ABSTRACT
Coumarins and coumestans represent an important family of compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. We recently identified coumestans as novel inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase and predicted their binding in thumb pocket-1 (TP-1) of NS5B. As the coumarins are structurally related to coumestans by virtue of their common A- and B-rings, we postulated them to also exhibit similar binding interaction with NS5B and inhibit its polymerase function. We therefore investigated 24 coumarin and neoflavone derivatives as candidate NS5B inhibitors and identified 14 compounds inhibiting NS5B polymerase activity with IC50 values between 17 and 63 µm. Of these, the newly synthesized 6,8-diallyl-5,7-dihydroxycoumarin (8a) was produced in three steps in high chemical yield from floroglucinol and found to be the most potent of this series, exhibiting activity similar to the reference coumestan LQB-34. The binding site of 8a was mapped to TP-1 of NS5B by counter screening against P495L NS5B mutant, employed as a screen for TP-1 site binders. NS5B-TP-1-8a interaction map provided insight into 8a binding and offered clues for future SAR optimization.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , Coumarins , Enzyme Inhibitors , Flavones , Hepacivirus/enzymology , RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/antagonists & inhibitors , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Anticoagulants/chemical synthesis , Anticoagulants/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Binding Sites , Coumarins/chemical synthesis , Coumarins/chemistry , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Flavones/chemical synthesis , Flavones/chemistry , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistryABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase is the key replicating protein of the virus and thus an attractive target for drug development. Here we report on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of benzimidazole derivatives as HCV NS5B inhibitors. This yielded compound 6b and 6d bearing 2-(2-benzyloxy)phenyl and 2-(4-methylbenzyloxy)phenyl moieties, respectively, as promising leads. Binding mode of compound 6d in allosteric pocket (AP)-1 of NS5B will form the basis for future structure-activity relationship optimization.
Subject(s)
Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/drug effects , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Molecular , Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase is a key target for the development of therapeutic agents aimed at the treatment of HCV infections. Here we report on the identification of novel allosteric inhibitors of HCV NS5B through a combination of structure-based virtual screening, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) optimization approach. Virtual screening of 260,000 compounds from the ChemBridge database against the tetracyclic indole inhibitor binding pocket of NS5B (allosteric pocket-1, AP-1), sequentially down-sized the library by 4 orders of magnitude to yield 23 candidates. In vitro evaluation of the NS5B inhibitory activity of the in-silico selected compounds resulted in 17% hit rate, identifying two novel chemotypes. Of these, compound 3, bearing the rhodanine scaffold, proved amenable for productive SAR exploration and synthetic modification. As a result, 25 derivatives that exhibited IC50 values ranging from 7.7 to 68.0 µM were developed. Docking analysis of lead compound 28 within the tetracyclic indole- and benzylidene-binding allosteric pockets (AP-1 and AP-3, respectively) of NS5B revealed topological similarities between these two pockets. Compound 28, a novel rhodanine analog with NS5B inhibitory potency in the low micromolar level range may be a promising lead for future development of more potent NS5B inhibitors.
