Effect of free and bound proanthocyanidins from Chinese quince on heterocyclic aromatic amine formation and quality in fried chicken.

The abilities of Chinese quince free proanthocyanidins (FP) and bound proanthocyanidins (BP) at different levels (0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.3%) to mitigate heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation in fried chicken patties were investigated for the first time and compared with vitamin C (Vc). FP and BP reduced HAAs in a dose-dependent manner. Significantly, high concentrations of FP (0.3%) resulted in a reduction of PhIP, harman, and norharman levels by 59.84%, 22.91%, and 38.21%, respectively, in chicken patties. The addition of proanthocyanidins significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the weight loss of fried chicken patties. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed among pH, weight loss, and total HAA formation in all three groups (FP, BP, and Vc). Multivariate analysis showed that FP had a more pronounced effect than BP from the perspective of enhancing the quality of fried chicken patties and reducing the formation of HAAs. These results indicate that proanthocyanidins, both BP and FP, but especially FP, from Chinese quince can inhibit the formation of carcinogenic HAAs when added to protein-rich foods that are subsequently fried.

MicroRNA-574-5p targeting HOXC6 expression inhibits the hepatocyte lipid uptake to alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the main causes of liver disease that has reached its last stage. Over the past few years, evidence for miRNAs' centrality in NAFLD pathogenesis has accumulated. According to some studies, miR-574-5p plays a role in lipid metabolism. However, research on the relationship between miR-574-5p and NAFLD is lacking. For in vivo experiments, we induced the NAFLD mice model with a high-fat diet (HFD). AgomiR-574-5p was injected intravenously into HFD-fed mice for eight weeks, and qPCR was used to identify the expression of miR-574-5p in the serum. In in vitro experiments, The treatment of L-O2 cells with a miR-574-5p mimic resulted in a significant reduction in lipid deposition, suggesting that miR-574-5p can inhibit lipid accumulation and lipid formation induced by OA. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that miR-574-5p targets the 3' UTR region of HOXC6 directly. We discovered that OA-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes might be mediated through the miR-574-5p-HOXC6 signaling axis. Additional research is required in order to determine the specific mechanism by which HOXC6 downstream pathways are involved in the miR-574-5p induced lipid uptake.

Sulfur, sterol and trehalose metabolism in the deep-sea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi.

BACKGROUND: Lamellibrachia luymesi dominates cold sulfide-hydrocarbon seeps and is known for its ability to consume bacteria for energy. The symbiotic relationship between tubeworms and bacteria with particular adaptations to chemosynthetic environments has received attention. However, metabolic studies have primarily focused on the mechanisms and pathways of the bacterial symbionts, while studies on the animal hosts are limited. RESULTS: Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of L. luymesi and generated a transcriptomic database containing 79,464 transcript sequences. Based on GO and KEGG annotations, we identified transcripts related to sulfur metabolism, sterol biosynthesis, trehalose synthesis, and hydrolysis. Our in-depth analysis identified sulfation pathways in L. luymesi, and sulfate activation might be an important detoxification pathway for promoting sulfur cycling, reducing byproducts of sulfide metabolism, and converting sulfur compounds to sulfur-containing organics, which are essential for symbiotic survival. Moreover, sulfide can serve directly as a sulfur source for cysteine synthesis in L. luymesi. The existence of two pathways for cysteine synthesis might ensure its participation in the formation of proteins, heavy metal detoxification, and the sulfide-binding function of haemoglobin. Furthermore, our data suggested that cold-seep tubeworm is capable of de novo sterol biosynthesis, as well as incorporation and transformation of cycloartenol and lanosterol into unconventional sterols, and the critical enzyme involved in this process might have properties similar to those in the enzymes from plants or fungi. Finally, trehalose synthesis in L. luymesi occurs via the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) pathways. The TPP gene has not been identified, whereas the TPS gene encodes a protein harbouring conserved TPS/OtsA and TPP/OtsB domains. The presence of multiple trehalases that catalyse trehalose hydrolysis could indicate the different roles of trehalase in cold-seep tubeworms. CONCLUSIONS: We elucidated several molecular pathways of sulfate activation, cysteine and cholesterol synthesis, and trehalose metabolism. Contrary to the previous analysis, two pathways for cysteine synthesis and the cycloartenol-C-24-methyltransferase gene were identified in animals for the first time. The present study provides new insights into particular adaptations to chemosynthetic environments in L. luymesi and can serve as the basis for future molecular studies on host-symbiont interactions and biological evolution.

