ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin from the fungus Fusarium. ZEA can adopt a similar configuration to 17b-estradiol and other natural estrogens. Problems in the reproductive function of humans and animals have been reported for ZEA and its metabolites. This study aimed to determine ZEA in raw milk produced in representative milk production areas in Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 209 samples were obtained in April and November 2019 (rainy season) and June and August 201ue wa9 (dry season). A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniqs used to detect ZEA concentrations. RESULTS: ZEA was determined in 99.5% (208 of 209) of the samples; however, all samples were below the maximum limits allowed (0.03-1 mg/L) in food for direct human consumption according to the Food and Agriculture Organization and European legislations. The mean (range) concentration was 0.0015 (0-0.0102) mg/L. The results did not vary significantly (p≥0.05) by cantons, provinces, weather, climate regions, types of producers, and production systems according to Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests. There were significant differences only between the months under study (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: ZEA in raw milk from Ecuador does not represent a threat to public health. However, it is recommended to continue analyzing ZEA due to its presence in milk. It could also be present with other mycotoxins that cause harmful synergistic and additive effects to consumers.
ABSTRACT
Crude protein and amino acid (AA) content in rearing diets affect body composition and reproductive performance. This study evaluated the effects of 4 dietary AA levels during rearing on BW, egg production and composition, fertility, hatchability, and embryo mortality up to 65 wk of age on Cobb 500 slow-feathering (SF) broiler breeders. The treatments consisted in 80% (low-AA), 90% (moderate-AA), 100% (standard-AA), and 110% (high-AA) of the AA recommendations for Cobb 500 SF pullets from 5 to 24 wk. AA was guided by an ideal protein profile based on digestible Lys. A total of 1,360 pullets and 288 Cobb MV cockerels were randomly placed in 16 pullets and 16 cockerel floor-pens. At 22 wk, 1,040 females and 112 males were transferred into 16-floor pens in a laying house. BW increased linearly (P < 0.01) as AA augmented at 25, 36, and 40 wk. No effects (P > 0.05) at the onset of lay were observed. Moderate-AA and standard-AA resulted in the best hen-housed egg production (HHEP) at 65 wk with 174.3 and 176.5 eggs, respectively. The optimum level of AA for HHEP at 65 wk was estimated (P < 0.001) in 96.7% and 94.7% by the quadratic and broken line models, respectively. Overall, the lightest egg weight (P = 0.022) was obtained with 89%AA during rearing, and the heaviest eggs (P < 0.001) were found at 54 wk. Response surface regression indicated linear effects on albumen and yolk percentages (P < 0.01) increasing and decreasing, respectively, as AA levels augmented; consequently, AA had a negative linear effect on Y:A ratio (P = 0.004) with quadratic effects (P < 0.01) of age (R2 = 0.92). No statistical effect of treatments was observed in fertility (P > 0.05), but AA had a quadratic effect (P = 0.046) on hatchability up to 50 wk of age with 97% as optimum, and decreased linearly (P = 0.004) from 51 to 65 wk. A few effects of treatments (P < 0.05) on embryo mortality were observed. In conclusion, AA levels during rearing affect broiler breeder reproductive performance.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Chickens , Amino Acids , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Body Weight , Diet/veterinary , Female , Male , Ovum , ReproductionABSTRACT
Resumen: Introducción: La técnica anestésica de elección para la artroscopía está determinada por los requerimientos quirúrgicos intraoperatorios y pretende optimizar la recuperación, el control del dolor postoperatorio y facilitar el alta precoz. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del bloqueo regional intraarticular con anestésicos locales en la cirugía artroscópica de rodilla. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal para evaluar los resultados del bloqueo regional intraarticular con anestésicos locales en la cirugía artroscópica de rodilla, en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico «Hermanos Ameijeiras¼, en el período comprendido entre febrero de 2013 y febrero de 2016. El estudio incluyó un total de 120 pacientes, distribuidos en dos grupos de 60 cada uno. Grupo AS: se utilizó anestesia subaracnoidea y Grupo AI: se realizó anestesia intraarticular con anestesia local. Resultados: El grupo etario más frecuente fue entre 60-69 años, 28.3% en el Grupo AS y 35.0% en el Grupo IA, sin diferencias significativas (p = 0.683). Predominó el sexo femenino sobre el masculino (42/18 vs 44/16), sin diferencias significativas (p = 0.839). Predominó el ASA I, en 56.7 y 43.3%, según técnica anestésica, sin diferencias significativas (p = 0.092). La rodilla derecha predominó sobre la izquierda. La entidad nosológica más frecuente fue la plica presente en 58.3% del Grupo AS y 60% en el Grupo IA (p = 0.408). La osteoartritis de rodilla, según grupos, se presentó en 46.7 % en el grupo AS y en 50.0% del grupo AI. El dolor postoperatorio estuvo presente en 21.7% del grupo AS y en 10% en el Grupo IA. Existieron diferencias significativas entre grupos (p = 0.0114). Las complicaciones según grupos, se presentaron en el doble de pacientes del grupo AS (30%) que en el Grupo IA (15%) con diferencias significativas (p = 0.049). Conclusiones: Los resultados del bloqueo regional intraarticular con anestésicos locales en la cirugía artroscópica de rodilla constituye una técnica anestésica fácil de realizar y que brinda seguridad al paciente.
Abstract. Introduction: The anesthetic technique of choice for arthroscopy is determined by the intraoperative surgical requirements and aims to optimize recovery, postoperative pain control and facilitate early discharge. Objective: To evaluate the results of intra-articular regional block with local anesthetics in arthroscopic knee surgery. Material and methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the results of the intra-articular regional block with local anesthetics in arthroscopic knee surgery at the «Hermanos Ameijeiras¼ Clinical Surgical Hospital, in the period between February 2013 and February 2016. The study included a total of 120 patients, distributed in two groups of 60 each. Group AS: subarachnoid anesthesia and Group AI: intra-articular regional block with local anesthetics. Results: The most frequent age group was between 60-69 years, 28.3% in group SA and 35.0% in group IA, without significant differences (p = 0.683). Female sex predominated over male (42/18 vs 44/16), without significant differences (p = 0.839). ASA I predominated, in 56.7% and 43.3%, according to anesthetic technique, without significant differences (p = 0.092). The right knee predominated over the left. The most frequent nosological entity was the escrow present in 58.3% of the AS group and 60% in the group IA (p = 0.408). Osteoarthritis of the knee, according to groups, was presented in 46.7% in the AS group and 50.0% in the AI group. Postoperative pain was present in 21.7% of the AS group and 10% in the Group IA. There were significant differences between groups (p = 0.0114). Complications according to groups occurred in twice as many patients in the AS group (30.0%) as in group IA (15.0%) with significant differences (p = 0.049). Conclusions: The results of intra-articular regional block with local anesthetics in arthroscopic knee surgery is an anesthetic technique that is easy to perform and provides patient safety.
