Discussion on the Differences in Aroma Components in Different Fragrant Rice Varieties during Storage.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop in Taiwan, among which fragrant rice is highly regarded for its special aroma when cooked. During the storage of fragrant rice, the aroma components will change, which will affect the aroma quality of fragrant rice. Therefore, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was used in this study, combined with gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to analyze the difference in the aroma components of Taikeng No. 4 (TK4), Tainung No. 71 (TN71), Kaohsiung No. 147 (KH147), and Taichung No. 194 (TC194) fragrant rice. A total of 28 aroma components were identified in the four varieties of fragrant rice, and the main components were all Nonanal. Among them, TK4 contains a very high content of hydrocarbons, including Tridecane and Dodecane; TN71, KH147, and TC194 contain mainly aldehydes such as Nonanal and Hexanal. During different storage times, the contents of alcohols, monoterpenes, aromatic aldehydes, and furans increased with storage time, while the content of aliphatic aldehydes decreased with storage time. After storage, the fragrant rice samples showed a tendency for the total volatile component content to decrease, with the most pronounced reduction observed in Nonanal content.

Preliminary study on the application of bioimpedance analysis to measure the psoas major muscle in older adults.

For the assessment of sarcopenia or other geriatric frailty syndromes, psoas major area may be one of the primary indicators. Aim to develop and cross-validate the psoas cross-sectional area estimation equation of L3-L4 of the elderly over 60 years old by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Ninety-two older adults with normal mobility were enrolled (47 females, 45 males), and were randomly divided into a modeling group (MG, n = 62) and validation group (VG, n = 30). Computed tomography (CT) was used to measure the psoas major area at the' L3-L4 lumbar vertebrae height as a predictor. Estimated variables were height (h), whole body impedance (Zwhole), whole body impedance index (h2/Zwhole, WBI), age, gender (female = 0, male = 1), and body weight (weight) by standing BIA. Relevant variables were estimated using stepwise regression analysis. Model performance was confirmed by cross-validation. BIA estimation equation for PMM obtained from the MG was: (PMMBIA = 0.183 h2/Z- 0.223 age + 4.443 gender + 5.727, r2 = 0.702, n = 62, SEE = 2.432 cm2, p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient r obtained by incorporating the VG data into the PMM equation was 0.846, and the LOA ranged from -4.55 to 4.75 cm2. PMMBIA and PMMCT both correlate highly with MG or VG with small LOA. The fast and convenient standing BIA for measuring PMM may be a promising method that is worth developing.

Analysis of Volatile Compounds from Different Parts of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is a medicinal and edible plant that has been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. This study used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and direct injection, combined with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to identify the volatile compounds in H. cordata. Extraction from different parts of the plant using different extraction techniques for the identification of volatile compounds were determined. A total of 93 volatile components were analyzed in the leaves, stems, rhizomes, and whole plant samples of H. cordata. The leaves contained more (Z)-3-hexenal, ß-myrcene, (Z)-ß-ocimene, and (4E,6E)-allo-ocimene; the stems contained more geranyl acetate and nerolidol; and rhizomes contained more α-pinene, ß-pinene, limonene, 2-undecanone, and decanoyl acetaldehyde. Among them, the essential oil extracted by HS-SPME could produce more monoterpenes, while direct injection could obtain higher contents of aliphatic ketones, terpene esters, sesquiterpenes, and was more conducive to the extraction of 2-undecanone and decanoyl acetaldehyde.

Chemical Properties of Peanut Oil from Arachis hypogaea L. 'Tainan 14' and Its Oxidized Volatile Formation.

Arachis hypogaea L. 'Tainan 14' has purple skin characteristics. This study investigated the effects of different materials (shelled or unshelled peanuts) and temperatures (120 or 140 °C) on the properties of extracted peanut oil. The results show that its antioxidant components (total flavonoid, α−tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol) and oxidative stability were mainly affected by the roasting temperature (p < 0.05). Fifty-eight volatile compounds were identified by peanut oil oxidation and divided into three main groups during the roasting process using principal component analysis. The volatile formation changes of different materials and temperatures were assessed by agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis. These results provide useful reference information for peanut oil applications in the food industry.

Acute Effects of Static Stretching Combined with Vibration and Nonvibration Foam Rolling on the Cardiovascular Responses and Functional Fitness of Older Women with Prehypertension.