Comparative chloroplast genome analyses of diverse Phoebe (Lauraceae) species endemic to China provide insight into their phylogeographical origin.

The genus Phoebe (Lauraceae) includes about 90 evergreen tree species that are an ideal source of timber. Habitat destruction and deforestation have resulted in most of them being endemic to China. The accurate identification of endangered Phoebe species in China is necessary for their conservation. Chloroplast genome sequences can play an important role in species identification. In this study, comparative chloroplast genome analyses were conducted on diverse Phoebe species that are primarily distributed in China. Despite the conserved nature of chloroplast genomes, we detected some highly divergent intergenic regions (petA-psbE, ndhF-rpl32, and psbM-trnD-GUC) as well as three highly divergent genes (rbcL, ycf1, and ycf2) that have potential applications in phylogenetics and evolutionary analysis. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that various Phoebe species in China were divided into three clades. The complete chloroplast genome was better suited for phylogenetic analysis of Phoebe species. In addition, based on the phylogeographical analysis of Phoebe species in China, we inferred that the Phoebe species in China first originated in Yunnan and then spread to other southern areas of the Yangtze River. The results of this research will add to existing case studies on the phylogenetic analysis of Phoebe species and have the potential to contribute to the conservation of Phoebe species that are in danger of extinction.

Enhancing electron transfer of a semiconducting polymer for type I photodynamic and photothermal synergistic therapy.

Tumor hypoxia is responsible for the reduced therapeutic efficacy of type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) because of the dependence of cellular oxygen during 1O2 generation. Type I PDT may be a better strategy to overcome the disadvantages of hypoxia for enhanced theranostics. Herein, a new semiconducting polymer PDPP was synthesized and encapsulated with hydrophilic PEG-PDPA to enhance the electron transfer for type I PDT. PDPP NPs show a high superoxide radical generation ability with DHR123 as a probe. In vitro MTT assay indicates PDPP NPs with considerably high phototoxicity on human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) with a low half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.1 µg/ml. Furthermore, an in vivo study demonstrates that PDPP NPs can lead to complete tumor suppression with the help of laser, compared with the control and dark groups. The biosafety is confirmed by the H&E analysis of the normal tissues (the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney). The results provide a strategy to design nanosystems for type I PDT and PTT synergistic therapy.

Prediction model of early biomarkers of massive cerebral infarction caused by anterior circulation occlusion: Establishment and evaluation.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to establish and evaluate an early biomarker prediction model of massive cerebral infarction caused by anterior circulation occlusion. Methods: One hundred thirty-four patients with acute cerebral infarction from January 2018 to October 2020 were selected to establish the development cohort for the internal test of the nomogram. Ninety-one patients with acute cerebral infarction hospitalized in our hospital from December 2020 to December 2021 were constituted the validation cohort for the external validation. All patients underwent baseline computed tomography (CT) scans within 12 h of onset and early imaging signs (hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign, obscuration of the lentiform nucleus, insular ribbon sign) of acute cerebral infarction were identified on CT by two neurologists. Based on follow-up CT images, patients were then divided into a massive cerebral infarction group and a non-massive cerebral infarction group. The nomogram model was constructed based on logistic regression analysis with R language. The nomogram was subsequently validated in an independent external validation cohort. Accuracy and discrimination of the prediction model were evaluated by a calibration chart, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve. Results: The indicators, including insular ribbon sign, reperfusion therapy, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NHISS) score, previous cerebral infarction, and atrial fibrillation, were entered into the prediction model through binary logistic regression analysis. The prediction model showed good predictive ability. The area under the ROC curve of the prediction model was 0.848. The specificity, sensitivity, and Youden index were 0.864, 0.733, and 0.597, respectively. This nomogram to the validation cohort also showed good discrimination (AUC = 0.940, 95% CI 0.894-0.985) and calibration. Conclusion: Demonstrating favorable predictive efficacy and reproducibility, this study successfully established a prediction model of CT imaging signs and clinical data as early biomarkers of massive cerebral infarction caused by anterior circulation occlusion.

