[Eye care services evaluation in a low-income urban population of São Paulo City--Brazil]. / Avaliação dos serviços de assistência ocular em população urbana de baixa renda da cidade de São Paulo--Brasil.

PURPOSE: To evaluate eye care services from the user's perspective in a low income population from the east zone of the city of São Paulo--Brazil. METHODS: A household survey was performed using cluster sampling in three low income districts of the city of São Paulo--Brazil. From July/2004 to January/2005, 1055 interviews with an adult household representative were carried and an eye care system responsiveness questionnaire was administered through individual interview. RESULTS: 71.56% of the participants were women. Respondents' age ranged from 18 to 92 years (41.42 +/- 15.67 years). Regarding schooling, 525 (49.77%) had four years or less; 489 (46.35%) between five and eleven years, 40 (3.79%) had eleven or more years of study. Eye care services need was reported as 712 (67.49%) declaring themselves or someone else of the household needing and obtaining services and 135 (12.80%) had never needed eye care. The most frequently cited barriers to obtain the eye care service by respondents was cost (77.29%), followed by unsuccessful attempt to obtain eye care (42.21%). General satisfaction for the criteria contained in the questionnaire was 63.37%. In the 36.63% dissatisfied respondents, the most frequently cited claim was the amount of time waited before consultation. CONCLUSION: The main barriers to obtain eye care services were cost of medical appointment and lack of access to the services. 63.37% of the individuals in need who had received eye care in last 12 months were satisfied with the service provided.

Avaliação dos serviços de assistência ocular em população urbana de baixa renda da cidade de São Paulo - Brasil / Eye care services evaluation in a low-income urban population of São Paulo City - Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os serviços de assistência ocular do ponto de vista do usuário em população de baixa renda, na zona leste da cidade de São Paulo - Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado por meio de inquérito domiciliar em uma amostra por conglomerados em três distritos de baixa renda da cidade de São Paulo - Brasil. No período de julho/2004 a janeiro/2005 foram realizadas 1.055 entrevistas com um representante do domicílio, sendo aplicado o questionário de responsividade aos serviços de assistência ocular em entrevista individual. RESULTADOS: Dos participantes, 71,56 por cento eram mulheres. A idade dos respondentes variou de 18 a 92 anos (41,42 ± 15,67 anos). Quanto à escolaridade, 525 (49,77 por cento) tinham 4 anos ou menos; 489 (46,35 por cento) entre 5 e 11 anos; 40 (3,79 por cento) 11 ou mais anos de estudo. Quanto à necessidade de utilização dos serviços de assistência ocular: 712 (67,49 por cento) relataram que algum morador do seu domicílio necessitou e obteve assistência ocular e 135 (12,80 por cento) nunca precisaram de assistência ocular. A barreira mais frequentemente citada para obtenção dos serviços de assistência ocular pelos respondentes foi o custo da consulta (77,29 por cento) seguida de tentativa frustrada de obtenção da assistência ocular (42,21 por cento). A frequência de avaliações positivas para os critérios contidos no questionário foi de 63,37 por cento. Dos 36,63 por cento respondentes insatisfeitos, o tempo de espera na sala de recepção dos serviços de assistência ocular foi o fator mais frequentemente apontado. CONCLUSÃO: As principais barreiras para obter assistência ocular foram o custo da consulta e a falta de acesso aos serviços, 63,37 por cento dos indivíduos que necessitaram e obtiveram assistência ocular nos últimos 12 meses mostraram-se satisfeitos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate eye care services from the user's perspective in a low income population from the east zone of the city of São Paulo - Brazil. METHODS: A household survey was performed using cluster sampling in three low income districts of the city of São Paulo - Brazil. From July/2004 to January/2005, 1055 interviews with an adult household representative were carried and an eye care system responsiveness questionnaire was administered through individual interview. RESULTS: 71.56 percent of the participants were women. Respondents' age ranged from 18 to 92 years (41.42 ± 15.67 years). Regarding schooling, 525 (49.77 percent) had four years or less; 489 (46.35 percent) between five and eleven years, 40 (3.79 percent) had eleven or more years of study. Eye care services need was reported as 712 (67.49 percent) declaring themselves or someone else of the household needing and obtaining services and 135 (12.80 percent) had never needed eye care. The most frequently cited barriers to obtain the eye care service by respondents was cost (77.29 percent), followed by unsuccessful attempt to obtain eye care (42.21 percent). General satisfaction for the criteria contained in the questionnaire was 63.37 percent. In the 36.63 percent dissatisfied respondents, the most frequently cited claim was the amount of time waited before consultation. CONCLUSION: The main barriers to obtain eye care services were cost of medical appointment and lack of access to the services. 63.37 percent of the individuals in need who had received eye care in last 12 months were satisfied with the service provided.

