PbBeB2O5: A High-Performance Ultraviolet Nonlinear-Optical Crystal with Functional [BeB2O8]8- Group.

High-performance nonlinear-optical (NLO) crystals need to simultaneously meet multiple basic and conflicting performance requirements. Here, by using a partial chemical substitution strategy, the first noncentrosymmetric (NCS) PbBeB2O5 crystal with a BeB2O8 group was synthesized, exhibiting a two-dimensional [BeB2O5]∞ layer constructed by interconnecting BeB2O8 groups and bridged PbO4 with an active lone pair. The crystal shows a promising UV NLO functional feature, including a strong SHG effect of 3.5 × KDP (KH2PO4), large birefringence realizing phase matchability in the whole transparency region from 246 to 2500 nm, a short UV absorption edge of 246 nm, and single-crystal easy growth. Remarkably, theoretical studies reveal that the BeB2O8 group has high nonlinear activity, which could stimulate the discovery of a series of excellent NLO beryllium borates.

ß-Glycosidase sensitive oral nanoparticles for combined photothermal and chemo treatment of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, and its treatment strategies mainly include surgical resection, chemotherapy, adjuvant radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Among them, chemotherapy inevitably produces systemic toxicity due to the lack of tumor targeting properties and drug resistance caused by long-term medication frequently occurs, immensely constraining the efficacy of chemotherapy alone. To solve the above-mentioned problems, rhamnolipid was used to encapsulate the chemotherapeutic drug 5-FU and photothermal agent bismuthene nanosheets (BiNS), chitosan was applied as the shell of the nanoparticle, and BiNS@RHL-CS/5-FU NPs for oral administration was successfully prepared. When transported in the stomach and small intestine, the double protection of rhamnolipid and chitosan shell prevented the early release of BiNS and 5-FU. When transported to the colon, ß-glycosidase existing in the microenvironment along with elevated pH degraded the chitosan shell, and the reduction in particle size was beneficial for tumor tissue to uptake nanoparticles, thus greatly improving the tumor targeting ability of 5-FU and reducing the systemic toxicity. Due to the presence of BiNS, 1.0 W cm-2 808 nm laser irradiation significantly increased the temperature of the tumor site, not only killing tumor cells directly but also promoting cell uptake and penetration of nanoparticles in the tumor tissue, accelerating the release of 5-FU and improving the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy, eventually solving the shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy alone. Excellent anti-tumor efficacy has been achieved in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Ultra-micro instrument in laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernioplasty.

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of ultra-micro instruments in the laparoscopic repair of inguinal indirect hernia. This retrospective study included 83 patients with an indirect inguinal hernia who underwent elective surgery from January 2020 to December 2021. All patients were divided into the traditional laparoscopic group and ultra-micro laparoscopic group. The data on operation time, blood loss, ventilation time, hospital stays, complication, postoperative pain degree was collected and compared between the two groups. Of these 83 patients, 25 assigned to the ultra-micro group used ultra-micro instruments while 58 were assigned to the traditional group. The traditional group had a lower mean operation time (57.07 min) than the ultra-micro group (69.60 min) p < 0.05, while ultra-micro group patients had a shorter hospital stay (2 days) than the traditional group (3 days) p < 0.05. The ultra-micro group experienced significantly less pain for 6 h, 1 day, and 2 days postoperatively (2, 1, 0 points) compared to the traditional group (4, 2, 1 points) p < 0.05. There was no significant difference in blood loss, ventilation time, or complication between the two groups. Using ultra-micro instruments is safe and feasible. Patients have less postoperative pain and a smaller incision than the traditional laparoscopic instrument. It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Clinical efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment for patients with wake-up stroke with large vessel occlusion guided by NCCT-ASPECTS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of 6 to 24 h endovascular therapy (EVT) in patients with wake-up stroke (WUS) with acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) of the anterior circulation guided by noncontrast computed tomography-Alberta stroke program early CT score (NCCT-ASPECTS). METHODS: Fifty-three patients with WUS with acute LVO of the anterior circulation who were treated at the Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang Medical College from January 2018 to March 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into NCCT-ASPECTS or CT perfusion groups. Baseline data, perioperative data, and 90-d prognostic information were compared between the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent factors influencing outcomes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the good prognosis, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality rates between the two groups (P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the puncture-recanalization time was an independent factor for good prognosis. CONCLUSION: Based on NCCT-ASPECTS guidance, EVT in patients with WUS for acute LVO of the anterior circulation within 6 to 24 h may be safe and effective.

The Characteristics, Mechanisms and Therapeutics: Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity.