Comparative Analysis of Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Nine Species of Litsea (Lauraceae): Hypervariable Regions, Positive Selection, and Phylogenetic Relationships.

Litsea is a group of evergreen trees or shrubs in the laurel family, Lauraceae. Species of the genus are widely used for a wide range of medicinal and industrial aspects. At present, most studies related to the gene resources of Litsea are restricted to morphological analyses or features of individual genomes, and currently available studies of select molecular markers are insufficient. In this study, we assembled and annotated the complete chloroplast genomes of nine species in Litsea, carried out a series of comparative analyses, and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships within the genus. The genome length ranged from 152,051 to 152,747 bp and a total of 128 genes were identified. High consistency patterns of codon bias, repeats, divergent analysis, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and insertions and deletions (InDels) were discovered across the genus. Variations in gene length and the presence of the pseudogene ycf1Ψ, resulting from IR contraction and expansion, are reported. The hyper-variable gene rpl16 was identified for its exceptionally high Ka/Ks and Pi values, implying that those frequent mutations occurred as a result of positive selection. Phylogenetic relationships were recovered for the genus based on analyses of full chloroplast genomes and protein-coding genes. Overall, both genome sequences and potential molecular markers provided in this study enrich the available genomic resources for species of Litsea. Valuable genomic resources and divergent analysis are also provided for further research of the evolutionary patterns, molecular markers, and deeper phylogenetic relationships of Litsea.

Development and Validation of the Online Interaction Scale in Organizational Context.

The evolution of Web 2.0 and social networks has led to the increased use of enterprise social media platforms (ESMP), making online interactions more common in organizations. However, few studies have researched online interactions in organizational context. This study addressed this gap using two research phases: a qualitative phase and a quantitative phase. The qualitative study phase identified two dimensions of online interaction: employee-employee online interaction and employee-platform online interaction. The employee-employee online interaction assessed responsiveness and suitability. The employee-platform online interaction assessed usefulness, applicability, and ease of use. The quantitative study phase applied a proposed conceptual framework derived from the qualitative study to create and validate measures for a new online interaction scale. This was done using a systematic scale development process. Measuring online interaction can help drive future quantitative research, providing an instrumental basis for further exploring the scientific management practice elements that govern employee psychology and behavior in cyberspace.

L-theanine exuded from Camellia sinensis roots regulates element cycling in soil by shaping the rhizosphere microbiome assembly.

Root exudate metabolites are a key medium for the interaction between plants and soil microbiota. L-theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid critical for the flavor and potential health benefits of tea products; however, its biological function in tea plants is not well understood. As L-theanine is mainly synthesized in the roots of tea plants, we hypothesized that L-theanine could affect the function of the rhizosphere microbiota by modulating microbial assembly. In the present study, L-theanine was detected in the exudates of tea plant roots using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that L-theanine significantly altered the structure of the rhizosphere microbiota and selectively shaped rhizosphere microbial assembly. Moreover, metagenomic data showed that L-theanine affected the abundance of genes encoding element cycling in soil. Interestingly, the denitrification and complete nitrification pathways were significantly inhibited by L-theanine by decreasing the narH, napA, and napB genes abundance. These findings provide new insights into the biological function of L-theanine, as well as the implications of interactions between tea plant root exudates and the rhizosphere microbiome.

Overhauling the Effect of Surface Sterilization on Analysis of Endophytes in Tea Plants.

