A Longitudinal Integrative Course Series to Prepare Students for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences.

Background: This paper describes a series of integrative courses intentionally designed to prepare students for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs) in a block system curriculum. Innovation: Three integration blocks are interspersed throughout the didactic curriculum to serve as checkpoints to ensure competency as students progress in the curriculum, rather than waiting until the end to determine competency. Complex patient case discussions and a series of high-stakes assessments are used to reinforce and evaluate cumulative retention of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Findings: Class of 2022 exam results showed that in the cohort of students who failed the high-stakes comprehensive knowledge assessment (CKA) and pharmacy calculations exams during the first integration block (IB), failure rates decreased in subsequent IBs, indicating early detection of knowledge deficiencies and either exam performance improvement in each IB or failure to progress to the next IB. A survey of the same cohort indicated that the final integration block prior to advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) helped improve confidence in applying key knowledge and skills into practice. Conclusion: The series of integration blocks designed and implemented at WesternU provides opportunities to reinforce knowledge and skills while requiring students to demonstrate maintenance of core competency as they progress through the curriculum.

Assessing communication skills in student pharmacists-Psychometric validation of Global Communication Rubric.

ASSESSING COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN STUDENT PHARMACISTS: Psychometric validation of the Global Communication Rubric. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to perform psychometric validation of the Global Communication (GC) rubric. METHODS: The GC rubric was developed and used for the past 10 years at the institution to assess level of communication skills in Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) in the PharmD program. The rubric consisted of 6 questions with the scoring criteria of 0 (failure), 1 (needs improvement), 2 (satisfactory), and 3 (excellent). Data from GC rubric scores for Classes 2010 to 2020 (1,100 students) was used to perform psychometric validation by assessing the following properties: scale reliability; face, content, construct, and predictive validity; and responsiveness. RESULTS: Internal consistency reliability was acceptable at Cronbach's alpha of 0.78. Construct validity showed that all six items loaded highly onto one component. Responsiveness was demonstrated using uptrend of the score improvement as the students advance in the curriculum from P1 to P3 levels. CONCLUSION: The result of this study confirmed reliability and validity of the GC rubric in evaluating communication skills of student pharmacists. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The GC rubric is valuable in evaluating short encounters in an easy and expedited manner.

Academic Freedom Should Be Redefined: Point and Counterpoint.

As part of the 2014-15 Academic Leadership Fellows Program, the cohort teams presented debates on topics relevant to academic pharmacy at a public forum during the 2015 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Interim Meeting. The topic of one of the debates was "Academic Freedom Should Be Redefined." The "point" of the debate focused on important issues such as the fundamental definition of academic freedom as it was written in the 1940 American Association of University Professors' Statement and the need for redefinition as a consequence of many misunderstandings and misinterpretations that have arisen over time. The "counterpoint" received the greatest support, and it asserted that redefinition is not necessary, but rather the need is to clearly articulate the intended meaning of academic freedom through education, discussion, and by not supporting inappropriate behaviors in the name of "academic freedom." Reinforced clarity and operational guidance from the academy and academic institutions may add further clarification and may be the best approach to address the concerns related to academic freedom.

Assessment of patient communication skills during OSCE: examining effectiveness of a training program in minimizing inter-grader variability.

OBJECTIVE: To assess effectiveness of a training program in reducing inter-grader variability in grading communication skills during an objective structured clinical exam (OSCE). METHODS: Global communication (GC) skills are assessed by standardized participants (SP) and faculty during each OSCE using a 6 item rubric. Despite criteria delineated in the GC rubric, inter-grader variability was observed. During 2008-2009 academic year, a training program was implemented before each OSCE to achieve more consistent interpretation and grading in GC skills. GC grades between SP and faculty for 2nd and 3rd level student OSCEs during 2008-2009 (post-training) were compared to 2007-2008 (pre-training). Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: 274 and 281 students participated in OSCEs during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 academic years, respectively. Training significantly (P<.001) decreased grader variability between SPs and faculty. There was a greater mean difference between faculty vs. SP before training (faculty 14.68, SP 15.87) compared to after training (faculty 13.51, SP 13.78). Mean GC scores for both faculty and SPs also decreased significantly after training. CONCLUSION AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: A training program may be necessary to reduce inter-rater variability in assessment of OSCE communication skills if it is to be truly helpful to student pharmacists learning to counsel patients.

ACCP white paper: Essential components of a faculty development program for pharmacy practice faculty.

Prospective, ongoing faculty development programs are important in the initial orientation and short- and long-term development of faculty in higher education. Pharmacy practice faculty are likely to benefit from a comprehensive faculty development program due to the complex nature of their positions, incomplete training in select areas, and multiple demands on their time. The need for faculty development programs is supported by the increased need for pharmacy practice faculty due to the increased number of colleges and schools of pharmacy, expanding enrollment in existing colleges and schools, and loss of existing senior faculty to retirement or other opportunities within or outside the academy. This White Paper describes a comprehensive faculty development program that is designed to enhance the satisfaction, retention, and productivity of new and existing pharmacy practice faculty. A comprehensive faculty development program will facilitate growth throughout a faculty member's career in pertinent areas. The structure of such a program includes an orientation program to provide an overview of responsibilities and abilities, a mentoring program to provide one-on-one guidance from a mentor, and a sustained faculty development program to provide targeted development based on individual and career needs. The content areas to be covered in each component include the institution (e.g., culture, structure, roles, responsibilities), student-related activities, teaching abilities, scholarship and research abilities, practice abilities and the practice site, and professional abilities (e.g., leadership, career planning, balancing responsibilities). A general framework for a comprehensive pharmacy practice faculty development program is provided to guide each college, school, department, and division in the design and delivery of a program that meets the needs and desires of the institution and its faculty.

