Gut Microbiota Analysis in Silkworms (Bombyx mori) Provides Insights into Identifying Key Bacterials for Inclusion in Artificial Diet Formulations.

The gut microbiome significantly influences the health and productivity of silkworms (Bombyx mori), the cornerstone of sericulture. With the increasing use of cost-effective artificial diets in sericulture, it is crucial to understand how these diets impact the silkworm gut microbiomes. Here we employed 16S rRNA sequencing to delineate the impact of three distinct dietary regimens on the silkworm gut microbiomes: exclusive mulberry leaf diet (SY), exclusive artificial feed diet (SL), and a sequential transition from artificial feed to mulberry leaves (ZS). Our results unveiled stark differences in microbial diversity across the groups, with the ZS group displaying an intermediary complexity. LefSe and random forest analyses identified Methylobacteriaceae, Microbacterium, and Rhodococcus as significantly enriched in the ZS group, suggesting their potential to facilitate silkworms' adaptation to dietary transitions. Functional profiling revealed differential pathway regulation, indicating a metabolic reconfiguration in response to dietary modulations. Notably, the enrichment of Lactobacillus and Weissella in both the SL and ZS groups highlights their potential as probiotics in artificial diets. Our findings provide insights into the diet adaptation mechanisms of silkworm gut microbiota, paving the way for harnessing the intestinal bacteria to enhance silkworm health and silk production through targeted microbial interventions in sericulture practices.

Acidic Electrolyzed Water Maintains the Storage Quality of Postharvest Wampee Fruit by Activating the Disease Resistance.

Harvested wampee fruit is susceptible to disease, resulting in postharvest losses. Acidic electrolyzed water (AEW), a safe and innovative sterilization technology, plays a role in enhancing disease resistance in harvested produce. In this study, the efficacy of AEW in delaying wampee disease development was assessed, along with its association with disease resistance metabolism. Wampee fruit was treated with AEW (pH 2.5) at different available chlorine concentrations (ACCs) (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L) and subsequently stored at 25 °C for 8 days. Results revealed that 40 mg/L ACC in AEW (pH 2.5) was most effective in improving the postharvest quality of wampee fruit. Compared with control wampee fruit, those treated with 40 mg/L ACC in AEW exhibited lower incidence of fruit disease, higher pericarp lignin content, and higher activities of pericarp disease resistance enzymes (DREs), such as cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinase, ß-1,3-glucanase, polyphenol oxidase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. These results suggested that AEW elevated DRE activities, promoted lignin accumulation, and ultimately enhanced disease resistance, suppressed disease development, and improved storage quality in harvested wampee fruit. Consequently, AEW emerged as a safe technology to mitigate the disease development and enhance the storage quality of harvested wampee fruit.

Chromosomal-Level Reference Genome for the Chinese Endemic Pygmy Grasshopper, Zhengitettix transpicula, Sheds Light on Tetrigidae Evolution and Advancing Conservation Efforts.

The pygmy grasshopper, Zhengitettix transpicula, is a Chinese endemic species with an exceedingly limited distribution and fragile population structure, rendering it vulnerable to extinction. We present a high-continuity, chromosome-scale reference genome assembly to elucidate this species' distinctive biology and inform conservation. Employing an integrated sequencing approach, we achieved a 970.40 Mb assembly with 96.32% coverage across seven pseudo-chromosomes and impressive continuity (N50 > 220 Mb). Genome annotation achieves identification with 99.2% BUSCO completeness, supporting quality. Comparative analyses with 14 genomes from Orthoptera-facilitated phylogenomics and revealed 549 significantly expanded gene families in Z. transpicula associated with metabolism, stress response, and development. However, genomic analysis exposed remarkably low heterozygosity (0.02%), implying a severe genetic bottleneck from small, fragmented populations, characteristic of species vulnerable to extinction from environmental disruptions. Elucidating the genetic basis of population dynamics and specialization provides an imperative guideline for habitat conservation and restoration of this rare organism. Moreover, divergent evolution analysis of the CYP305m2 gene regulating locust aggregation highlighted potential structural and hence functional variations between Acrididae and Tetrigidae. Our chromosomal genomic characterization of Z. transpicula advances Orthopteran resources, establishing a framework for evolutionary developmental explorations and applied conservation genomics, reversing the trajectory of this unique grasshopper lineage towards oblivion.