Increasing evidence shows that plant Endophytes play a crucial role in the fitness and productivity of hosts. Surface sterilization is an indispensable process before high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and tissue separation of plant endophytes, but its potential impact on the composition and diversity of endophytes has rarely been investigated. In the present work, the influence of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) on the diversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi in leaves and stems of tea plants was investigated. We found that the diversity of bacterial endophytes was significantly affected by the concentration of NaClO as well as the pretreatment time. Pretreatment with 0.5% NaClO for 8 min and 2.0% NaClO for 3 min were suitable for the tea plant leaves and stems, respectively, but the effects of NaClO on the diversity of fungal endophytes were limited according to the results from HTS. Regardless of NaClO sterilization, most of the endophytes in tissues, such as the dominant taxa, could not be Isolated by using the regular culture-dependent approaches. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the pretreatment with NaClO should be modified to precisely understand the diversity of endophytes from different tissues of tea plants and also indicate that more attention should be paid to establish specific culture-dependent protocols for the isolation of plant endophytes.

Complete chloroplast genome sequence and annotation of Actinodaphne lecomtei C.K.Allen, 1938 (Lauraceae).

Actinodaphne lecomtei C.K.Allen, 1938 is an evergreen tree of the Lauraceae family and grows at the mountainous areas of southwestern China. In this study, we presented the first complete chloroplast genome sequence of A. lecomtei. We analyzed the chloroplast genome structure of A. lecomtei and performed a phylogenetic analysis. The complete chloroplast genome of A. lecomtei was 152,863 bp in length which contains a large single-copy (LSC) region of 93,763 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,814 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 20,143 bp. The analysis identified 128 genes, comprised of 84 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs. The GC content of A. lecomtei complete chloroplast genome was 39.1%. The phylogenetic analysis result demonstrated that A. lecomtei was closely related to A. obovate.

Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analysis of Wax Gourd (Benincasa hispida) with Three Benincaseae Species, Revealing Evolutionary Dynamic Patterns and Phylogenetic Implications.

Benincasa hispida (wax gourd) is an important Cucurbitaceae crop, with enormous economic and medicinal importance. Here, we report the de novo assembly and annotation of the complete chloroplast genome of wax gourd with 156,758 bp in total. The quadripartite structure of the chloroplast genome comprises a large single-copy (LSC) region with 86,538 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region with 18,060 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) with 26,080 bp each. Comparison analyses among B. hispida and three other species from Benincaseae presented a significant conversion regarding nucleotide content, genome structure, codon usage, synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions, putative RNA editing sites, microsatellites, and oligonucleotide repeats. The LSC and SSC regions were found to be much more varied than the IR regions through a divergent analysis of the species within Benincaseae. Notable IR contractions and expansions were observed, suggesting a difference in genome size, gene duplication and deletion, and the presence of pseudogenes. Intronic gene sequences, such as trnR-UCU-atpA and atpH-atpI, were observed as highly divergent regions. Two types of phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome and 72 genes suggested sister relationships between B. hispida with the Citrullus, Lagenaria, and Cucumis. Variations and consistency with previous studies regarding phylogenetic relationships are discussed. The cp genome of B. hispida provides valuable genetic information for the detection of molecular markers, research on taxonomic discrepancies, and the inference of the phylogenetic relationships of Cucurbitaceae.

Comparative Analysis the Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Nine Musa Species: Genomic Features, Comparative Analysis, and Phylogenetic Implications.

Musa (family Musaceae) is monocotyledonous plants in order Zingiberales, which grows in tropical and subtropical regions. It is one of the most important tropical fruit trees in the world. Herein, we used next-generation sequencing technology to assemble and perform in-depth analysis of the chloroplast genome of nine new Musa plants for the first time, including genome structure, GC content, repeat structure, codon usage, nucleotide diversity and etc. The entire length of the Musa chloroplast genome ranged from 167,975 to 172,653 bp, including 113 distinct genes comprising 79 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. In comparative analysis, we found that the contraction and expansion of the inverted repeat (IR) regions resulted in the doubling of the rps19 gene. The several non-coding sites (psbI-atpA, atpH-atpI, rpoB-petN, psbM-psbD, ndhf-rpl32, and ndhG-ndhI) and three genes (ycf1, ycf2, and accD) showed significant variation, indicating that they have the potential of molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete chloroplast genome and coding sequences of 77 protein-coding genes confirmed that Musa can be mainly divided into two groups. These genomic sequences provide molecular foundation for the development and utilization of Musa plants resources. This result may contribute to the understanding of the evolution pattern, phylogenetic relationships as well as classification of Musa plants.