Presently, obesity has emerged as a significant global public health concern due to its escalating prevalence and incidence rates. The gut microbiota, being a crucial environmental factor, has emerged as a key player in the etiology of obesity. Nevertheless, the intricate and specific interactions between obesity and gut microbiota, along with the underlying mechanisms, remain incompletely understood. This review comprehensively summarizes the gut microbiota characteristics in obesity, the mechanisms by which it induces obesity, and explores targeted therapies centered on gut microbiota restoration.

Stereochemically Active Lone-Pair Containing Metal Substitution in Polar Axis toward a Giant Phase-Matchable Optical Nonlinear Silicate Crystal Li3(OH)PbSiO4.

Atoms in special lattice sites can play a crucial role in realizing materials properties, which is long pursued but difficult to control. Herein, by adopting a stereochemically active lone-pair-containing metal substitution strategy, a nonlinear-optical (NLO) silicate crystal Li3(OH)PbSiO4 was successfully synthesized, featuring [PbSiO4]∞ layers with the perfect orientation of the stereochemically active lone-pair Pb(II) cation in the polar-axis lattice. Li3(OH)PbSiO4 overcomes the long-standing problem of silicates, that is, poor nonlinear properties because it exhibits both the largest birefringence of 0.082 and the largest phase-matchable second-harmonic-generation (SHG) efficiency of 21 × KDP among the known silicates. The successful polar-axis lattice substitution could offer a new direction for realizing the rational control of materials structures and properties.

A Robust Drug-Target Interaction Prediction Framework with Capsule Network and Transfer Learning.

Drug-target interactions (DTIs) are considered a crucial component of drug design and drug discovery. To date, many computational methods were developed for drug-target interactions, but they are insufficiently informative for accurately predicting DTIs due to the lack of experimentally verified negative datasets, inaccurate molecular feature representation, and ineffective DTI classifiers. Therefore, we address the limitations of randomly selecting negative DTI data from unknown drug-target pairs by establishing two experimentally validated datasets and propose a capsule network-based framework called CapBM-DTI to capture hierarchical relationships of drugs and targets, which adopts pre-trained bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) for contextual sequence feature extraction from target proteins through transfer learning and the message-passing neural network (MPNN) for the 2-D graph feature extraction of compounds to accurately and robustly identify drug-target interactions. We compared the performance of CapBM-DTI with state-of-the-art methods using four experimentally validated DTI datasets of different sizes, including human (Homo sapiens) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) species datasets, as well as three subsets (new compounds, new proteins, and new pairs). Our results demonstrate that the proposed model achieved robust performance and powerful generalization ability in all experiments. The case study on treating COVID-19 demonstrates the applicability of the model in virtual screening.

Panax notoginseng alleviates oxidative stress through miRNA regulations based on systems biology approach.

BACKGROUND: Herbal medicine Sanqi (SQ), the dried root or stem of Panax notoginseng (PNS), has been reported to have anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects and is usually administered as a decoction for Chinese medicine. Alternative to utilizing PNS pure compound for treatment, we are motivated to propose an unconventional scheme to investigate the functions of PNS mixture. However, studies providing a detailed overview of the transcriptomics-based signaling network in response to PNS are seldom available. METHODS: To explore the reasoning of PNS in treating metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, we implemented a systems biology-based approach with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and miRNA sequencing data to elucidate key pathways, genes and miRNAs involved. RESULTS: Functional enrichment analysis revealed PNS up-regulating oxidative stress-related pathways and down-regulating insulin and fatty acid metabolism. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc) mRNA and protein levels, as well as related miRNA levels, were measured in PNS treated rat pancreatic ß cells (INS-1). PNS treatment up-regulated Hmox1, SOD1 and GCLc expression while down-regulating miR-24-3p and miR-139-5p to suppress oxidative stress. Furthermore, we verified the novel interactions between miR-139-5p and miR-24-3p with GCLc and SOD1. CONCLUSION: This work has demonstrated the mechanism of how PNS regulates cellular molecules in metabolic disorders. Therefore, combining omics data with a systems biology strategy could be a practical means to explore the potential function and molecular mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders.

