ABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The rising global burden of allergic diseases, particularly in the pediatric population, is of serious concern. Ocular allergy is one of the most common ocular pathologies met in clinical practice. A large proportion of children and adolescents suffer from allergic eye diseases (AEDs), which affect their quality of life. The available treatments and surgical modalities have their limitations and side effects. Therefore, the development of novel and alternate strategies is the need of the hour and requires a timely review of currently available knowledge. RECENT FINDINGS: The current review covers the incidence and prevalence of AEDs, factors influencing occurrence and severity of AED (age, sex, socioeconomic status etc.), underlying mechanisms, role of allergy testing and immunotherapy in children, development of diagnostic markers and novel therapies including cells and molecules. SUMMARY: Understanding the demographics, clinical patterns and risk factors of AED can help formulate appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies for the effective management of this common cause of ocular morbidity. The future therapeutics for AED seems to rely primarily on cells (mesenchymal stem cells, Tregs, mast cells), cell products, molecules with immunosuppressive potential and immunotherapy.
Subject(s)
Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods , Conjunctivitis, Allergic/drug therapy , Conjunctivitis, Allergic/epidemiology , Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use , Immunosuppression Therapy/methods , Mast Cell Stabilizers/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Child , Conjunctivitis, Allergic/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Allergic/immunology , Eye/immunology , Eye/pathology , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Prevalence , Quality of Life , Risk Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: In children, pulmonary and cardiac diseases are closely associated, and their integrated evaluation is important. Flexible fiber-optic bronchoscopy (FFB) can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in pediatric cardiac intensive care units (PCICU). The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of FFB in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary care center in pediatric patients who underwent FFB in PCICU over a period of 6 years (2012-2017). RESULTS: Total 71 bronchoscopies were done in 58 patients with CHD with median age and weight of 2.5 months and 3.4 kg, respectively. Total of 20 different cardiac lesions were present among patients who underwent FFB. While 38 (53.5%) and 30 (42.3%) procedures were performed in pre-op and postoperative patients, respectively, 3 intraoperative bronchoscopies were also performed. The main indications for FFB were persistent atelectasis (42/71), prolonged oxygen requirement (13/71), stridor (8/71), and suspected airway anomaly (6/71). Tracheobronchitis was the commonest bronchoscopy finding (51/71, 71.8%) followed by tracheobronchomalacia (27/71, 38.3%). Cause of stridor detected in 7/8 cases. Associated preoperative and postoperative respiratory complications were detected and necessary interventions were done. These included slide tracheoplasty (5/58), tracheostomy (5/58), antibiotic change based on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures (11/71), and continued positive pressure ventilation (4/71). Nonconsequential complications were transient hypoxemia (10/71), bleeding (2/71), and transient bradycardia (1/71). CONCLUSION: Bedside FFB is a safe and a valuable diagnostic tool that also helps in guiding interventions in children with cardiac diseases. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sachdev A, Chhawchharia R, Gupta D, Gupta N, Joshi R, Agarwal N. Flexible Fiber-optic Bronchoscopy-directed Interventions in Children with Congenital Heart Diseases. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(5):340-343.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the utility of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy for the diagnosis and management in the neonatal ICU. METHODS: A retrospective, medical chart review was conducted in neonates who underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy over a period of 7 years. Besides demographic data and diagnostic findings, the results of medical and/or surgical interventions done by treating neonatologist were recorded. RESULTS: 88 bronchoscopies were performed in 83 neonates, of which 37 were done through endotracheal tube. Indications included persistent need for mechanical ventilation (32), persistent atelectasis (21), and stridor (27). Most common airway anomalies diagnosed included tracheobronchomalacia (20), laryngomalacia (18), subglottic stenosis (7), choanal atresia (4), laryngeal cleft (4), and tracheoesophageal fistula (4). Surgical interventions were undertaken in 17 cases (9 tracheostomies and 2 cases of slide tracheoplasty). CONCLUSIONS: Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be beneficial for the diagnosis and management of neonates with persistent or undiagnosed respiratory problems.
Subject(s)
Airway Management/methods , Bronchoscopy , Infant, Newborn, Diseases , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Bronchoscopy/methods , Bronchoscopy/statistics & numerical data , Cartilage Diseases/diagnosis , Cartilage Diseases/epidemiology , Choanal Atresia/diagnosis , Choanal Atresia/epidemiology , Congenital Abnormalities/diagnosis , Congenital Abnormalities/epidemiology , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/organization & administration , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/statistics & numerical data , Laryngostenosis/diagnosis , Laryngostenosis/epidemiology , Larynx/abnormalities , Male , Reproducibility of Results , Retrospective Studies , Tracheoesophageal Fistula/diagnosisABSTRACT
Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy a vital diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for assessing the airway. Its logistics, clinical indications and utility need to be elucidated in pediatric context. Pediatric flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy is useful for diagnosis of airway anomalies, bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, and interventions like foreign body removal. Newer ultra-thin bronchoscopes can be used to perform this procedure in children of all ages. Pediatric flexible bronchoscopy is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the hands of skilled personnel when used judiciously.
Subject(s)
Airway Management , Bronchoscopes , Bronchoscopy , Pediatrics/instrumentation , Respiratory System , Respiratory Tract Diseases , Airway Management/instrumentation , Airway Management/methods , Bronchoscopy/adverse effects , Bronchoscopy/instrumentation , Bronchoscopy/methods , Child , Humans , Respiratory System/diagnostic imaging , Respiratory System/surgery , Respiratory Tract Diseases/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Diseases/therapy , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methodsABSTRACT
In 2004, the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) published a paper showing that there is no link between the age at which a child is vaccinated with MMR and the vaccinated children's risk of a subsequent diagnosis of autism. One of the authors, William Thompson, has now revealed that statistically significant information was deliberately omitted from the paper. Thompson first told Dr S Hooker, a researcher on autism, about the manipulation of the data. Hooker analysed the raw data from the CDC study afresh. He confirmed that the risk of autism among African American children vaccinated before the age of 2 years was 340% that of those vaccinated later.
