypokalemia/chemically induced , Hypokalemia/blood , Hypokalemia/epidemiology , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Diabetic Nephropathies/blood , Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Studies on the impact of syphilis on the cardiovascular system in large populations are limited. This study investigated the effects of syphilis on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: Medical records from 2010 to 2015 were retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, linked to the Notifiable Infectious Diseases database from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. Patients with syphilis were identified, excluding those with missing information, under 20 years of age, or with a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, aortic regurgitation, replacement of the aortic valve, aneurysm and/or dissection of the aorta, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Primary outcomes included new-onset acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, aortic regurgitation, aneurysm and dissection of the aorta, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 28 796 patients with syphilis were identified from 2010 to 2015. After exclusions and frequency matching, 20 601 syphilis patients and 20 601 non-syphilis patients were analysed. The relative rate (RR) was utilized in the analysis, as the competing risk of death was not considered. Compared with patients without syphilis, patients with syphilis had increased risks of acute myocardial infarction (RR 38%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-1.60, P < .001), heart failure (RR 88%, 95% CI 1.64-2.14, P < .001), aortic regurgitation (RR 81%, 95% CI 1.18-2.75, P = .006), atrial fibrillation (RR 45%, 95% CI 1.20-1.76, P < .001), ischaemic stroke (RR 68%, 95% CI 1.52-1.87, P < .001), haemorrhagic stroke (RR 114%, 95% CI 1.74-2.64, P < .001), venous thromboembolism (RR 67%, 95% CI 1.23-2.26, P = .001), cardiovascular death (RR 155%, 95% CI 2.11-3.08, P < .001), and all-cause death (RR 196%, 95% CI 2.74-3.19, P < .001) but not for aneurysm and dissection of the aorta. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that patients with syphilis have a higher risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality compared with those without syphilis.
Subject(s)
Registries , Syphilis , Humans , Taiwan/epidemiology , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Syphilis/epidemiology , Syphilis/complications , Adult , Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Heart Failure/epidemiology , Heart Failure/complications , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The choice of an artificial mitral valve (MV) is a crucial clinical decision that affects the long-term survival and quality of life of patients. However, current guidelines recommend selecting MV based on patient age and life expectancy at the time of mitral valve replacement (MVR), without considering the etiology of MV disease. This study aimed to investigate whether MV disease etiology should be considered when choosing a valve for MVR and to evaluate the impact of MV disease etiology on long-term patient survival. METHODS: Using data (2002-2018) from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, the authors conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study to compare the biological and mechanical valves in terms of all-cause mortality as the primary outcome. The inverse probability of the treatment weighting method was used to reduce the effects of the confounding factors. The following etiologies were assessed: infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, ischemic mitral regurgitation, and degenerative mitral regurgitation. RESULTS: In patients aged below 70 years, it was observed that mechanical valves demonstrated an association with benefits compared to biological valves in the context of survival. In patients with infective endocarditis aged below 72 years, mechanical valves were associated with survival benefits, but not in those with stroke during hospitalization. These valves were also found to be linked with survival advantages for patients with rheumatic heart disease aged below 60 years and for those with degenerative mitral regurgitation aged below 72 years. However, no age-dependent effects of valve type on all-cause mortality were observed in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation. CONCLUSION: The etiology of MV disease appears to be important in the selection of a suitable MV and determination of a cutoff age for mechanical and biological MVR.