ATF4-mediated circTDRD3 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by regulating the miR-891b/ITGA2 axis and AKT signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is a cancer of the gastrointestinal tract that is highly malignant and has poor prognosis. Circular RNAs are a class of nonclassical RNA molecules that have been determined to be involved in GC malignancy in various ways. However, the underlying function and mechanism of circTDRD3 in gastric cancer remain largely unknown. METHODS: We analyzed circTDRD3 expression in databases and verified the findings in GC cell lines and tissue specimens. A series of functional gene overexpression and knockdown assays in vivo and in vitro were carried out to investigate the role of circTDRD3 in proliferation and metastasis. Here, we revealed the role of the miR-891b/ITGA2 axis by analyzing bioinformatics datasets. Furthermore, we performed dual-luciferase, fluorescence in situ hybridization, RNA pull-down, and functional rescue experiments to examine the relationships between circTDRD3 and its interacting molecules. Western blot confirmed the positive regulatory role of circTDRD3 in the AKT signaling pathway. A promoting effect of ATF4 on circTDRD3 was determined through chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: CircTDRD3 was significantly overexpressed in GC tissues compared with adjacent benign tissue, and its expression level was positively correlated with tumor volume and lymph node metastasis. CircTDRD3 promoted GC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circTDRD3 exerted a tumor-promoting effect by regulating the miR-891b/ITGA2 axis and AKT signaling pathway in a positive feedback manner mediated by the transcription factor ATF4. CONCLUSIONS: ATF4-mediated circTDRD3 overexpression modulates the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells through the miR-891b/ITGA2 axis in a positive feedback manner.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of effects of high-purity magnesium on tight junction of intestinal epithelial cell.

After anastomosis of sutures or pins, the restoration of intestinal barrier function can avoid several complications, such as tissue damage and inflammation. Our previous studies demonstrated the feasibility of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) pins as novel anastomosing implants to spontaneously absorb in the body, avoiding secondary removal surgery and long-term inflammation. However, the effect of Mg pins on the intestinal tight junction barrier is rarely investigated. In this study, we conducted high-purity Mg pins inserted in the intestine of rats and prepared Mg extracts cultured intestinal epithelial cell line to investigate the biological effect on the intestinal barrier associated with tight junction protein expression. We discovered that the concentration of released Mg ions over 1.7 mM was the critical threshold, above which mRNA expression of intestinal tight junction and cell apoptosis were affected considerably. Results of the immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Mg functions to stimulate ZO-1, caspase-3, occluding, and claudin-3 expressions. We offer new insight into the effectiveness of biodegradable Mg materials as the next generation of intestinal anastomosis pins, which effectively filters toxins as well as bacteria, and reduces inflammation.

Quantitative model for genome-wide cyclic AMP receptor protein binding site identification and characteristic analysis.

Cyclic AMP receptor proteins (CRPs) are important transcription regulators in many species. The prediction of CRP-binding sites was mainly based on position-weighted matrixes (PWMs). Traditional prediction methods only considered known binding motifs, and their ability to discover inflexible binding patterns was limited. Thus, a novel CRP-binding site prediction model called CRPBSFinder was developed in this research, which combined the hidden Markov model, knowledge-based PWMs and structure-based binding affinity matrixes. We trained this model using validated CRP-binding data from Escherichia coli and evaluated it with computational and experimental methods. The result shows that the model not only can provide higher prediction performance than a classic method but also quantitatively indicates the binding affinity of transcription factor binding sites by prediction scores. The prediction result included not only the most knowns regulated genes but also 1089 novel CRP-regulated genes. The major regulatory roles of CRPs were divided into four classes: carbohydrate metabolism, organic acid metabolism, nitrogen compound metabolism and cellular transport. Several novel functions were also discovered, including heterocycle metabolic and response to stimulus. Based on the functional similarity of homologous CRPs, we applied the model to 35 other species. The prediction tool and the prediction results are online and are available at: https://awi.cuhk.edu.cn/∼CRPBSFinder.

Staged endovascular recanalization for symptomatic atherosclerotic non-acutely occluded internal carotid artery.