We compared the effects of three warm-up protocols (static stretching (SS), static stretching with vibration foam rolling (SS + VFR), and static stretching with nonvibration foam rolling (SS + FR) on the blood pressure and functional fitness performance in older women with prehypertension. Thirteen older women went through different protocols in separate visits, and their systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, brachial pulse pressure (BPP), functional fitness test (back scratch (BS), chair-sit-and-reach, 30 s arm curl (AC), 30 s chair stand, 2 min step, 8-foot up and go), and single-leg standing balance (SLB) were recorded. The SBP and BPP were significantly higher after SS and SS + VFR than after SS + FR. Both SS + FR and SS + VFR significantly improved the 2 min step, when compared with SS. Additionally, SS + VFR significantly improved the BS and AC performance. However, compared with SS and SS + FR, SS + VFR significantly reduced the SLB performance. Therefore, SS + FR may be a better warm-up protocol for older women in maintaining blood pressure. On the other hand, even though SS + VFR induced superior shoulder flexibility, aerobic endurance, and arm strength, it could impair balance.

Bioimpedance analysis combined with sagittal abdominal diameter for abdominal subcutaneous fat measurement.

Abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue (ASFT) is an independent predictor of mortality. This prospective observational study aimed to establish a rapid, safe, and convenient estimation equation for abdominal subcutaneous fat area (SFA) using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) combined with sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD). A total of 520 adult subjects were recruited and were randomly divided into 2/3 (n = 346) and 1/3 (n = 174) to form a modeling group (MG) and a validation group (VG), respectively. Each subject's abdomen was scanned using computed tomography to obtain target variables (SFACT). Predictor variables for all subjects included bioimpedance index (h2/Z), anthropometric parameters height (h), weight (W), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and SAD, along with age and sex (male =1, female = 0). SFA estimation equation SFABIA+SAD was established for the MG using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Cross-validation was performed using VG to evaluate the performance of the SFABIA+SAD estimation equation. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied from the MG, including SFABIA+SAD = 49.89 + 1.09 SAD-29.90 Sex + 4.71 W-3.63 h2/Z-1.50 h (r = 0.92, SEE = 28.10 cm2, n = 346, p < 0.001). Mean differences in SFABIA+SAD relative to SFACT were -1.21 ± 21.53, 2.85 ± 27.16, and -0.98 ± 36.6 cm2 at different levels of obesity (eutrophic, overweight, obese), respectively. This study did not have a large number of samples in different fields, so it did not have completely external validity. Application of BIA combined with SAD in anthropometric parameters achieves fast, accurate and convenient SAF measurement. Results of this study provide a simple, reliable, and practical measurement that can be widely used in epidemiological studies and in measuring individual SFA.

Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Vanilla Aroma.

To establish the analytic conditions for examining the aroma quality of vanilla pods, we compared different extraction methods and identified a suitable option. We utilized headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), steam distillation (SD), simultaneous steam distillation (SDE) and alcoholic extraction combined with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify volatile components of vanilla pods. A total of 84 volatile compounds were identified in this experiment, of which SDE could identify the most volatile compounds, with a total of 51 species, followed by HS-SPME, with a total of 28 species. Ten volatile compounds were identified by extraction with a minimum of 35% alcohol. HS-SPME extraction provided the highest total aroma peak areas, and the peak areas of aldehydes, furans, alcohols, monoterpenes and phenols compounds were several times higher than those of the other extraction methods. The results showed that the two technologies, SDE and HS-SPME, could be used together to facilitate analysis of vanilla pod aroma.

Acute Effects of Vibration Foam Rolling with Light and Moderate Pressure on Blood Pressure and Senior Fitness Test in Older Women.

Vibration foam rolling (VR) can improve flexibility and sports performance. However, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and senior fitness test (SFT) responses induced by an acute VR session in older women are currently unknown. Fifteen healthy women (72.90 ± 4.32 years) completed three separated randomly sequenced experimental visits. During each visit, they started with a warm-up protocol (general warm up (GW): walking + static stretching (SS), SS + VR with light pressure (VRL), or SS + VR with moderate pressure (VRM)), and completed BP, HR, SFT measurements. The systolic BP increased significantly after all three warm up protocols (p < 0.05). Both VRL and VRM protocols induced statistically significant improvements (effect size range: 0.3-1.04, p < 0.05) in the senior fitness test (back scratch, 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, and 8 foot up and go), as compared to the GW. In addition, the VRM showed greater improvement for the 2 min step test when comparing with the VRL. Therefore, including VR in a warm-up protocol can result in superior SFT performance enhancement than the GW does in healthy older women.