Work-family enrichment and successful aging at work: The China context.

Existing research mainly analyzes the antecedents of successful aging at work from the perspective of the work field, ignoring that in the Chinese context of "familism," the two fields of family and work permeate each other and may have an impact on successful aging at work. Thus, through a multi-time data collection approach, we obtained a sample of 338 older Chinese employees to examine the impact of work-family enrichment on successful aging at work, the mediating role of occupational future time perspective, and the moderating role of age-inclusive human resource practice. Results indicate that work-to-family enrichment was positively associated with successful aging at work through the mediation of occupational future time perspective. Family-to-work enrichment was positively associated with successful aging at work through the mediation of occupational future time perspective. In addition, age-inclusive human resource practice amplified the positive effects of work-to-family enrichment and family-to-work enrichment on occupational future time perspective. This is an exploration of successful aging at work in the Chinese context, broadening the theoretical research on successful aging at work and providing new ideas for managers on motivating older employees to achieve successful aging at work.

SERS-Based Immunoassay Enhanced with Silver Probe for Selective Separation and Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers.

PURPOSE: Developing a sensitive SERS-based method to quantitatively detect serum biomarkers (Aß1-42 and P-Tau-181) for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: In this study, a novel SERS-based sandwich immunoassay, which consists of tannin-capped silver nanoparticles and magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4@GOs), was developed. We firstly applied this method for the detection of protein standards in buffer solution, obtaining the regression equation. Then, its potential value on real serum samples of AD was further explored. RESULTS: The detection linear range of Aß1-42 and P-Tau-181 protein standards were observed to range from 100 pg mL-1 to 10 fg mL-1, 100 pg mL-1 to 1 fg mL-1 respectively. We finally explored clinical application of the proposed method in 63 serum samples. As a result, P-tau-181 differentiated AD from non-AD dementia patients (AUC = 0.770), with a more favored ROC than Aß1-42 (AUC = 0.383). CONCLUSION: The developed SERS-based immunoassay is successfully applied to the determination of Aß1-42 and P-Tau-181 in human serum specimens, which provides a promising tool for the early diagnosis of AD.

The small subunit of DNA polymerase D (DP1) associates with GINS-GAN complex of the thermophilic archaea in Thermococcus sp. 4557.

The eukaryotic GINS, Cdc45, and minichromosome maintenance proteins form an essential complex that moves with the DNA replication fork. The GINS protein complex has also been reported to associate with DNA polymerase. In archaea, the third domain of life, DNA polymerase D (PolD) is essential for DNA replication, and the genes encoding PolDs exist only in the genomes of archaea. The archaeal GAN (GINS-associated nuclease) is believed to be a homolog of the eukaryotic Cdc45. In this study, we found that the Thermococcus sp. 4557 DP1 (small subunit of PolD) interacted with GINS15 in vitro, and the 3'-5' exonuclease activity of DP1 was inhibited by GINS15. We also demonstrated that the GAN, GINS15, and DP1 proteins interact to form a complex adapting a GAN-GINS15-DP1 order. The results of this study imply that the complex constitutes a core of the DNA replisome in archaea.

Influence of avian leukosis virus long terminal repeat on biological activities of Marek's disease virus.

