Early Administration of Intravenous Hydration and Opioid Analgesics Is Correlated with Decreased Admission Rates during Vaso-Occlusive Episodes in Sickle Cell Disease.

Background: Painful vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) are the hallmark of sickle cell disease (SCD) and account for frequent visits to the emergency department (ED) or urgent care (UC). Currently, the early administration of analgesics is recommended as initial management; however, there is a need for further understanding of the effect of prompt analgesics and hydration during VOEs. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors associated with the rate of hospital admission in the setting of time to intravenous (IV) analgesics and hydration. Method: This retrospective single-institution study reviewed adult and pediatric patients with SCD who presented with VOEs from January 2018 to August 2023. Results: Of 303 patient encounters, the rates of admission for the overall group, the subgroup which received IV hydration within 60 min of arrival, and the subgroup which received both IV analgesics and hydration within 60 min were 51.8%, 25.6% (RR = 0.46), and 18.2% (RR = 0.33), respectively. Further, factors such as gender and the use of hydroxyurea were found to be significantly associated with the rate of admission. Conclusions: This signifies the importance of standardizing the management of VOEs through the timely administration of IV analgesics and hydration in both adult and pediatric ED/UC.

Leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A case report and review of literature.

Ophthalmic and neurologic involvement are rare complications of CLL, with few cases reported in the literature. We report a case of CLL with leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve and review of literature focusing on management and outcomes. A patient with heavily pretreated CLL presented to our hospital with progressive eye pain and was found to have infiltrative optic neuritis. CSF analysis confirmed involvement with CLL. After systemic treatment with R-CHOP and high-dose methotrexate, along with intrathecal cytarabine and hydrocortisone, she experienced significant improvement and was discharged home. Given the rarity of ophthalmic involvement in CLL, we reviewed all 15 previously reported cases of CLL with optic neuropathy as the first manifestation of CNS involvement and discussed the range of treatment options used and their respective outcomes.

Sociocultural and Demographic Factors Predict Readmissions for General Surgery Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Readmission is a poor outcome for both patients and healthcare systems. The association of certain sociocultural and demographic characteristics with likelihood of readmission is uncertain in general surgical patients. METHOD: A multi-centre retrospective cohort study of consecutive unique individuals who survived to discharge during general surgical admissions was conducted. Sociocultural and demographic variables were evaluated alongside clinical parameters (considered both as raw values and their proportion of change in the 1-2 days prior to admission) for their association with 7 and 30 days readmission using logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 12,701 individuals included, with 304 (2.4%) individuals readmitted within 7 days, and 921 (7.3%) readmitted within 30 days. When incorporating absolute values of clinical parameters in the model, age was the only variable significantly associated with 7-day readmission, and primary language and presence of religion were the only variables significantly associated with 30-day readmission. When incorporating change in clinical parameters between the 1-2 days prior to discharge, primary language and religion were predictive of 30-day readmission. When controlling for changes in clinical parameters, only higher comorbidity burden (represented by higher Charlson comorbidity index score) was associated with increased likelihood of 30-day readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Sociocultural and demographic patient factors such as primary language, presence of religion, age, and comorbidity burden predict the likelihood of 7 and 30-day hospital readmission after general surgery. These findings support early implementation a postoperative care model that integrates all biopsychosocial domains across multiple disciplines of healthcare.

Comprehensive Review: Unveiling the Pro-Oncogenic Roles of IL-1ß and PD-1/PD-L1 in NSCLC Development and Targeting Their Pathways for Clinical Management.

In the past decade, targeted therapies for solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have advanced significantly, offering tailored treatment options for patients. However, individuals without targetable mutations pose a clinical challenge, as they may not respond to standard treatments like immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and novel targeted therapies. While the mechanism of action of ICIs seems promising, the lack of a robust response limits their widespread use. Although the expression levels of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells are used to predict ICI response, identifying new biomarkers, particularly those associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), is crucial to address this unmet need. Recently, inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) have emerged as a key area of focus and hold significant potential implications for future clinical practice. Combinatorial approaches of IL-1ß inhibitors and ICIs may provide a potential therapeutic modality for NSCLC patients without targetable mutations. Recent advancements in our understanding of the intricate relationship between inflammation and oncogenesis, particularly involving the IL-1ß/PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, have shed light on their application in lung cancer development and clinical outcomes of patients. Targeting these pathways in cancers like NSCLC holds immense potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, particularly for patients lacking targetable genetic mutations. However, despite these promising prospects, there remain certain aspects of this pathway that require further investigation, particularly regarding treatment resistance. Therefore, the objective of this review is to delve into the role of IL-1ß in NSCLC, its participation in inflammatory pathways, and its intricate crosstalk with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Additionally, we aim to explore the potential of IL-1ß as a therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.