Association of optic disc size with development and prognosis of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To study the optic nerve head (ONH) morphology of patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in a large family from Brazil carrying the 11778/ND4 mutation and in a case series of unrelated Italian families bearing different mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) pathogenic mutations. METHODS: Enrolled in the study were 15 LHON-affected patients (LHON-affected) and 45 LHON unaffected mutation carriers (LHON carriers) belonging to the previously reported Brazilian SOA-BR LHON pedigree and 56 LHON-affected and 101 LHON carriers from 45 unrelated LHON Italian pedigrees molecularly defined. The LHON-affected were subgrouped according to the extent of visual recovery. All individuals underwent optic nerve head (ONH) analysis by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: In the Brazilian sample, the mean optic disc area was significantly larger in LHON carriers than in the control group (P=0.002). In the Italian sample, the mean optic disc area and vertical disc diameter were significantly higher in LHON carriers than in both LHON-affected (respectively, P=0.008 and P<0.001) and control subjects (P<0.001 in both cases). The LHON-affected with visual recovery had a significantly larger vertical disc diameter when compared with those without visual recovery (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results, revealing that the ONH size is larger in LHON carriers than in LHON-affected, suggest a protective role for this anatomic trait. Such a hypothesis is reinforced by the observation that, among the LHON-affected, larger discs correlated with visual recovery and better visual outcome. The findings may be relevant for prognosis and provide a mechanism for identifying nuclear-modifying genes implicated in the variability of penetrance in LHON.

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in low-middle income school children in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

PURPOSE: Assess prevalence and causes of vision impairment among low-middle income school children in São Paulo. METHODS: Cluster sampling was used to obtain a random sample of children ages 11 to 14 years from public schools (grades 5-8) in three districts from June to November 2005. The examination included visual acuity testing, ocular motility, and examination of the external eye, anterior segment, and media. Cycloplegic refraction and fundus examination were performed in children with uncorrected visual acuity 20/40 or worse in either eye. A principal cause of visual impairment was determined for eyes with uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse. RESULTS: A total of 2825 children were enumerated and 2441 (86.4%) were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting, and best-corrected visual acuity 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 4.82%, 2.67%, and 0.41%, respectively. Spectacles were used by 144 (5.9%) children. Refractive error was a cause in 76.8% of children with visual impairment in one or both eyes; amblyopia, 11.4%; retinal disorders, 5.9%; other causes, 2.7%; and unexplained causes, 7.7%. Myopic visual impairment (spherical equivalent -0.50 D in one or both eyes) was not associated with age or grade level, but female sex was marginally significant (P = 0.070). Hyperopic visual impairment (+2.00 D or more) was not associated with age, grade level, or sex. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of reduced vision in low-middle income urban São Paulo school children was low, most of it because of uncorrected refractive error. Cost-effective strategies are needed to address this easily treated cause of vision impairment.

Prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, ocular disorders and cataract surgery outcomes in low-income elderly from a metropolitan region of São Paulo--Brazil.