OBJECTIVE: Symptomatic "non-acutely" occluded internal carotid artery (NAOICA) results in stroke, cognitive impairment, and hemicerebral atrophy through cerebral hypoperfusion and artery-to-artery embolism. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of NAOICA. Conventional one-stage endovascular recanalization showed effectiveness but was plagued by many challenges. This retrospective analysis reports the technical feasibility and outcomes of the staged endovascular recanalization in patients with NAOICA. METHODS: Eight consecutive patients with atherosclerotic NAOICA and ipsilateral ischemic stroke within 3 months between January 2019 and March 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients (all males, with a mean age of 64.6 years) underwent staged endovascular recanalization 13 to 56 days after documented occlusion by imaging techniques (mean 28.8 days); the mean follow-up period was 20 months (range: 6-28). The approach of the staged intervention was as follows. In the first stage, the occluded ICA was successfully recanalized using the simple small balloon dilation technique. In the second stage, angioplasty with a stent implant was performed with >50% residual stenosis in the initial segment or ≥70% residual stenosis in the C2-C5 segment. The technical success rate, the incidence of clinical adverse events (any stroke, death, cerebral hyperperfusion), and long-term in-stent stenosis (ISR) and reocclusion rates were evaluated. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in seven patients, with early reocclusion occurring in one patient after the first-stage intervention. There were no adverse events observed within 30 days (0%), and long-term reocclusion and long-term ISR rates were both 14% (1/7). However, all patients developed iatrogenic arterial dissections during the first stage, indicating the challenge of reaching the true lumen through the occlusion site without damaging the intima. Based on the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) classification, there were two type A, four type B, three type C, and two type D dissections. The mean time interval between the two stages was 46.1 days (21-152 days). All type A and B dissections resolved spontaneously after ≥3 weeks of dual antiplatelet therapy, whereas most type C and all type D dissections did not heal spontaneously before the second stage. Also, one type C dissection led to reocclusion. This observation suggested that dissections without flow limit and persistent vessel staining or extravasation could be clinically observed, while severe dissections (characterized as type C or greater) required prompt stenting rather than conservative treatment. Performing high-resolution MRI preoperatively to exclude fresh thrombus in the occluded vessel segment is indispensable in selecting appropriate candidates for endovascular recanalization. This could avoid downstream embolism during the interventional procedure. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study found that staged endovascular recanalization for symptomatic atherosclerotic NAOICA may be feasible with an acceptable technical success rate and a low complication rate in the selected candidates.

FAM117B promotes gastric cancer growth and drug resistance by targeting the KEAP1/NRF2 signaling pathway.

Gastric cancer often shows malignant growth and insensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs due to the regulation of complex molecular mechanisms, which results in poor prognosis for patients. However, the relevant molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we reported that family with sequence similarity 117, member B (FAM117B), promoted the growth of gastric cancer cells and reduced the sensitivity of cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Mechanistically, FAM117B competed with nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) for Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) binding, reduced the ubiquitination degradation of NRF2, and activated the KEAP1/NRF2 signaling pathway. Moreover, FAM117B-induced growth and chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells were NRF2 dependent. We found that FAM117B and NRF2 protein levels were highly expressed in tumor tissues of patients with gastric cancer and their co-overexpression represented an independent factor for poor prognosis. Collectively, our findings reveal that FAM117B is involved in promoting gastric cancer growth and drug resistance, and it could be exploited as a cancer therapeutic target.

PbBe2B2O6: an ultraviolet nonlinear-optical crystal with unprecedented π-π interacting BeBO5 group.

π-Conjugated-group systems are fascinating and have been pursued for nonlinear materials owing to their superior optical and electronic properties, but are so far quite limited. Here, we report a new ultraviolet (UV) nonlinear-optical (NLO) beryllium borate crystal PbBe2B2O6 that manifests an unprecedented π-π interacting BeBO5 group, constructed by interconnected π-conjugated BeO3 and BO3 units. The PbBe2B2O6 crystal has a short UV cutoff wavelength of 249 nm, phase-matching behavior in the whole transmission region from UV to IR light region (249-3166 nm), and remarkably the largest NLO effect (18.5 × KDP) among the π-conjugated UV NLO crystal materials. Theoretical calculation unravels that the highly NLO-active BeBO5 group has strong π-π interactions. This work offers an innovative source of BeO3-participating NLO materials and expands the frontier of NLO research.

PbBi(SeO3)2F and Pb2Bi(SeO3)2Cl3: Coexistence of Three Kinds of Stereochemically Active Lone-Pair Cations Exhibiting Excellent Nonlinear Optical Properties.

Stereochemically active lone-pair (SCALP) cations are one attractive type of nonlinear optical (NLO)-active units because of their large microcosmic polarizability and anisotropy. Currently, the single and/or dual lone-pair cation-based noncentrosymmetric (NCS) oxides have been extensively investigated and verified to be one class of outstanding NLO materials. From the perspective of function optimization, the integration of three kinds of SCALP cations into one crystal may synergistically improve the NLO properties, which is greatly expected but unexplored to date. Herein, by introducing flexible metal halide bonds to guarantee the stereochemical activity and overcome the energetically favorable antiparallel arrangements of lone-pair cations, the first type of three lone-pair-cation (Pb2+, Bi3+, and Se4+)-coexisting NCS oxides PbBi(SeO3)2F (I) and Pb2Bi(SeO3)2Cl3 (II) was obtained. As expected, both compounds show outstanding NLO properties, such as the strong second-harmonic-generation signal (10.5× and 13.5 × KDP), large birefringence (0.103 and 0.186), relatively wide energy band gaps (3.75 and 3.45 eV), and good physicochemical stability. Theoretical calculations demonstrated the effect of three lone-pair-cation-based polyhedra and the halide anion on NLO properties.