Unveiling the Prognostic Significance of BCL6+/CD10+ Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Meta-Analysis of Individual Patients and Systematic Review.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) characterized by a hallmark translocation of t (11; 14). CD10 negativity has been used to differentiate MCL from other NHL types; however, recently, there has been an increase in the number of reported cases of CD10-positive MCL. This warrants further investigation into this rarer immunophenotype and its clinical significance. BCL6, which is a master transcription factor for the regulation of cell proliferation and key oncogene in B cell lymphomagenesis, has been reported to have co-expression with CD10 in MCL. The clinical significance of this aberrant antigen expression remains unknown. We conducted a systematic review by searching four databases and selected five retrospective analyses and five case series. Two survival analyses were conducted to determine if BCL6 positivity conferred a survival difference: 1. BCL6+ vs. BCL6- MCL. 2. BCL6+/CD10+ vs. BCL6-/CD10+ MCL. Correlation analysis was conducted to determine if BCL6 positivity correlated with the Ki67 proliferation index (PI). Overall survival (OS) rates were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Our analyses revealed that BCL6+ MCL had significantly shorter overall survival (median OS: 14 months vs. 43 months; p = 0.01), BCL6+/CD10+ MCL had an inferior outcome vs. BCL6+/CD10- MCL (median OS: 20 months vs. 55 months p = 0.1828), BCL6+ MCL had significantly higher percentages of Ki67% (Ki67% difference: 24.29; p = 0.0094), and BCL6 positivity had a positive correlation with CD10+ status with an odds ratio 5.11 (2.49, 10.46; p = 0.0000286). Our analysis showed that BCL6 expression is correlated with CD10 positivity in MCL, and BCL6 expression demonstrated an inferior overall survival. The higher Ki67 PI in BCL6+ MCL compared to BCL6- MCL further supports the idea that the BCL6+ immunophenotype may have prognostic value in MCL. MCL management should consider incorporating prognostic scoring systems adjusted for BCL6 expression. Targeted therapies against BCL6 may offer potential therapeutic options for managing MCL with aberrant immunophenotypes.

An innovative intervention for the prevention of vaso-occlusive episodes in sickle cell disease.

OBJECTIVES: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by a mutation in the beta-globin gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin S (HgbS). The significant sequela of SCD include anemia and recurrent vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) which may effectuate patients to receive chronic blood transfusions. Current pharmacotherapy options for SCD include hydroxyurea, voxelotor, Lglutamine, and crizanlizumab. Simple and exchange transfusions are often utilized as prophylaxis to prevent emergency department (ED)/urgent care (UC) visits or hospitalizations from VOEs by reducing the level of sickled red blood cells (RBCs). In addition, the treatment of VOEs involves intravenous (IV) hydration and pain management. Studies have demonstrated that sickle cell infusion centers (SCIC) decrease hospital admissions for VOEs, and IV hydration and pain medications are the key components of management employed. Thus, we hypothesized that implementing a structured infusion protocol in the outpatient setting would reduce the incidence of VOEs. METHODS: Here, we discuss two patients with SCD who were trialed on scheduled outpatient IV hydration and opioids with the goal of decreasing the frequency of VOEs in the setting of the current blood product shortage and the patients' refusal to receive exchange transfusions. RESULTS: Overall, the two patients had opposing outcomes- one demonstrated reduced frequency of VOEs, whereas the other had mixed results due to noncompliance to scheduled outpatient sessions. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The use of outpatient SCICs may be an effective intervention for prevention of VOEs in patients with SCD, and further patient-centered research and quality improvement initiatives are needed to further quantify and understand the factors contributing to their efficacy.

Medullary carcinoma of the duodenum treated with pembrolizumab: a case report.