Evaluation of non-English dietary supplement advertisements in an ethnic minority community in America.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to evaluate the rate at which non-English dietary supplement advertisements distributed in a sampled ethnic minority community are in compliance with the federal advertising regulations. The secondary objective was to assess the availability of supporting evidence to substantiate the advertised health claims. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The contents of dietary supplement advertisements from the Los Angeles Korea Times and the Los Angeles Korea Daily were evaluated during the month of July 2005. After removing duplicate advertisements, the percentage of advertisements making prohibited disease claims and DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act) disclaimer statements was determined. The presence of data substantiating advertised claims was determined by requesting data from the manufacturers and browsing the manufacturers' websites. An observational technique was utilised for content analysis, and data analysis was conducted using quantitative descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Disease claims were present in 84.5%, while DHSEA disclaimer statements were present in only 18.4% of the advertisements. Data to substantiate the claims were provided by 53.4% of the manufacturers. The majority of the additional information consisted of repetition of the advertised claims and consumer testimonies. Experimental data were available for only 13.6% of the products. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of non-compliance with federal regulations suggests a need for better oversight of non-English promotions of dietary supplements.

Telithromycin: the first ketolide antimicrobial.

BACKGROUND: Telithromycin is the first of the ketolide antibacterials to receive US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for clinical use. It is approved for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB), and acute maxillary sinusitis (AMS) in adults. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the mechanism of action, in vitro antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety, and drug-interaction profile of telithromycin. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified through a search of the English-language literature indexed on MEDLINE (1990-March 2005) using the terms telithromycin and HMR 3647, a review of the reference lists of identified articles, and a review of the briefing document prepared by the manufacturer of telithromycin for presentation to the FDA Anti-infective Drugs Advisory Committee. A search of abstracts from the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (2001-2004) also was performed. RESULTS: The results of in vitro susceptibility studies suggest that telithromycin provides coverage against the key respiratory pathogens, both typical and atypical. In addition, telithromycin may be useful against multidrug-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and against Haemophilus influenzae, irrespective of beta-lactamase production. In randomized, double-blind, comparative trials (against amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefuroxime axetil, clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, or trovafloxacin), telithromycin had comparable efficacy to its comparators in the empiric treatment of CAP (4 studies), AECB (3 studies), and AMS (3 studies). Telithromycin is dosed at 800 mg (two 400-mg tablets) QD in community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs). No dose adjustment is required in the elderly, patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency, or patients with hepatic insufficiency. The majority of adverse events associated with telithromycin were mild to moderate, with gastrointestinal effects (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting) being the most commonly reported, followed by headache and dizziness. Telithromycin has been associated with elevations in hepatic transaminases and prolongation of the electrocardiographic QTc interval, although the significance of these findings is not known. Telithromycin is also a strong inhibitor of and substrate for the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isozyme. Therefore, it is important to monitor for potential drug interactions with medications that prolong the QTc interval or are metabolized by the CYP system. CONCLUSIONS: Telithromycin appears to be a useful option for the empiric treatment of community-acquired RTIs in adults. It may be particularly useful in the outpatient setting in areas with high rates of penicillin- and macrolide-resistant S pneumoniae; it may also be an alternative agent for patients who are allergic to beta-lactams and live in areas with a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant S pneumoniae or for those who have failed to respond to beta-lactam- or macrolide-based therapy.

Statewide evaluation of a tobacco cessation curriculum for pharmacy students.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that healthcare professionals are inadequately trained to treat tobacco use and dependence. Because even brief interventions from clinicians improve patient quit rates, widespread implementation of effective tobacco cessation training programs for health professional students is needed. METHODS: Pharmacy students received 7-8 h of comprehensive tobacco cessation training. Participants completed pre- and post-program surveys assessing perceived overall abilities for cessation counseling, skills for key facets of cessation counseling (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange), and self-efficacy for counseling. RESULTS: A total of 493 students (82.3%) completed linkable pre- and post-training evaluations. Self-reported abilities, measured on a five-point scale, increased significantly from 1.89 +/- 0.89 to 3.53 +/- 0.72 (P < 0.001). Twenty-two percent of students rated their overall counseling abilities as good, very good, or excellent before the training versus 94% of students after the training. Eighty-seven percent of students indicated the training will increase the number of patients that they counsel; 97% believed it will increase the quality of their cessation counseling. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive training significantly improved pharmacy students' perceived confidence and ability to provide tobacco cessation counseling. The curriculum is applicable to other health professional training programs and currently is being used to train pharmacy, medical, nursing, and dental students.