Acidic electrolyzed-oxidizing water treatment mitigated the disease progression in Phomopsis longanae Chi-infected longans by modulating ROS and membrane lipid metabolism.

Postharvest harmful pathogenic infestation leads to rapid decay in longan fruit. Compared with P. longanae-infected longans, AEOW alleviated fruit disease severity and diminished the O2-. production rate and MDA content. It also increased APX, CAT, and SOD activities, delayed the decrease in the levels of GSH and AsA, as well as the reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging ability, which resulted in a decline in membrane lipid peroxidation in P. longanae-infected longans. Additionally, AEOW reduced LOX, lipase, PI-PLC, PC-PLC, and PLD activities, maintained higher levels of PC, PI, IUFA, USFAs, and U/S, while reducing levels of PA, DAG, SFAs, and CMP. These effects alleviated membrane lipid degradation and peroxidation in P. longanae-infected longans. Consequently, AEOW effectively maintained membrane integrity via improving antioxidant capacity and suppressing membrane lipid peroxidation. This comprehensive coordination of ROS and membrane lipid metabolisms improved fruit resistance and delayed disease development in longans.

Synergistic Effect of Ion Doping and Type-II Heterojunction Construction and Ciprofloxacin Degradation by MIL-68(In,Bi)-NH2@BiOBr under Visible Light.

Heterojunction structure and ion doping techniques are viable tactics in facilitating the generation and separation of photogenerated electrons and holes in photocatalysis. In the current study, a novel Bi ion-doped MIL-68(In,Bi)-NH2@BiOBr (MIBN@BOB) type-II heterojunction was first synthesized in a one-step solvothermal reaction. Doping of Bi ions not only broadened the light-sensing range but also provided reliable anchor sites for the in situ growth of BiOBr. Meanwhile, the heterostructure supplied new channels for photogenerated carriers, accelerating the transfer and inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole. The obtained MIBN@BOB exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance (91.1%) than MIL-68(In)-NH2 (40.8%) and BiOBr (57.5%) in ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation under visible light, with excellent reusability. Photocatalysts were characterized in detail, and a series of photoelectrochemical tests were utilized to analyze the photoelectric properties. MIBN@BOB were deduced to conform the electron conduction mechanism of conventional type-II heterojunctions. More importantly, based on the above experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, BiOBr-Bi in MIBN@BOB can serve as the major active sites of CIP enrichment, and •O2- and 1O2 generated at the BiOBr interface can react with the adsorbed CIP directly. Lastly, the possible degradation products and pathways of CIP were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). This study provides a reference for the construction of ion-doping-modified metal-organic framework (MOF)-based heterojunction photocatalysts and their application in antibiotic removal.

On the specific status of Scelimenaspicupennis and a new record of S.discalis from China with mitochondrial genome characterization (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae).

The genus Scelimena Serville (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from China is reviewed. One species, Scelimenaspicupennis Zheng & Ou, 2003 (China: Yunnan) is redescribed, and a new record of Scelimenadiscalis (Hancock, 1915) from China is given. An annotated identification key for Chinese species of the genus Scelimena is provided. Mitochondrial genes of S.spicupennis and S.discalis were sequenced and annotated. The sizes of the two sequenced mitogenomes are 17,552 bp (S.discalis), and 16,069 bp (S.spicupennis), respectively. All of the PCGs started with the typical ATN (ATT, ATC or ATG) or TTG codon and most ended with complete TAA or TAG codon, with the exception of the ND5 gene, which terminated with an incomplete T. The mitochondrial genomes for these two recorded species are provided, and the constructed phylogenetic tree supports their morphological taxonomic classification. The topology of the phylogenetic tree showed that three species of Scelimena were clustered into one branch and formed a monophyletic and a holophyletic group.

Integrative analysis of microbiota and metabolomics in chromium-exposed silkworm (Bombyx mori) midguts based on 16S rDNA sequencing and LC/MS metabolomics.