Background: Medullary carcinoma (MC) is a recognized histologic subtype of colorectal cancer characterized by poor glandular differentiation and intraepithelial lymphocytic infiltrate. However, MC originating from the small intestine is exceedingly rare, with only nine cases described in the literature. Based on previous cases, surgical resection is currently the mainstay of treatment for those with localized disease. We report the first case of a patient who presented with unresectable microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) MC of the duodenum and was instead treated with pembrolizumab. Case Description: A 50-year-old man with history of adenocarcinoma of the proximal descending colon status post hemicolectomy and adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and family history of Lynch syndrome presented with abdominal pain for two weeks. Computed tomography (CT) abdomen/pelvis revealed a 10.7 cm by 4.3 cm mass in the mid-portion of the duodenum abutting against the pancreatic head. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) demonstrated circumferential, partially obstructing, intrinsic stenosis of the duodenum with ampullary involvement and likely invasion into the pancreatic head and common bile duct. Endoscopic biopsy of the primary tumor revealed poorly differentiated MC. Immunohistochemical staining showed loss of MLH1 and PMS2 expression. Staging with CT chest showed no evidence of disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan redemonstrated circumferential duodenal wall thickening and hypermetabolic activity with standardized uptake value (SUV) max of 26.4, as well as PET-avid epigastric, retroperitoneal, and periaortic lymphadenopathy suggestive of metastasis. He was started on pembrolizumab and found to have stable disease on repeat imaging along with significant improvement in symptoms and performance status. Conclusions: Due to the rarity of the tumor, there is no standardized approach to treatment. All patients in previously published cases underwent surgical resection. However, our patient was deemed a poor surgical candidate. Given his previous history of colon cancer and treatment with platinum-based therapy, he qualified for pembrolizumab as first line therapy for his MSI-H tumor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MC of the duodenum as well as the first MC to be treated with pembrolizumab in the first line setting. In order to corroborate the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors as a treatment option for MC of the colon or small intestine, the aggregation of existing and future case data in this unique patient group is certainly warranted.

Silica as a Model Ice-Nucleating Particle to Study the Effects of Crystallinity, Porosity, and Low-Density Surface Functional Groups on Immersion Freezing.

Aerosol particles can facilitate heterogeneous ice formation in the troposphere and stratosphere by acting as ice-nucleating particles, modulating cloud formation/dissipation, precipitation, and their microphysical properties. Heterogeneous ice nucleation is driven by ice embryo formation on the particle surface, which can be influenced by features of the surface such as crystallinity, surface structure, lattice structure, defects, and functional groups. To characterize the effect of crystallinity, pores, and surface functional groups toward ice nucleation, samples of comparable silica systems, specifically, quartz, ordered and nonordered porous amorphous silica samples with a range of pore sizes (2-11 nm), and nonporous functionalized silica spheres, were used as models for mineral dust aerosol particles. The ice nucleation activity of these samples was investigated by using an immersion freezing chamber. The results suggest that crystallinity has a larger effect than porosity on ice nucleation activity, as all of the porous silica samples investigated had lower onset freezing temperatures and lower ice nucleation activities than quartz. Our findings also suggest that pores alone are not sufficient to serve as effective active sites and need some additional chemical or physical property, like crystallinity, to nucleate ice in immersion mode freezing. The addition of a low density of organic functional groups to nonporous samples showed little enhancement compared to the inherent nucleation activity of silica with native surface hydroxyl groups. The density of functional groups investigated in this work suggests that a different arrangement of surface groups may be needed for enhanced immersion mode ice nucleation activity. In summary, crystallinity dictates the ice nucleation activity of silica samples rather than porosity or low-density surface functional groups. This work has broader implications regarding the climate impacts resulting from ice cloud formation.

Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: The Future of Immunotherapy and Natural Products.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an essential role in the development, proliferation, and survival of leukemic blasts in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Within the bone marrow and peripheral blood, various phenotypically and functionally altered cells in the TME provide critical signals to suppress the anti-tumor immune response, allowing tumor cells to evade elimination. Thus, unraveling the complex interplay between AML and its microenvironment may have important clinical implications and are essential to directing the development of novel targeted therapies. This review summarizes recent advancements in our understanding of the AML TME and its ramifications on current immunotherapeutic strategies. We further review the role of natural products in modulating the TME to enhance response to immunotherapy.