GX0101 was the first reported field strain of recombinant Marek's disease virus (MDV) that contained a long terminal repeat (LTR) from the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). It is a very virulent MDV strain, with relatively high horizontal transmission ability. The REV LTR in GX0101 genome was proved to decrease the pathogenicity but increase the potential for horizontal transmission of the virus. Here we constructed a recombinant MDV GX0101-ALV-LTR to study stability of avian leukosis virus (ALV) LTR at the REV LTR insertion site in GX0101 genome and its influence on biological activities of the recombinant virus. The results showed that GX0101-ALV-LTR was able to replicate stably both in vitro and in vivo. ALV LTR remained stable in chickens infected either by inoculation with the recombinant virus GX0101-ALV-LTR or by horizontal transmission, as well as in cell culture. The pathogenic properties of GX0101-ALV-LTR virus were evaluated in infected specific-pathogen-free chickens. The present study demonstrated that the GX0101-ALV-LTR virus had a weaker inhibitory effect on the growth rates of the infected chickens and induced weaker immunosuppressive effects. Horizontal transmission ability of the GX0101-ALV-LTR virus appeared to be similar with its parental virus GX0101. In short, ALV LTR was stable in GX0101 after replacing REV LTR, and the recombinant virus showed similar horizontal transmission ability but decreased pathogenicity.

A recombinant field strain of Marek's disease (MD) virus with reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat insert lacking the meq gene as a vaccine against MD.

Marek's disease virus (MDV) GX0101, which is a field strain with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) fragment, shows distinct biological activities. Deletion of the meq gene in GX0101 contributes to its complete loss of pathogenicity and oncogenicity in SPF chickens, but this virus has a kanamycin resistance gene (kan(r)) residual at the site of meq gene. In the present study, the kan(r) was knocked out and a meq-null virus with a good replicative ability termed SC9-1 was selected. In vivo studies showed that SC9-1 had no pathogenicity or tumorigenicity to chickens. There were no obvious impacts on chicken weight, immune organ index or antibody levels induced by avian influenza virus (AIV)/newcastle disease virus (NDV) inactivated vaccines compared with the control group. The SC9-1 virus provided superior protection than CVI988/Rispens vaccine in both SPF chickens and Hy-line brown chickens when challenged with a very virulent MDV (rMd5 strain). There was no obvious change in SC9-1 protection against MDV rMd5 in SPF chickens after 20 passages in chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (CEFs). In conclusion, SC9-1 is a safe and effective vaccine candidate for the prevention of Marek's disease.

Genomic sequence analysis and biological characteristics of a rescued clone of avian leukosis virus strain JS11C1, isolated from indigenous chickens.

The strain JS11C1, a member of a putative new subgroup of avian leukosis virus (ALV) that is different from all six known subgroups from chickens based on Gp85 amino acid sequence comparison, was isolated from Chinese native chicken breeds in 2012. In order to further study the genome structure, biological characteristics, and the evolutionary relationship of the virus with others of known subgroups from infected chickens, we determined the complete genome sequence, constructed an infectious clone of ALV strain JS11C1, and performed comparative analysis using the whole genome sequence or elements with that of other ALVs available in GenBank. The results showed that the full-length sequence of the JS11C1 DNA provirus genome was 7707 bp, which is consistent with a genetic organization typical of a replication-competent type C retrovirus lacking viral oncogenes. The rescued infectious clone of JS11C1 showed similar growth rate and biological characteristics to its original virus. All the comparison analyses based on whole genomes support the opinion that the new isolates are relatively distantly related to any known subgroups of ALVs and might be classified as a new subgroup.

Sequence analysis of the whole genome of a recombinant Marek's disease virus strain, GX0101, with a reticuloendotheliosis virus LTR insert.

Marek's disease virus Chinese strain GX0101, isolated in 2001, is the first reported recombinant gallid herpesvirus type 2 (GaHV-2) field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) insert. We constructed an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of GX0101, which showed characteristics very similar to those of the parental virus in replication and pathogenicity. Using the GX0101 BAC clone, the complete genome of GX0101 was sequenced and analyzed. The length of the GX0101 genome is 178,101 bp, and it contains only one REV-LTR insert at a site 267 bp upstream of the sorf2 gene.