The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem integral to host wellbeing, is modulated by environmental triggers, including exposure to heavy metals such as chromium. This study aims to comprehensively explore chromium-induced gut microbiota and metabolomic shifts in the quintessential lepidopteran model organism, the silkworm (Bombyx mori). The research deployed 16S rDNA sequence analysis and LC/MS metabolomics in its experimental design, encompassing a control group alongside low (12 g/kg) and high (24 g/kg) feeding chromium dosing regimens. Considerable heterogeneity in microbial diversity resulted between groups. Weissella emerged as potentially resilient to chromium stress, while elevated Propionibacterium was noted in the high chromium treatment group. Differential analysis tools LEfSe and random forest estimation identified key species like like Cupriavidus and unspecified Myxococcales, offering potential avenues for bioremediation. An examination of gut functionality revealed alterations in the KEGG pathways correlated with biosynthesis and degradation, suggesting an adaptive metabolic response to chromium-mediated stress. Further results indicated consequential fallout in the context of metabolomic alterations. These included an uptick in histidine and dihydropyrimidine levels under moderate-dose exposure and a surge of gentisic acid with high-dose chromium exposure. These are critical players in diverse biological processes ranging from energy metabolism and stress response to immune regulation and antioxidative mechanisms. Correlative analyses between bacterial abundance and metabolites mapped noteworthy relationships between marker bacterial species, such as Weissella and Pelomonas, and specific metabolites, emphasizing their roles in enzyme regulation, synaptic processes, and lipid metabolism. Probiotic bacteria showed robust correlations with metabolites implicated in stress response, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant processes. Our study reaffirms the intricate ties between gut microbiota and metabolite profiles and decodes some systemic adaptations under heavy-metal stress. It provides valuable insights into ecological and toxicological aspects of chromium exposure that can potentially influence silkworm resilience.

Internal moisture barrier layer for improving high-humidity reliability of miniature light emitting diode die without encapsulation.

Atomic layer deposited Al2O3 films are incorporated into miniature light emitting diodes (mini-LEDs) as an internal moisture barrier layer. The experimental results show that the water vapor transmission rate reaches ≤10-4 g/m2/day when the Al2O3 thickness is ≥40 nm. The mini-LED with a 40 nm-thick Al2O3 layer shows negligible degradation after 1000 h of 85°C/85% relative humidity testing, whereas the device without an Al2O3 layer fails after only 500 h due to delamination occurring at the GaN surface. Current-voltage characteristics of the device without an Al2O3 moisture barrier layer indicate an increase in series resistance and ideality factor. This study provides a simple, light-weighting method to have a satisfactory encapsulation function for miniature LEDs.

Soil Nutrients, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Communities along a Chronosequence of Chinese Fir Plantations in Subtropical China.

Forests undergo a long-term development process from young to mature stages, yet the variations in soil nutrients, enzyme activities, microbial diversity, and community composition related to forest ages are still unclear. In this study, the characteristics of soil bacterial and fungal communities with their corresponding soil environmental factors in the young, middle, and mature stages (7, 15, and 25-year-old) of Chinese fir plantations (CFP) in the subtropical region of China were investigated in 2021. Results showed that the alpha diversity indices (Chao1 and Shannon) of soil bacteria and fungi were higher in 15 and 25-year-old stands than in 7-year-old stand of CFP, while the soil pH, soil water content, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, sucrase, urease, acid phosphatase, catalase, and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus showed higher in 7-year-old stand than other two stands of CFP. The nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the soil microbial species composition was significantly different in three stand ages of CFP. The redundancy and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the soil urease and microbial biomass nitrogen were the main factors affecting soil bacterial and fungal species composition. Our findings suggested that soil microbial diversity and community structure were inconsistent with changes in soil nutrients and enzyme activities during CFP development, and enhancing stand nurturing and soil nutrient accumulation in the mid-development stage were beneficial to the sustainable management of CFP.

Effects of Chromium Exposure on the Gene Expression of the Midgut in Silkworms, Bombyx mori.