A rare case of extremely delayed osseous metastasis of pineoblastoma.

Pineoblastoma is a rare, primitive, and malignant tumor arising from the parenchyma of the pineal gland. It typically metastasizes along the cerebral neural axis, with rare extraneural metastasis and even more rare intraosseous extraneural metastasis. A patient with pineoblastoma, initially treated with chemotherapy, presented 10 years after initial diagnosis with multiple osseous metastases including his pelvis, femur, and vertebrae, and is currently undergoing chemotherapy.

A case report of imiquimod topical therapy as treatment for cutaneous metastasis of breast cancer.

Cutaneous metastasis of breast cancer carries a poor prognosis, invokes a poor quality of life, and increases mortality by raising one's risk of bleeding and infection. Currently, options for treatment are systemic chemotherapy, surgical resection and radiation. These treatments are invasive and can have toxic side effects. A 50-year-old African-American woman with stage IV breast cancer with cutaneous metastasis to the left anterior chest and left supraclavicular area was successfully treated with topical imiquimod. She experienced improvement in appearance and symptoms within several months of starting treatment, resulting in near resolution of her cutaneous metastasis. Imiquimod is currently approved for several cutaneous conditions and has the potential to treat cutaneous metastasis of breast cancer.

Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: A case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Doxorubicin and other anthracycline derivatives inhibit topoisomerase II and is an important class of cytotoxic chemotherapy in cancer treatment. The use of anthracycline is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, which may manifest initially as asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction with subsequent progression to congestive heart failure. Despite baseline assessment and periodic monitoring of cardiac function for patients receiving anthracycline agents, there are unmet needs in prediction and prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC). CASE SUMMARY: A 35-year-old African American female was found to have a 9-cm high-grade osteosarcoma of right femur and normal baseline cardiac function with left ventricular ejection fraction of approximately 60%-70% determined by transthoracic and dobutamine stress echocardiogram. She underwent perioperative doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy with 3 cycles before surgery and 3 cycles after surgery, and received a total of 450 mg/m2 doxorubicin at the end of her treatment course. She was evaluated regularly during chemotherapy without any cardiac or respiratory symptoms. Approximately two months after her last chemotherapy, the patient presented to the emergency department with dyspnea for one week and was intubated for acute hypoxic respiratory failure. Echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 5%-10% with severe biventricular failure. Despite attempts to optimize cardiac function, the patient's hemodynamic status continued to decline, and resuscitation was not successful on the seventh day of hospitalization. The autopsy showed no evidence of osteosarcoma, and the likely cause of death was cardiac failure with the evidence of pulmonary congestion, liver congestion, and multiple body cavity effusions. CONCLUSION: We present a case of 35-year-old African American female developing cardiogenic shock shortly after receiving a cumulative dose of 450 mg/m2 doxorubicin over 9 mo. Cardiac monitoring and management of patients receiving anthracycline chemotherapy have been an area of intense research since introduction of these agents in clinical practice. We have reviewed literature and recent advances in the prediction and prevention of AIC. Although risk factors currently identified can help stratify patients who need closer monitoring, there are limitations to our current understanding and further research is needed in this field.

Ice nucleation activity of iron oxides via immersion freezing and an examination of the high ice nucleation activity of FeO.

Heterogeneous ice nucleation is a common process in the atmosphere, but relatively little is known about the role of different surface characteristics on the promotion of ice nucleation. We have used a series of iron oxides as a model system to study the role of lattice mismatch and defects induced by milling on ice nucleation activity. The iron oxides include wüstite (FeO), hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and goethite (FeOOH). The iron oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. The immersion freezing experiments were performed using an environmental chamber. Wüstite (FeO) had the highest ice nucleation activity, which we attribute to its low lattice mismatch with hexagonal ice and the exposure of Fe-OH after milling. A comparison study of MnO and wüstite (FeO) with milled and sieved samples for each suggests that physical defects alone result in only a slight increase in ice nucleation activity. Despite differences in the molecular formula and surface groups, hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and goethite (FeOOH) had similar ice nucleation activities, which may be attributed to their high lattice mismatch to hexagonal ice. This study provides further insight into the characteristics of a good heterogeneous ice nucleus and, more generally, helps to elucidate the interactions between aerosol particles and ice particles in clouds.