PURPOSE: To determine prevalence and causes of visual impairment, blindness, ocular disorders and cataract surgery outcomes in a low-income elderly population from a metropolitan area in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Observational study where 801 individuals of 60 years and older underwent presented and best corrected visual acuity measurements as well as ophthalmologic examination. Definition of blindness and visual impairment followed studies conducted in Nepal, China and India. RESULTS: The prevalence of presented and best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/400 in both eyes was 1.38% (95% CI: 0.69% - 2.45%) and 1.25% (95% CI: 0.60% - 2.29%). Prevalence of visual impairment considering presented and best-corrected visual acuity was, respectively, 24.16% (95% CI: 21.22% - 27.28%) and 12.77% (95% CI: 10.53% - 15.28%). Cataract was the main cause of blindness (30.00%) and visual impairment (54.90%). A total of 54 participants (6.74%) had previous cataract surgery and, with best-corrected visual acuity, 35.12% showed visual acuity better than 20/60 in both eyes. Rates of visual impairment and blindness in this low-income elderly population were high. There was a considerable decrease in prevalence after optical correction emphasizing the importance of uncorrected refractive errors. CONCLUSION: Cataract was the main cause of blindness; poor visual outcomes in eyes previously operated for cataract reinforce the need to seek good quality cataract services and to provide careful postoperative follow-up.

Prevalence and causes of vision impairment and blindness in older adults in Brazil: the Sao Paulo Eye Study.

PURPOSE: Investigate prevalence and causes of vision impairment/blindness in older adults in a low-middle income area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Cluster sampling, based on geographically defined census sectors, was used in randomly selecting cross-sectionally persons 50 years of age or older. Subjects were enumerated through a door-to-door survey and invited for measurement of presenting and best-corrected visual acuity and an ocular examination. The principal cause was identified for eyes with presenting visual acuity less than 20/32. RESULTS: A total of 4,224 eligible persons in 2,870 households were enumerated, and 3,678 (87.1%) examined. The prevalence of presenting visual acuity > or = 20/32 in both eyes was 61.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.4%-63.9%), and 80.4% (95% CI: 78.8%-82.1%) with best correction. The prevalence of visual impairment (< 20/63 to > or =20/200) in the better eye was 4.74% (95% CI: 3.97%-5.53%), and 2.00% (95% CI: 1.52%-2.49%) with best correction. The prevalence of presenting bilateral blindness (< 20/200) was 1.51% (95% CI: 1.20%-1.82%), and 1.07% (95% CI: 0.79%-1.35%) with best correction. Presenting blindness was associated with older age and lack of schooling. Retinal disorders (35.3%) and cataract (28.3%) were the most common causes of blind eyes. Cataract (33.2%), refractive error (32.3%), and retinal disorders (20.3%) were the main causes of vision impairment < 20/63 to > or = 20/200, with refractive error (76.8%) and cataract (12.2%) as main causes for eyes with acuity < 20/32 to > or = 20/63. CONCLUSIONS: Vision impairment is a significant problem in older Brazilians reinforcing the need to implement prevention of blindness programs for elderly people with emphasis on those without schooling.

Prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, ocular disorders and cataract surgery outcomes in low-income elderly from a metropolitan region of São Paulo - Brazil / Prevalência de cegueira, deficiência visual e alterações oculares numa população idosa e de baixa renda na cidade de São Paulo