Subject(s)
Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Mitral Valve , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Heart Valve Prosthesis/adverse effects , Taiwan/epidemiology , Mitral Valve/surgery , Adult , Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Bioprosthesis , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/etiology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
CONTEXT: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with substantial risks of adverse cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: The relevant outcomes associated with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) versus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with/without concomitant AF remained unknown. METHODS: In this nationwide retrospective cohort study from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, there were 344,392 and 31,351 patients with T2D without AF, and 11,462 and 816 T2D patients with AF treated with SGLT2i and GLP-1RA from May 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. Patients were followed from the drug-index date until the occurrence of study events, discontinuation of the index drug, or the end of the study period (December 31, 2020), whichever occurred first. We used propensity score stabilized weight to balance covariates across two medication groups. RESULTS: The incidence rate of all study outcomes in patients with concomitant AF was much higher than in those without concomitant AF. For the AF cohort, SGLT2i vs. GLP-1RA was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization for heart failure (2.32 vs. 4.74 events per 100 person-years; hazard ratio (HR):0.48 [95% confidential interval (CI):0.36-0.66]), with no benefit seen for the non-AF cohort (P for homogeneity < 0.01). SGLT2i vs. GLP-1RA was associated with a lower risk of composite kidney outcomes both in the AF (0.38 vs. 0.79 events per 100 person-years; HR:0.47; [95%CI:0.23-0.96]) and non-AF cohorts (0.09 vs. 0.18 events per 100 person-years; HR:0.53; [95%CI:0.43-0.64]). There were no significant differences in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in those who received SGLT2i compared to GLP-1RA for the AF or non-AF cohorts. CONCLUSION: Considering the high risk of developing HF and/or high prevalence of concomitant HF in patients with diabetes, whether SGLT2i should be the preferred treatment to GLP-1RA for such a high-risk population requires further investigation.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the association between early surgery and the risk of mortality in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis in the context of stroke. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: This study was a multiinstitution study based on the Chang Gung Research Database, which contains electronic medical records from 7 hospitals in northern and southern Taiwan; these include 2 medical centers, 2 regional hospitals, and 3 district hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with active left-sided infective endocarditis who underwent valve surgery between September 2002 and December 2018. INTERVENTIONS: The authors divided patients into 2 groups, with versus without preoperative neurologic complications, had undergone early (within 7 d) or later surgery, and with brain ischemia or hemorrhage. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three hundred ninety-two patients with a median time from diagnosis to surgery of 6 days were included. No significant differences in postoperative stroke, in-hospital mortality, or follow-up outcomes were observed between the patients with and without neurologic complications. Among the patients with preoperative neurologic complications, patients who underwent early surgery had a lower 30-day postoperative mortality rate (13.1% v 25.8%; hazard ratio, 0.21; 95% CI 0.07-0.67). In the subgroup analysis of the comparison between brain ischemia and hemorrhage groups, there was no significant between-group difference in the in-hospital outcomes or outcomes after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Early cardiac surgery may be associated with more favorable clinical outcomes in patients with preoperative neurologic complications. Thus, preoperative neurologic complications should not delay surgical interventions.
Subject(s)
Brain Ischemia , Endocarditis, Bacterial , Endocarditis , Nervous System Diseases , Stroke , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Endocarditis, Bacterial/complications , Endocarditis, Bacterial/surgery , Endocarditis/complications , Endocarditis/surgery , Stroke/surgery , Stroke/complications , Brain Ischemia/complications , Brain Ischemia/surgery , Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology , Nervous System Diseases/etiology , Hemorrhage , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mitral valve (MV) disease is the most common form of valvular heart disease. Findings that indicate women have a higher risk for unfavorable outcomes than men remain controversial. This study aimed to determine the sex-based differences in epidemiological distributions and outcomes of surgery for MV disease.MethodsâandâResults: Overall, 18,572 patients (45.3% women) who underwent MV surgery between 2001 and 2018 were included. Outcomes included in-hospital death and all-cause mortality during follow up. Subgroup analysis was conducted across different etiologies, including infective endocarditis (IE), degenerative, ischemic, and rheumatic mitral pathology. The overall MV repair rate was lower in women than in men (20.5% vs. 30.6%). After matching, 6,362 pairs (woman : man=1 : 1) of patients were analyzed. Women had a slightly higher risk for in-hospital death than men (10.8% vs. 9.8%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1.24; P=0.075). Women tended to have a higher incidence of de novo dialysis (9.8% vs. 8.6%; P=0.022) and longer intensive care unit stay (8 days vs. 7.1 days; P<0.001). Women with IE had poorer in-hospital outcomes than men; however, there were no sex differences in terms of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Sex-based differences of MV intervention still persist. Although long-term outcomes were comparable between sexes, women, especially those with IE, had worse perioperative outcomes than men.