Real world outcomes of combination and timing of immunotherapy with radiotherapy for melanoma with brain metastases.

INTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy (IT) and radiotherapy (RT) have improved overall survival in patients with melanoma with brain metastasis (MBM). We examined the real-world survival impact of IT and RT combination and timing strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From the facility-based National Cancer Database (NCDB) data set, 3008 cases of MBM were identified between 2011 and 2015. Six treatment cohorts were identified: stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) + IT, SRS alone, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) + IT, WBRT alone, IT alone, and none. Concurrent therapy was defined as IT given within 28 days before or after RT; nonconcurrent defined as IT administered within 28-90 days of RT. The co-primary outcomes were propensity score-adjusted overall survival by treatment regimen and overall survival by RT and IT timing. RESULTS: Median overall survival (mOS) was performed for each treatment category; SRS +IT 15.77 m; (95%CI 12.13-21.29), SRS alone (9.33 m; 95%CI: 8.0-11.3), IT alone (7.29 m; 95%CI: 5.35-12.91), WBRT +IT (4.89 m; 95%CI: 3.65-5.92), No RT or IT (3.29 m; 95%CI: 2.96-3.75), and WBRT alone (3.12 m; 95%CI 2.79-3.52). By propensity score matching, mOS for SRS +IT (15.5 m; 95%CI: 11.5-20.2) was greater than SRS alone (10.1 m; 95%CI: 8.4-11.8) (p = 0.010), and median survival for WBRT +IT (4.6 m; 95%CI: 3.4-5.6) was greater than WBRT alone (2.9 m; 95%CI: 2.5-3.5) (p < 0.001). In the SRS +IT group, 24-month landmark survival was 47% (95%CI; 42-52) for concurrent versus 37% (95%CI; 30-44) for nonconcurrent (p = 0.40). CONCLUSION: Those who received IT in addition to WBRT and SRS experienced longer survival compared to RT modalities alone, while those receiving concurrent SRS and IT trended toward improved survival versus nonconcurrent therapy.

Primary chemoradiation with cisplatin versus cetuximab for locally advanced head and neck cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of primary chemoradiation with cisplatin versus cetuximab with respect to HPV/p16 and smoking statuses. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients from our center with locally advanced non-nasopharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who received primary chemoradiation with cisplatin or cetuximab between 2006 and 2018. RESULTS: The median OS for cisplatin (n = 66) was not reached versus 132 months when treated with cetuximab (n = 55) (p = 0.03). For HPV/p16-positive patients, we found the median OS for cisplatin (n = 34) was not reached versus 60 months with cetuximab (n = 21) (p = 0.036). In the smoking group, the median OS was not reached in the cisplatin group (n = 44) versus 60 months when treated with cetuximab (n = 32) (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: HPV/p16-positive and smoking cohorts treated with cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy had a significantly better OS versus cetuximab.

Total thyroidectomy: Safe and curative treatment option for hyperthyroidism.

BACKGROUND: While use of total thyroidectomy has increased in management of hyperthyroidism, concerns exist about increased surgical complication rates; most notably, hematoma, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury, and hypocalcemia. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 454 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy between 2003 and 2015. All patients had surgery for hyperthyroidism, benign euthyroid disease, or thyroid malignancy. RESULTS: Total thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism was not associated with an increased risk for any postoperative complication. Transient hypocalcemia, temporary dysphonia, and postoperative hematoma rates were not significantly different for patients with hyperthyroid (n = 91), euthyroid benign (n = 237), and malignant (n = 126) disease. Permanent hypocalcemia and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were not noted in any hyperthyroid patients. Complication rates were similar for hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease vs toxic multinodular goiter. CONCLUSION: This study affirms safety and efficacy of total thyroidectomy as standard treatment for hyperthyroidism.

The Effect of Crystallinity and Crystal Structure on the Immersion Freezing of Alumina.