Primary stent implantation for bilateral spontaneous cervical ICA dissections with hypoperfusion after 72 h from onset: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous cervical internal carotid artery dissection (cICAD) is a common cause of stroke in young adults. Endovascular therapy is an indispensable treatment for cICAD in some cases, but it faces great challenges. CASE PRESENTATION: A bilateral spontaneous cICADs with hypoperfusion-related AIS after 72 h from the onset was presented herein. The patient responded well to primary Solitaire stent detachment at the critical flow-limiting site. CONCLUSIONS: Primary stent implantation at the critical flow-limiting site rather than covering the entire dissection may be a therapeutic option in spontaneous cICAD complicated with cerebral hypoperfusion. The Solitaire stent may be a good choice at the acute and subacute stages of cICAD.

Nebulization Therapy with Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for COVID-19 Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Scientists have been facing numerous challenges in the development of an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Several studies have suggested that improving patient immunity and reducing lung injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 may be effective for treating patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A pilot trial of nebulization therapy with exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was performed on seven patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Exosomes secreted from MSCs were collected and purified using multiple ultrafiltration steps. All patients were treated with nebulization of MSC-derived exosomes, and primary safety and efficacy outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Our clinical study demonstrated that nebulization of MSC-derived exosomes is a novel method that might be utilized in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Nebulization of MSC-derived exosomes did not induce acute allergic or secondary allergic reactions but did promote the absorption of pulmonary lesions and reduce the duration of hospitalization for mild cases of COVID-19 pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Nebulization of MSC-derived exosomes is a safe, effective, and simple method, and their application at the beginning of treatment may be more beneficial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000030261. Registered on 26 February 2020.

Associations of radiological features of adipose tissues with postoperative complications and overall survival of gastric cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations of the radiological features of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with the postoperative complications and overall survival (OS) of patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. METHODS: One hundred forty-two patients underwent laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer from February 2013 to May 2016. The radiological features of SAT and VAT were studied by preoperative computed tomography, and the relationships between the parameters of adipose tissues and the intraoperative and postoperative conditions and OS rate of patients were evaluated. RESULTS: A positive linear correlation was found between VAT area and operation duration, and a negative linear correlation was found between VAT density and intraoperative blood loss (p < 0.05 in both). VAT area was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications. VAT area and VAT density were independent risk factors for OS in gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: A high VAT area was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications of gastric cancer, whereas a low VAT area and high VAT density were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in terms of OS in gastric cancer. KEY POINTS: • A large visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area is an unfavourable factor affecting the outcomes of radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. • Low VAT density may be more likely to cause intraoperative bleeding. • VAT area and VAT density were independent risk factors for the OS of patients with gastric cancer.

Lead Tellurite Crystals BaPbTe2O6 and PbVTeO5F with Large Nonlinear-/Linear-Optical Responses due to Active Lone Pairs and Distorted Octahedra.

The exploration of nonlinear-/linear-optical crystal materials with high performance is an extremely difficult research project. Herein, the two new lead tellurite crystals BaPbTe2O6 and PbVTeO5F were successfully obtained through a facile hydrothermal synthesis strategy. BaPbTe2O6 lies in the noncentrosymmetric (NCS) and chiral orthorhombic space group P212121, featuring a unique ∞1[PbTe2O6] chain consisting of the PbO4 and TeO3 building units, while PbVTeO5F belonging to the centrosymmetric (CS) orthorhombic space group Pbca manifests a 2D layer made up of ∞1[PbO4F2] chains and novel [V2Te2O10F2] clusters. Further, a systematic analysis of lead tellurites finds that the coordination geometries of the Pb atom exert a considerable influence on the connection modes of Pb-O and Te-O building units. BaPbTe2O6 shows a great second-harmonic-generation (SHG) effect of ∼5× the benchmark KH2PO4 (KDP) and a large optical birefringence of 0.086 at 590 ± 3 nm. PbVTeO5F demonstrates a remarkably larger birefringence of 0.142 at 590 ± 3 nm, benefiting from the introduction of the VO5F octahedral unit. Theoretical studies reveal that the large SHG and birefringence in BaPbTe2O6 can be attributed to TeO3 and PbO4 polyhedra with active lone pairs, while the remarkably enlarged birefringence in PbVTeO5F is attributable to the highly distorted octahedral VO5F. The functional orientations of active building units may offer a practical insight into the design of the desired optical functional materials.