Chromium is a severe heavy metal pollutant with significant environmental risks. The effects of Chromium on the digestion of Bombyx mori (silkworms) are of particular importance due to their ecological and economic significance. Herein, RNA sequencing was conducted on nine midgut samples from silkworms exposed to control, 12 g/kg and 24 g/kg Chromium chemical diets. Comparative transcriptomics revealed that under moderate Chromium exposure, there was a significant increase in up-regulated genes (1268 up-regulated to 857 down-regulated), indicating a stimulation response. At higher stress levels, a weakened survival response was observed, with a decrease in up-regulated genes and an increase in down-regulated genes (374 up-regulated to 399 down-regulated). A notable shift in cellular responses under medium chromium exposure was exposed, signifying the activation of crucial metabolic and transport systems and an elevation in cellular stress and toxicity mechanisms. The observation of up-regulated gene expression within xenobiotic metabolism pathways suggests a heightened defense against Chromium-induced oxidative stress, which was primarily through the involvement of antioxidant enzymes. Conversely, high-dose Chromium exposure down-regulates the folate biosynthesis pathway, indicating biological toxicity. Two novel genes responsive to pressure were identified, which could facilitate future stress adaptation understanding. The findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying silkworms' digestion response to Chromium exposure and could inform its biological toxicity.

Foliar particulate matter retention and toxic trace element accumulation of six roadside plant species in a subtropical city.

As a major source of air pollution, particulate matter (PM) and associated toxic trace elements pose potentially serious threats to human health and environmental safety. As is known that plants can reduce air PM pollution. However, the relationship between PM of different sizes and toxic trace elements in foliar PM is still unclear. This study was performed to explore the association between PM of different sizes (PM2.5, PM10, PM>10) and toxic trace elements (As, Al, Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Pb) as well as the correlation among toxic trace elements of six roadside plant species (Cinnamomum camphora, Osmanthus fragrans, Magnolia grandiflora, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Pittosporum tobira) in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. Results showed that P. macrophyllus had the highest ability to retain PM, and C. camphora excelled in retaining PM2.5. The combination of P. macrophyllus and C. camphora was highly recommended to be planted in the subtropical city to effectively reduce PM. The toxic trace elements accumulated in foliar PM varied with plant species and PM size. Two-way ANOVA showed that most of the toxic trace elements were significantly influenced by plant species, PM size, and their interactions (P < 0.05). Additionally, linear regression and correlation analyses further demonstrated the homology of most toxic trace elements in foliar PM, i.e., confirming plants as predictors of PM sources as well as environmental monitoring. These findings contribute to urban air pollution control and landscape configuration optimization.

Ecological Stoichiometry and Stock Distribution of C, N, and P in Three Forest Types in a Karst Region of China.

Ecological stoichiometry plays important roles in understanding the nutrient constraints on tree growth and development, as well in maintaining ecosystem services in forests, yet the characteristics of carbon:nitrogen:phosphorous (C:N:P) stoichiometry in forests under karst environment have not been sufficiently evaluated. In this study, concentration, distribution, stocks of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P), and ecological stoichiometry were studied in three common forest types: Masson pine natural forests (MPNF), Masson pine plantation forests (MPPF), and Slash pine plantation forests (SPPF) in a karst region of southwestern China. Results showed that N concentrations were higher in overstory than in understory and litter in the studied forests. However, P concentration was relatively low in overstory component of the forested ecosystems. Meanwhile, the N and P concentrations were higher in SPPF in the stem and litter, while these contents were higher in MPPF and MPNP in the overstory and understory. The N and P stocks ranged from 5.7-6.2 t ha-1, and 0.5-0.6 t ha-1 in the examined forests. The ecological stoichiometry of C:N:P in the three forest types was similar in litter (46-49:2:1), and relatively steady in soil (250-320:13-16:1) and tree leaf (100-200:14-20:1). Soil P status was the primary limiting factor in affecting tree growth in MPPF and SPPF (N:P ratio > 16), while both N and P conditions were the main restrictive factors in MPNP (N:P ratio = 15) in the study area. Our study provides scientific references and useful datasets of C:N:P stoichiometry for sustainable management of forest ecosystems in karst regions.

Impact of body mass index in therapeutic response for HER2 positive breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant targeted therapy: a multi-center study and meta-analysis.