Determining the factors that constitute an efficient ice nucleus is an ongoing area of research in the atmospheric community. In particular, surface characteristics such as functional groups and surface defects impact the ice nucleation efficiency. Crystal structure has been proposed to be a possible factor that can dictate ice nucleation activity through the templating of water molecules on the surface of the aerosol particle. If the crystal structure of the surface matches that of the crystal structure of ice, it has been shown to increase ice nucleation activity. In this study, alumina was chosen as a model system because crystal structure and crystallinity can be tuned, and the effect on immersion freezing was explored. The nine alumina samples include polymorphs of AlOOH, Al(OH)3, and Al2O3, which have a range of crystal structures and crystallinities. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. From the immersion freezing experiments, corundum [α-Al2O3] was shown to have the highest ice nucleation activity likely because of its high lattice match and high degree of crystallinity. Crystal structure alone did not show a strong correlation with ice nucleation activity, but a combination of a hexagonal crystal structure and a highly crystalline surface was seen to nucleate ice at warmer temperatures than the other alumina samples. This study provides experimental results in the study of ice nucleation of a range of alumina samples, which have possible implications for alumina-based mineral dust particles. Our findings suggest that crystallinity and crystal structure are important to consider when evaluating the ice nucleation efficiency of aerosol particles in laboratory and modeling studies.

Acidic processing of fly ash: chemical characterization, morphology, and immersion freezing.

Fly ash can undergo aging in the atmosphere through interactions with sulfuric acid and water. These reactions could result in chemical and physical changes that could affect the cloud condensation or ice nucleation activity of fly ash particles. To explore this process, different water and acid treated fly ash types were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), selected area diffraction (SAED), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Then, their immersion freezing activity was assessed. With water and acid treatment, a wide variety of metals were leached, depending on the starting composition of the fly ash. Acid treatment resulted in the formation of gypsum, Ca(SO4)·2H2O, for fly ash containing Ca as well as morphological changes. The immersion freezing activity was also assessed for each fly ash system to compare the effects of water and acid processing. Our results support the assertion that fly ash can serve as a cloud condensation or ice nucleus to affect climate.

A potential role of probiotics in colorectal cancer prevention: review of possible mechanisms of action.

A number of investigations, mainly using in vitro and animal models, have demonstrated a wide range of possible mechanisms, by which probiotics may play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. In this context, the most well studied probiotics are certain strains from the genera of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. The reported anti-CRC mechanisms of probiotics encompass intraluminal, systemic, and direct effects on intestinal mucosa. Intraluminal effects detailed in this review include competitive exclusion of pathogenic intestinal flora, alteration of intestinal microflora enzyme activity, reduction of carcinogenic secondary bile acids, binding of carcinogens and mutagens, and increasing short chain fatty acids production. Reduction of DNA damage and suppression of aberrant crypt foci formation have been well demonstrated as direct anti-CRC effects of probiotics on intestinal mucosa. Existing evidence clearly support a multifaceted immunomodulatory role of probiotics in CRC, particularly its ability to modulate intestinal inflammation, a well known risk factor for CRC. The effectiveness of probiotics in CRC prevention is dependent on the strain of the microorganism, while viability may not be a prerequisite for certain probiotic anticancer mechanisms, as indicated by several studies. Emerging data suggest synbiotic as a more effective approach than either prebiotics or probiotics alone. More in vivo especially human studies are warranted to further elucidate and confirm the potential role of probiotics (viable and non-viable), prebiotics and synbiotics in CRC chemoprevention.

Metabolite profiling and quantification of phytochemicals in potato extracts using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: Potatoes contain a diverse range of phytochemicals which have been suggested to have health benefits. Metabolite profiling and quantification were conducted on plant extracts made from a white potato cultivar and 'Urenika', a purple potato cultivar traditionally consumed by New Zealand Maori. There is limited published information regarding the metabolite profile of Solanum tuberosum cultivar 'Urenika'. RESULTS: Using ultra-high- performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), a total of 31 compounds were identified and quantified in the potato extracts. The majority of the compounds were identified for the first time in 'Urenika'. These compounds include several types of anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivatives, and hydroxycinnamic amides (HCAA). Six classes of compounds, namely organic acids, amino acids, HCA, HCAA, flavonols and glycoalkaloids, were present in both extracts but quantities varied between the two extracts. CONCLUSIONS: The unknown plant metabolites in both potato extracts were assigned with molecular formulae and identified with high confidence. Quantification of the metabolites was achieved using a number of appropriate standards. High-resolution mass spectrometry data critical for accurate identification of unknown phytochemicals were achieved and could be added to potato or plant metabolomic database.