Two New C21 Steroidal Glycosides from Selaginella Braunii Baker.

Two new C21 steroidal glycosides, brapreguanes A and B (1-2) were isolated from 75 % aqueous ethanol extract of Selaginella braunii Baker. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses (1D/2D NMR spectra and HR-ESI-MS). The absolute configurations of sugar were elucidated by enzymatic hydrolysis and GCMS analysis. In addition, all compounds were evaluated for the anti-proliferative activities against various human cancer cells in vitro. Compounds exhibited no inhibition to various human cancer cells.

Four new prenylflavonol glycosides from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus.

Four new prenylflavonol glycosides (1-4) along with two known analogues (5-6) were isolated from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus for the first time. The structures of these compounds were characterized by comprehensive analysis of 1 D, 2 D NMR, HRESIMS, UV data and enzymatic hydrolysis. In bioassays, compounds 1-4 were evaluated for inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XOD) and effects on the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, compounds 1 and 2 showed outstanding XOD inhibitions with IC50 values of 18.16 ± 3.91 and 37.65 ± 5.67 µM, and exhibited inhibitions against LPS-induced NO production with IC50 values of 80.50 ± 3.09 and 82.28 ± 2.87 µM.

Cytotoxic triterpenoid glycosides from leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus.

Three previously undescribed dammarane triterpenoid glycosides (1-3) along with five known analogues (4-8) were isolated from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. Their structures and configurations were determined on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, chemical hydrolysis and DFT GIAO 13C NMR calculation. All the isolates were evaluated cytotoxic activities against seven human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, PC-3, Du145, NCI-H1975, PC-9, SKVO3 and HepG2). Moreover, compound 4 showed a wide spectrum of cytotoxicity against human cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 11.31 to 29.51 µM.

New prenylflavonol glycosides with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus.

Eight new prenylflavonol glycosides (1-8), along with five known analogues (9-13) were isolated from the n-butanol extract of the dried leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (family Juglandaceae) for the first time. The structures of these compounds were characterized by comprehensive analysis of 1D, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, UV data and acid hydrolysis. In bioassay, all these thirteen prenylflavonol glycosides exhibited inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity. Especially compounds 2 and 7, showed outstanding IC50 values of 31.81 ± 2.20 and 29.71 ± 3.69 µM, respectively.

Reproductive factors and oesophageal cancer in Chinese women: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that sex hormone might play a role in the development of oesophageal cancer in Western countries. However, evidence from Chinese populations is still lacking. METHODS: We performed a hospital-based case-control study in Guangzhou, China. From June 2006 to May 2009, face-to-face interviews were conducted on 73 cases and 157 controls. Cases were Chinese females with newly diagnosed primary oesophageal cancer. Controls were hospitalized individuals without cancer and frequency matched by age groups. The interviews included questions about childbearing and menarche history, together with potential confounders. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of factors. RESULTS: Women who had given birth before were not at increased risk compared to childless women (adjusted OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.48 ~ 2.85). The risk of oesophageal cancer increased with age at first birth: the adjusted OR for women first giving birth at age 25 or later was 2.02 (95% CI: 1.01 ~ 4.04) compared with those reporting their first birth before age 22. History of spontaneous abortion was not significantly associated with increased risk (adjusted OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.49 ~ 3.83). No significant association was observed between menstrual variables (age at menarche, age at menopause, and years of menstruation) and risk of oesophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Giving birth at later age may increase the risk of oesophageal cancer in women. Further studies in Chinese populations with larger sample sizes are still needed.

[Analysis on the epidemiological features and risk factors of hospital workplace violence in Guangzhou].

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological features and relevant risk factors of hospital workplace violence. METHODS: A retrospective study using logistic regression on hospital staff was carried out. Based on WHO's last definition for workplace violence from "new research showing workplace violence threatening health services" issued on May 10th, 2002. RESULTS: Among 4062 staff members investigated, 2619 had been subjected to workplace violence in the last 12 months preceding the survey, with a rate of 64.48% which was accounted for 49.12% of psychological and 15.36% of physical violence respectively. Male staff were more vulnerable to physical violence against female. Those victims aged 30 - 39 years were at greatest risk. Doctors and nurses were leading victims of workplace violence. Most of workplace violence happened during day shift, in the ward. The main risk factors contributing to workplace violence would include: unreasonable demand from patients or their relatives, late recovery as expected, and expensive cost. Patients' relatives often took the leading role as perpetrators and followed by patients themselves. CONCLUSION: Magnitude of hospital workplace violence in hospitals in Guangzhou asked for comprehensive measures to improve staff-patient relationship for the prevention and control of violence.

[Prevalence of workplace violence in staff of two hospitals in Guangzhou].

OBJECTIVE: To understand prevalence of workplace violence in hospital and to analyse its relevant causes to lay a basis for maintaining normal working order in hospital. METHODS: A study was conducted to look into workplace violence situation in health care workers in two large hospitals of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province during October 2001 to October 2002. Workplace violence was defined as any events occurred in hospital staff, who suffered psychological or/and physical violence during the past 12 months. RESULTS: Totally, 678 of 1 043 hospital staff (65%) investigated had such experience during the past year, mainly psychological violence. Medical doctors were more vulnerable than nurses, with prevalence of 70.3% and 67.7% for medical doctors and nurses, respectively. Prevalence was the highest in those aged 30 - 39 years with 11 - 20 years of employment. Man staff were more vulnerable to physical violence than women, with prevalence of 11.7% and 5.3%, respectively. No significant difference in psychological or sexual violence between man and woman staff was found. Frequently, nurses and nurse aides were victims of sexual violence. Usually, troublemakers were patients relatives or patients themselves, accounting for 64.2% and 50.0% of the total events, respectively. Main causes for workplace violence in hospital included unreasonable requirement from patients or their relatives which was not met, or not-so-quick recovery as they desired. CONCLUSIONS: Workplace violence occurred in hospital staff was prevalent in Guangzhou, which should be attached more importance. Comprehensive intervention measures should be adopted focusing on law reinforcement and education, to maintain normal working order in hospital.