Effect of the Implementation of the French Hospital Regionalization Policy on Patient Mobility.

A new law was voted in France in 2016 to increase cooperation between public sector hospitals. Hospitals were encouraged to work under the leadership of local referral centers and to share their support functions (e.g., information systems) with newly created hospital groups, called "Regional Hospital Groups." The law made it compulsory for each public sector hospital to become affiliated with one of 136 newly created hospital groups. The policy's aim was to ensure that all patients were sent to the hospital best qualified to treat their unique condition, among the hospitals available at the regional level. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether this regionalization policy was associated with changes in observed patterns of patient mobility between hospitals. This nationwide observational study followed an interrupted time series design. For each stay occurring from 2014 to 2019, we ascertained whether or not the stay was followed by mobility toward another hospital within 90 days, and whether or not the receiving hospital was part of the same Regional Hospital Group as the sender hospital. The proportion of mobility directed toward the same regional hospital group increased from 22.9% in 2014 (95% CI 22.7-23.1) to 24.6% in 2019 (95% CI 24.4-24.8). However, the absence of discontinuity during the policy change year was consistent with the hypothesis of a preexisting trend toward regionalization. Therefore, the policy did not achieve major changes in patterns of mobility between hospitals. Other objectives of the reform, including long-term consequences on the healthcare offer, remain to be assessed.

Why are there so many hospital beds in Germany?

The place of hospitals in health systems is undergoing rapid change worldwide due to the high cost of hospital care and the changing health needs of the population. The Covid-19 pandemic has recently drawn public attention towards hospital capacity and has added new urgency to discussions on the future role of hospitals. In this context, recent experience in Germany provides valuable information for health systems seeking to manage hospital capacity. Despite reform efforts to reduce hospital capacity, Germany has the highest rates of intensive care beds among high-income countries and the highest overall hospital capacity in Europe. The capacity of the German hospital system can be explained in large part by the high number of elderly in-patients. This, in turn, is driven by (1) a fragmented ambulatory care system; (2) physicians admitting and maintaining elderly patients in hospital at a high rate; (3) a hospital market adding incentives to admit patients; and (4) a political commitment to egalitarian access and universal care. Additionally, recent policies to reduce hospital capacity have had limited impact because hospitals have not responded to financial incentives in the expected manner. Countries looking to learn from Germany's hospital capacity must therefore consider systemic features, political commitments, and unintended policy consequences.

Making sense of the French public hospital system: a network-based approach to hospital clustering using unsupervised learning methods.

BACKGROUND: Hospitals in the public and private sectors tend to join larger organizations to form hospital groups. This increasingly frequent mode of functioning raises the question of how countries should organize their health system, according to the interactions already present between their hospitals. The objective of this study was to identify distinctive profiles of French hospitals according to their characteristics and their role in the French hospital network. METHODS: Data were extracted from the national hospital database for year 2016. The database was restricted to public hospitals that practiced medicine, surgery or obstetrics. Hospitals profiles were determined using the k-means method. The variables entered in the clustering algorithm were: the number of stays, the effective diversity of hospital activity, and a network-based mobility indicator (proportion of stays followed by another stay in a different hospital of the same Regional Hospital Group within 90 days). RESULTS: Three hospital groups were identified by the clustering algorithm. The first group was constituted of 34 large hospitals (median 82,100 annual stays, interquartile range 69,004 - 117,774) with a very diverse activity. The second group contained medium-sized hospitals (with a median of 258 beds, interquartile range 164 - 377). The third group featured less diversity regarding the type of stay (with a mean of 8 effective activity domains, standard deviation 2.73), a smaller size and a higher proportion of patients that subsequently visited other hospitals (11%). The most frequent type of patient mobility occurred from the hospitals in group 2 to the hospitals in group 1 (29%). The reverse direction was less frequent (19%). CONCLUSIONS: The French hospital network is organized around three categories of public hospitals, with an unbalanced and disassortative patient flow. This type of organization has implications for hospital planning and infectious diseases control.