Subject(s)
Endocarditis, Bacterial , Endocarditis , Heart Valve Diseases , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Mitral Valve Insufficiency , Humans , Female , Male , Mitral Valve/surgery , Hospital Mortality , Sex Characteristics , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Treatment Outcome , Renal Dialysis , Heart Valve Diseases/epidemiology , Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Endocarditis, Bacterial/surgery , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/epidemiology , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/etiology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: When mitral valve (MV) surgery is indicated, repair is preferred over replacement; however, this preference is not supported by evidence from clinical trials. Furthermore, the benefits of MV repair may not be universal for all etiologies of MV disease.MethodsâandâResults: This study identified a total of 18,428 patients who underwent MV repair (n=4,817) or MV replacement (n=13,611) during 2001-2018 from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. These patients were classified into 4 etiologies: infective endocarditis (IE, n=2,678), rheumatic heart disease (RHD, n=4,524), ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR, n=3,893), and degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR, n=7,333). After propensity matching, all-cause mortality during follow-up was lower among patients receiving MV repair than among patients receiving MV replacement in the IE, IMR, and DMR groups (hazard ratio [HR]=0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.93; HR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.73-0.92; and HR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64-0.84, respectively). However, in the RHD group, the MV reoperation rate was higher after MV repair than after MV replacement (subdistribution HR=1.91, 95% CI: 1.02-3.55). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with MV replacement, MV repair was associated with a lower late mortality in patients with IE, IMR, and DMR, and a higher risk of reoperation in patients with RHD.
Subject(s)
Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Mitral Valve Insufficiency , Rheumatic Heart Disease , Humans , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/etiology , Mitral Valve/surgery , Cohort Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies of the influence of smaller body type on the severity of prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) after small-sized surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) are few, but the issue is particularly relevant for Asian patients.MethodsâandâResults: 695 patients who underwent SAVR with bioprosthetic valves had their hemodynamic valve performance analyzed at 3 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after operation, and clinical outcomes were assessed. The patients were stratified into 3 valve size groups: 19/21, 23, and 25/27 mm. A smaller valve was associated with higher mean pressure gradients at the 4 time points after operation (P trend <0.05). However, the 3 valve size groups demonstrated no significant differences in the risk of clinical events. At none of the time points did patients with projected PPM show increased mean pressure gradients (P>0.05), whereas patients with measured PPM did (P<0.05). Compared with patients with projected PPM, those with measured PPM demonstrated higher rates of infective endocarditis readmission (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-10.39) and a higher risk of composite outcomes (aHR 1.45, 95% CI 0.95-2.22, P=0.087). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to those receiving larger valves, patients receiving small bioprosthetic valves had poorer hemodynamic performance but did not demonstrate differences in clinical events in long-term follow-up.
Subject(s)
Aortic Valve Stenosis , Bioprosthesis , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement , Humans , Aortic Valve/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/methods , Follow-Up Studies , Aortic Valve Stenosis/etiology , Treatment Outcome , Heart Valve Prosthesis/adverse effects , Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/adverse effects , Prosthesis Design , HemodynamicsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In Taiwan, infective native aortic aneurysms (INAAs) are relatively common, so the aim of present study was to demonstrate the comparative outcomes of endovascular repair for thoracic and abdominal INAAs.MethodsâandâResults: Patients with naïve thoracic or abdominal INAAs managed with endovascular repair between 2001 and 2018 were included in this multicenter retrospective cohort. The confounding factors were adjusted with propensity score (PS). Of the 39 thoracic and 43 abdominal INAA cases, 41 (50%) presented with aneurysmal rupture, most of which were at the infrarenal abdominal (n=35, 42.7%) or descending thoracic aorta (n=25, 30.5%). Salmonella spp. was the most frequently isolated pathogen. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 18.3%. The risks of in-hospital death and death due to rupture were significantly lower with thoracic INAAs (12.8% vs. 23.3%; PS-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06-0.96; 0.1% vs. 9.3%; PS-adjusted OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01-0.90). During a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher with thoracic INAAs (35.3% vs. 15.2%; PS-adjusted HR 6.90, 95% CI 1.69-28.19). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with thoracic INAAs, endovascular repair of abdominal INAAs was associated with a significantly higher in-hospital mortality rate. However, long-term outcomes were worse for thoracic INAAs, with CKD and infections being the most important predictor and cause of death, respectively.