PURPOSE: To determine prevalence and causes of visual impairment, blindness, ocular disorders and cataract surgery outcomes in a low-income elderly population from a metropolitan area in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Observational study where 801 individuals of 60 years and older underwent presented and best corrected visual acuity measurements as well as ophthalmologic examination. Definition of blindness and visual impairment followed studies conducted in Nepal, China and India. RESULTS: The prevalence of presented and best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/400 in both eyes was 1.38 percent (95 percent CI: 0.69 percent - 2.45 percent) and 1.25 percent (95 percent CI: 0.60 percent - 2.29 percent). Prevalence of visual impairment considering presented and best-corrected visual acuity was, respectively, 24.16 percent (95 percent CI: 21.22 percent - 27.28 percent) and 12.77 percent (95 percent CI: 10.53 percent - 15.28 percent). Cataract was the main cause of blindness (30.00 percent) and visual impairment (54.90 percent). A total of 54 participants (6.74 percent) had previous cataract surgery and, with best-corrected visual acuity, 35.12 percent showed visual acuity better than 20/60 in both eyes. Rates of visual impairment and blindness in this low-income elderly population were high. There was a considerable decrease in prevalence after optical correction emphasizing the importance of uncorrected refractive errors. CONCLUSION: Cataract was the main cause of blindness; poor visual outcomes in eyes previously operated for cataract reinforce the need to seek good quality cataract services and to provide careful postoperative follow-up.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência e causas de deficiência visual, cegueira além dos resultados de cirurgia de catarata numa população idosa de baixa renda de São Miguel Paulista, distrito da cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional no qual a acuidade visual apresentada e com a melhor correção óptica foi medida em 801 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais anos, bem como realizado exame oftalmológico. Definição de cegueira e deficiência visual seguiu estudos prévios realizados no Nepal, China e Índia. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de acuidade visual apresentada e com a melhor correção óptica pior do que 20/400 em ambos os olhos foram 1,38 por cento (intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento: 0,69 por cento - 2,45 por cento) e 1,25 por cento (intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento: 0,60 por cento - 2,29 por cento). As de deficiência visual considerando a acuidade visual apresentada e com a melhor correção óptica foram, respectivamente, 24,16 por cento (intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento: 21,22 por cento - 27,28 por cento) e 12,77 por cento (intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento: 10,53 por cento - 15,28 por cento). Catarata foi a principal causa de cegueira (30,00 por cento) e deficiência visual (54,90 por cento). Cirurgia prévia de catarata foi realizada em 54 participantes (6,74 por cento) e 35,12 por cento mostraram acuidade visual com a melhor correção óptica melhor do que 20/60 em ambos os olhos. Houve considerável diminuição nas prevalências de deficiência visual e cegueira após a correção óptica. CONCLUSÃO: Catarata foi a principal causa de cegueira. Os resultados visuais ruins nos olhos operados reforçam a necessidade de serviços de boa qualidade e de seguimento pós-operatório cuidadoso.

[Comparison between self-reported quality of vision and visual acuity in a low-income elderly population in the city of São Paulo]. / Comparação entre qualidade de visão auto-relatada e acuidade visual em população idosa de baixa renda na cidade de São Paulo.

PURPOSE: Self-reported visual function questionnaires are becoming more common in clinical research. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and correlate self-reported visual function assessed by a visual function questionnaire with visual acuity. METHODS: 806 patients aged 60 years and older, who were included in an epidemiological eye study, were interviewed and present visual acuity for near and distance was taken; they also answered a visual function questionnaire. RESULTS: Weak correlations were found between self-reported visual function assessed by a visual function questionnaire and visual acuities for both distance and near. CONCLUSION: Self-reported visual function assessed by a visual function questionnaire did not correspond to visual acuity, nevertheless it can provide important information to the ophthalmologist.

Comparacão entre qualidade de visão auto-relatada e acuidade visual em populacão idosa de baixa renda na cidade de São Paulo / Comparison between self-reported quality of vision and visual acuity in a low-income elderly population in the city of São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Questionários de auto-avaliacão visual vêm sendo utilizados em pesquisas em vários campos da oftalmologia. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e correlacionar a qualidade visual auto-relatada por meio de questionário de funcão visual com a medida de acuidade visual. MÉTODOS: 806 indivíduos com idade igual ou acima de 60 anos, que faziam parte de populacão avaliada em estudo epidemiológico de doencas oculares em idosos foram entrevistados e submetidos à medida da acuidade visual para longe e para perto e também foram submetidos a um questionário de funcão visual. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas fracas correlacões entre as acuidades visuais e as respostas do questionário. CONCLUSAO: A qualidade visual auto-relatada por meio de questionário de funcão visual não tem correspondência direta com a medida da acuidade visual de um paciente, mas pode trazer informacões importantes para o oftalmologista.