While overweight/obesity has become a major public health issue worldwide, any association between body mass index (BMI) and therapeutic response in neoadjuvant targeted therapy treated HER2 positive breast cancer patients remain unclear. The information from a total of four-hundred and ninety-one neoadjuvant targeted therapy treated HER2 positive breast cancer patients from four institutions were retrospectively collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis was developed to determine the association between BMI and therapeutic response. A meta-analysis of published literature was then conducted to confirm the effect of overweight/obesity on pCR for patients treated with neoadjuvant targeted therapy. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) adjusted for confounding factors demonstrated a decrease pCR with increasing BMI (OR = 0.937, P = 0.045). Patients were then categorized into under/normal weight (n = 299) and overweight/obesity (n = 192). Overweight/obese patients were independently associated with a poor therapeutic response. In the subgroup analysis, a significant negative impact of overweight/obesity on pCR can be observed both in single-targeted (OR = 0.556; P = 0.02) and dual-targeted (OR = 0.392; P = 0.021) populations. Six eligible studies involving 984 neoadjuvant targeted therapy treated HER2 positive breast cancer patients were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis also demonstrated that overweight/obesity was significantly associated with a poor response to neoadjuvant anti-HER2 therapy (OR = 0.68; P = 0.007). Our result show that overweight and obese HER2 positive breast cancer patients are less likely to achieve pCR after neoadjuvant targeted therapy.

The difference of the cell wall metabolism between 'Fuyan' and 'Dongbi' longans and its relationship with the pulp breakdown.

The aims of present works were to explore the difference in pulp breakdown of 'Fuyan' and 'Dongbi' longans and its relationship with cell wall metabolism. Comparison with 'Fuyan' longan fruit, postharvest 'Dongbi' longan fruit showed lower pulp breakdown index, lower activities of PE, PG, cellulase, ß-Gal, XET, and lower expression levels of their corresponding genes. In addition, higher levels of cell wall polysaccharides including ISP, CSP, cellulose and hemicellulose were exhibited in 'Dongbi' longan pulp. These findings implied that, the reduced activities of enzymes and the down-regulated expressions of genes-involved in cell wall disassembly were shown in 'Dongbi' longan pulp, which might reduce the dissolution of polysaccharides and maintain a higher structural integrity in 'Dongbi' longan pulp cell wall, and consequently the mitigated pulp breakdown was displayed in 'Dongbi' longan during storage.

Comprehensive analyses of membrane lipids and phenolics metabolisms reveal the developments of chilling injury and browning in Chinese olives during cold storage.

The impacts of chilling injury (CI) temperature (2 °C) and non-CI temperature (8 °C) on the CI development, browning occurrence, and its underlying mechanism in Chinese olives were investigated. The results showed that, 2 °C induced higher levels of CI index, browning degree, chromaticity a* and b* values, but lower values of h°, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in Chinese olives as compared to 8 °C. Furthermore, 2 °C raised cell membrane permeability, increased the activities of phospholipase D, lipase and lipoxygenase, accelerated the hydrolyses of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidic acid, and promoted the conversions of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in Chinese olives. Moreover, 2 °C-stored Chinese olives showed higher activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, but lower contents of tanin, flavonoid and phenolics. These findings demonstrated that the CI and browning developments in Chinese olives were closely associated with the metabolisms of membrane lipid and phenolics.

The effect of ε-poly-l-lysine treatment on molecular, physiological and biochemical indicators related to resistance in longan fruit infected by Phomopsis longanae Chi.

Postharvest longan fruits are subjected to Phomopsis longanae Chi (P. longanae) infection that lead to fruit quality deterioration. We hypothesized that ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) could enhance fruit disease resistance in longans. Through physiological and transcriptomic analyses, the results showed that, compared to P. longanae-infected longan fruit, ε-PL + P. longanae treatment reduced the disease development of longan fruits. Additionally, ε-PL + P. longanae treatment increased the contents of disease-resistant substances (lignin and H2O2) and the activities of disease-resistance enzymes (CHI, PAL, PPO, C4H, CAD, GLU, 4CL, and POD). Furthermore, the expressions of genes relevant to the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and plant-pathogen interaction pathway (Rboh, FLS2, WRKY29, FRK1, and PR1) were up-regulated by ε-PL + P. longanae treatment. These findings demonstrated that ε-PL treatment inhibited the disease development of postharvest longan fruits were associated with the increased accumulation of disease-resistant related substances, as well as the raised activities and genes expressions of disease-resistance related enzymes.