Subject(s)
Aneurysm, Infected , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic , Aortic Aneurysm , Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation , Endovascular Procedures , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Hospital Mortality , Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Treatment Outcome , Aortic Aneurysm/complications , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/surgery , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/complications , Aneurysm, Infected/surgery , Aneurysm, Infected/complications , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications , Endovascular Procedures/methods , Risk Factors , Postoperative ComplicationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The widely used Bentall procedure is the criterion standard treatment for aortic root pathology. Studies comparing the long-term outcomes of bioprosthetic and mechanical valves in patients undergoing the Bentall procedure are limited. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients who underwent the Bentall procedure with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve between 2001 and 2018 were identified from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. The primary outcome of interest was all-cause mortality. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was performed to compare the 2 prosthetic types. In total, 1052 patients who underwent the Bentall procedure were identified. Among these patients, 351 (33.4%) and 701 (66.6%) chose bioprosthetic and mechanical valves, respectively. After inverse probability of treatment weighting, no significant differences in the in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.77-1.19]; P=0.716) and all-cause mortality (34.1% vs. 38.1%; hazard ratio, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.78-1.04]; P=0.154) were observed between the groups. The benefits of relative mortality associated with mechanical valves were apparent in younger patients and persisted until ≈50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: No differences in survival benefits were observed between the valves in patients who underwent the Bentall procedure. Additionally, bioprosthetic valves may be a reasonable choice for patients aged >50 years when receiving the Bentall procedure in this valve-in-valve era.
Subject(s)
Bioprosthesis , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Humans , Middle Aged , Aortic Valve/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/methods , Treatment Outcome , Aorta/surgery , Retrospective Studies , ReoperationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The introduction of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), with a non-inferior or superior clinical efficacy profile compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), has significantly improved the safety profile and treatment adherence of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). However, few studies have compared the effectiveness and safety of NOACs. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the safety and clinical effectiveness of NOACs and VKAs in patients with non-valvular AF. METHODS: An online bibliographic search was conducted to retrieve real-world evidence studies published between January 2019 and June 2022. RESULTS: Dabigatran was associated with lower risks of major bleeding, ischemic stroke, and intracranial hemorrhage than warfarin. Among the NOACs, only dabigatran had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than warfarin. Dabigatran was also associated with lower risks of major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage than rivaroxaban. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis confirms that dabigatran's real-world safety and clinical effectiveness align with the results of pivotal clinical trials.
ABSTRACT
Background The risk of cardiac dysfunction for patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the real-world setting remains unclear. Methods and Results A total of 1120 patients with prostate cancer and a baseline echocardiography scan were identified from Chang Gung Research Database between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2019. Patients were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist therapy, or bilateral orchiectomy. Changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were further assessed in 421 patients using repeated measurements of LVEF before and during ADT treatment. The incidence of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CT-RCD) was evaluated and defined as a ≥10% absolute decline in LVEF from baseline to a value of <53%. Among 421 patients undergoing ADT, LVEF declined from 66.3±11.3% to 62.5±13.6% (95% CI of mean difference: -5.0% to -2.7%) after a mean follow-up period of 1.6±0.8 years. CT-RCD occurred in 58 patients (13.7%) with a nadir LVEF of 40.3±9.1% after ADT. Lower baseline LVEF was significantly associated with CT-RCD (odds ratio, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.04-1.10]). The area under the curve of baseline LVEF for discriminating CT-RCD was 75.6%, with the corresponding optimal cutoff value of 64.5% (sensitivity, 79.3%; specificity, 67.2%). Conclusions ADT with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist therapy, and bilateral orchiectomy were associated with an increased risk of CT-RCD in patients with prostate cancer. In addition, lower baseline LVEF was a significant predictor of CT-RCD in patients with prostate cancer undergoing treatment with ADT.