Assessment of total and regional bone mineral density using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in elderly population.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and height-adjusted resistance (R/H), reactance (Xc/H) and phase angle (PhA). A total of 61 male and 64 female subjects aged over 60 years were recruited from middle Taiwan. The R and Xc were measured using Bodystat Quadscan 4000 at a frequency of 50 kHz. BMD at the whole body, L2-L4 spine, and dual femur neck (DFN), denoted as BMDTotal, BMDL2-L4, and BMDDFN, were calculated using a Hologic DXA scanner. The R-Xc graph was used to assess vector shift among different levels of BMD. BMD was positively correlated with Xc/H and negatively correlated with R/H (p < 0.001). The General Linear Model (GLM) regression results were as follows: BMDTotal = 1.473-0.002 R/H + 0.007 Xc/H, r = 0.684; BMDL2-L4 = 1.526-0.002 R/H + 0.012 Xc/H, r = 0.655; BMDDFN = 1.304-0.002 R/H + Xc/H, r = 0.680; p < 0.0001. Distribution of vector in the R-Xc graph was significantly different for different levels of BMDTotal, BMDL2-L4 and BMDDFN. R/H and Xc/H were correlated with BMD in the elderly. The linear combination of R/H and Xc/H can effectively predict the BMD of the whole body, spine and proximal femur, indicating that BIVA may be used in clinical and home-use monitoring tool for screening BMD in the elderly in the future.

Standing 8-Electrode Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis as an Alternative Method to Estimate Visceral Fat Area and Body Fat Mass in Athletes.

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential of standing 8-electrode bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for assessing visceral fat area (VFA) and body fat mass (BFM) in athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 95 subjects (50 males and 45 females) were recruited. VFA and BFM measurements were obtained using three standing 8-electrode BIA devices, InBody230, InBody770, and IOI353. These acquired VFA and BFM were expressed as VFAIOI353, VFAInBody230, VFAInBody770 V, BFMIOI353, BFMInBody230, and BFMInBody770, respectively. As reference measurement, the VFA acquired from computer tomography (CT) was expressed as VFACT, and the BFM measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was denoted as BFMDXA. RESULTS: The coefficient of determination (r2) in regression analysis between the measurements by VFAIOI353, VFAInBody230, VFAInBody770 and VFACT were 0.425, 0.492, and 0.473, respectively. Also, the limits of agreement (LOA) obtained from Bland-Altman analysis were -25.18 to 56.62, -29.74 to 62.44, and -32.96 to 71.93 cm2. For BFM, r2 in regression analysis between the measurements by BFMIOI353, BFMInBody230, BFMInBody770 and BMFDXA were 0.894, 0.950, and 0.955, respectively; LOA were -7.21 to 5.75, -4.70 to 4.05, and -5.48 to 3.05 kg, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results showed when assessing BFM, these instruments delivered comparable measurements, and the degree of agreement ranged from excellent to moderate compared with the reference method. However, when assessing VFA, the agreements were weak. Therefore, the application of standing 8-electrode BIA devices for assessing athletes' VFA still needs improvement.

Prediction and discrimination of skeletal muscle function by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis using a standing impedance analyzer in healthy Taiwanese adults.

BACKGROUND: Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) has been used for prediction of muscle performance. However, little is known about BIVA in Asian adults, and even less is known about using standing BIVA devices. Standing impedance analyzer allows quicker and more convenient way to gather data than conventional supine analyzer and is more suitable for clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the relations between muscle function and BIVA parameters measured with a standing impedance analyzer in healthy Taiwanese adults. METHODS: A total of 406 healthy subjects (age 34.5 ± 17.3 years, body mass index 24.1 ± 4.1 kg/m2) were recruited for BIVA and handgrip strength (HGS) measurements. Impedance parameters, including resistance (R) and reactance (Xc), were measured and normalized to body size by dividing by height (H). The resulting phase angle (PhA) was calculated. HGS in the dominant, left, and right hands were referred to as HGSDH, HGSLH, and HGSRH, respectively. All subjects were divided into 5 grades according to HGS. RESULTS: Muscle strength in the dominant, right, and left arms was correlated with variables in the order of sex, weight, age, height, Xc/H, and R/H (all, p < 0.001). Using all 6 variables, the determination coefficients were 0.792, 0.782, and 0.745, respectively, whereas the standard errors of estimates were 56.89, 58.01, and 56.67 N for HGSDH, HGSLH, and HGSRH, respectively. HGS was positively correlated with PhA, and negatively correlated with Xc/H and R/H. CONCLUSIONS: BIVA parameters measured with a standing impedance analyzer and anthropometric variables can predict and discriminate muscle function with good performance in healthy Asian adults.