Acidic electrolyzed water treatment suppresses Phomopsis longanae Chi-induced the decreased storability and quality properties of fresh longans through modulating energy metabolism.

Longan fruit loses its market value rapidly due to postharvest pathogenic infestation and quality deterioration. Here, we hypothesized that acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) could maintain higher quality of P. longanae-inoculated longans via regulating energy metabolism. Results indicated that AEW reduced fruit disease index and decay incidence. Significantly, AEW treatment retained higher levels of ATP, ADP, and energy charge, and higher activities of Ca2+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and H+-ATPase in the membranes of plasma, vacuole, and mitochondria, which maintained the structural and functional integrity of cell membrane. Furthermore, indirectly sustaining cell membrane function via AEW treatment could maintain the storability and quality properties of longans, including keeping higher values of color chromaticity (L*, a*, and b*), higher amounts of vitamin C, total soluble solids, sucrose, and total soluble sugars, lower titratable acid and reducing sugar contents. This work elucidated the potential regulation of AEW on the balance of energy metabolism and fruit quality.

Two new species of the genus Zhengitettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Scelimeninae) from China.

New species, Zhengitettix convexa Deng , sp. nov. from Yunnan and Zhengitettix fengyangshana Deng, sp. nov. from Zhejiang, are described and illustrated. Z. convexa can be easily distinguished from other species of the genus by the disc of pronotum slightly convex between shoulders and interspersed with sparse carinae on the protuberance, slightly concave behind shoulders. Z. fengyangshana is similar to Z. transpicula Zheng Jiang, 2002, but differs in narrow frontal ridge, with interhumeral carinae, shape of median carina of pronotum and posterior angles of pronotal lateral lobes. An updated key to all species of the genus Zhengitettix is given.

DNP and ATP modulate the developments of pulp softening and breakdown in Phomopsis longanae Chi-infected fresh longan through regulating the cell wall polysaccharides metabolism.

Compared with P. longanae-infected longan, 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) treatment for P. longanae-infected longan displayed the lower levels of pulp firmness, cell wall materials, ionic-soluble pectin, covalent-soluble pectin, hemicellulose, or cellulose, but the higher amount of water-soluble pectin, the higher activities of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) (PG, ß-Gal, PME, Cx, and XET), and the higher transcript levels of CWDEs-related genes (DlPG1, DlPG2, Dlß-Gal1, DlPME1, DlPME2, DlPME3, DlCx1, and DlXET30). On the contrary, ATP treatment for P. longanae-infected longan exhibited opposite effects. The above results imply that DNP accelerated P. longanae-induced pulp softening and breakdown of fresh longan, which was because DNP up-regulated the transcript levels of CWDEs-related genes, enhanced the CWDEs activities, and accelerated the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides (CWP). However, ATP suppressed longan pulp softening and breakdown caused by P. longanae, because ATP down-regulated the transcript levels of CWDEs-related genes, lowered the CWDEs activities, and reduced the CWP degradation.

DNP and ATP regulate the pulp breakdown development in Phomopsis longanae Chi-infected longan fruit through modulating the ROS metabolism.

Compared with the P. longanae-infected longan, the DNP-treated P. longanae-infected fruit represented a higher pulp breakdown index, a higher O2 -. production rate, and a higher MDA content, but the lower activities of APX, SOD and CAT, the lower transcript levels of DlAPX6, DlSOD1, DlSOD2, DlSOD3 and DlCAT1, the lower values of AsA, GSH, flavonoid and total phenolics, a lower scavenging ability of DPPH radical, and a lower value of reducing power. Whereas, the ATP-treated P. longanae-infected samples showed the contrary results. The above findings indicated that the DNP-promoted the pulp breakdown in P. longanae-infected longan was because DNP weakened the capacity of scavenging ROS, raised the O2 -. level, and accelerated the membrane lipids peroxidation. However, the ATP-suppressed the pulp breakdown in P. longanae-infected longan was because ATP improved the capacity of scavenging ROS, reduced the O2 -. level, and reduced the membrane lipids peroxidation.