Subject(s)
Heart Diseases , Prostatic Neoplasms , Male , Humans , Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Androgen Antagonists/adverse effects , Androgens , Stroke Volume , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone , Ventricular Function, Left , Heart Diseases/chemically induced , Orchiectomy/adverse effectsABSTRACT
AIMS: Limited real-world data show that rivaroxaban following dosage criteria from either ROCKET AF [20â mg/day or 15â mg/day if creatinine clearance (CrCl) < 50â mL/min] or J-ROCKET AF (15â mg/day or 10â mg/day if CrCl < 50â mL/min) is associated with comparable risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with each other in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). We are aimed to study whether these observations differ between Asian and non-Asian subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS: A systematic review and meta-analysis with random effects was conducted to estimate the aggregate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using PubMed and MEDLINE databases from 8 September 2011 to 31 December 2022 searched for adjusted observational studies that reported relevant clinical outcomes of NVAF patients receiving rivaroxaban 10â mg/day if CrCl > 50â mL/min, on-label dose rivaroxaban eligible for ROCKET AF or J-ROCKET AF, and rivaroxaban 20â mg/day if CrCl < 50â mL/min. Effectiveness and safety endpoints were compared between ROCKET AF and J-ROCKET AF dosing regimen in Asian and non-Asian subjects, separately. Also, risks of events of rivaroxaban 10â mg/day despite of CrCl > 50â mL/min and rivaroxaban 20â mg/day despite of CrCl < 50â mL/min were compared to that of 'ROCKET AF/J-ROCKET AF dosing'. Sensitivity analyses were performed by sequential elimination of each study from the pool. The meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the influence of potential factors on the effectiveness and safety outcomes. Eighteen studies involving 67 571 Asian and 54 882 non-Asian patients were included. Rivaroxaban following J-ROCKET AF criteria was associated with comparable risks of thromboembolism in the Asian subgroup, whereas rivaroxaban following J-ROCKET AF criteria was associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality (HR:1.30; 95% CI:1.05-1.60) compared with that of ROCKET AF criteria in the non-Asian population. There were no differences in risks of major bleeding between rivaroxaban following J-ROCKET AF vs. ROCKET AF criteria either in the Asian or non-Asian population. The use of rivaroxaban 10â mg despite of CrCl > 50â mL/min was associated with a higher risk of thromboembolism (HR:1.64; 95% CI:1.28-2.11) but lower risk of major bleeding (HR:0.72; 95% CI:0.57-0.90) compared with eligible dosage criteria. The use of rivaroxaban 20â mg despite of CrCl < 50â mL/min was associated with worse clinical outcomes in the risks of thromboembolism (HR:1.32; 95% CI:1.09-1.59), mortality (HR:1.33; 95% CI:1.10-1.59), and major bleeding (HR:1.26; 95% CI:1.03-1.53) compared with eligible dosage criteria. The pooled results were generally in line with the primary effectiveness and safety outcomes by removing a single study at one time. Meta-regression analyses failed to detect the bias in most potential patient characteristics associated with the clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Rivaroxaban dosing regimen following J-ROCKET criteria may serve as an alternative to ROCKET AF criteria for the Asian population with NVAF, whereas the dosing regimen following ROCKET AF criteria was more favourable for the non-Asian population. The use of rivaroxaban 10â mg despite of CrCl > 50â mL/min was associated with a higher risk of thromboembolism but a lower risk of major bleeding, while use of rivaroxaban 20â mg despite of CrCl < 50â mL/min was associated with worse outcome in most clinical events.