Estimation of the Width of Uncertainty in Care Consumption and Costs When Using Common Data Collection Tools in Economic Evaluations: A Benchmark for Sensitivity Analyses.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the uncertainty related to the use of common collection tools to assess costs in economic evaluations compared with an exhaustive administrative database. METHODS: A pragmatic study was performed using preexisting cost-effectiveness studies. Patients were probabilistically matched with themselves in the French National Health Data System (Système National des Données de Santé [SNDS]), and all their reimbursed hospital and ambulatory care data during the study were extracted. Outcomes included the ratio of the number of each type of resources consumed using trial data (case report forms for ambulatory care and local hospital data for hospital care) versus the SNDS and the ratio of corresponding costs. Mean ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using bootstrapping. The impact of the collection tool on the result of the economic evaluation was calculated with the difference in costs between the 2 treatment arms with both collection methods. RESULTS: Five cost-effectiveness studies were included in the analysis. A total of 397 patients had the SNDS hospital data, and 321 had ambulatory care data. Common collection tools underestimated hospital admissions by 13% (95% CI 8-20), corresponding costs by 5% (95% CI 2-14), and ambulatory acts by 41% (95% CI 33-51), with large variations in costs depending on the study. There was no change in the economic conclusion in any study. CONCLUSIONS: The use of common collection tools underestimates healthcare resource consumption and its associated costs, particularly for ambulatory care. Our results could provide useful evidence-based estimates to inform sensitivity analyses' parameters in future cost-effectiveness analyses.

Systematic neonatal screening for severe combined immunodeficiency and severe T-cell lymphopenia: Analysis of cost-effectiveness based on French real field data.

BACKGROUND: The inclusion of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in a Europe-wide screening program is currently debated. OBJECTIVE: In making a case for inclusion in the French newborn screening program, we explored the costs incurred and potentially saved by early management of SCID. METHODS: For test costs, a microcosting study documented the resources used in a laboratory piloting a newborn screening test on Guthrie cards using the T-cell receptor excision circle quantification method. For treatment costs, patients with SCID admitted to the national reference center for primary immunodeficiency in France between 2006 and 2010 were included. Costs of admission were estimated from actual national production costs. We estimated the costs for patients who underwent early versus delayed hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; age, ≤3 vs. >3 months, respectively). RESULTS: The unit cost of the test varied between €4.69 and €6.79 for 33,800 samples per year, depending on equipment use and saturation. Of the 30 patients included, 27 underwent HSCT after age 3 months. At 1 year after HSCT, 10 of these had died, and all 3 patients undergoing early transplantation survived. The medical costs for HSCT after 3 months were €195,776 (interquartile range, €165,884-€257,160) versus €86,179 (range, €59,014-€272,577) when performed before 3 months of age. In patients undergoing late transplantation, active infection contributed to high cost and poor outcome. CONCLUSION: Early detection of SCID could reduce the cost of treatment by €50,000-100,000 per case. Assuming a €5 unit cost per test, the incidence required to break even is 1:20,000; however, if the survival advantage of HSCT before 3 months is confirmed, universal screening is likely to be cost-effective.

Tolerability of mefloquine intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women in Benin.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the tolerability of mefloquine intermittent preventive treatment (MQ IPTp) for malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women compared with HIV-negative women. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study comparing samples of HIV-negative and HIV-infected pregnant women from 2 clinical trials conducted in Benin. METHODS: One hundred and three HIV-infected women from the ongoing PACOME trial were compared with 421 HIV-negative women from a former trial, both trials aiming to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of MQ IPTp, administered at the dose of 15 mg/kg. Descriptive analysis compared the proportion of women reporting at least 1 adverse reaction, according to HIV status. Multilevel logistic regression identified factors associated with the probability of reporting an adverse reaction for each MQ intake. RESULTS: Dizziness and vomiting were the most frequent adverse reactions. Adverse reactions were less frequent in HIV-infected women (65% versus 78%, P = 0.009). In multilevel analysis, HIV infection [odds ratio (OR) = 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.08 to 0.61] decreased the risk for adverse reactions, whereas detectable viral load (OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.07 to 5.66), first intake (versus further intakes, OR = 5.26, 95% CI = 3.70 to 7.14), older age (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.32), and higher education level (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.12 to 2.61) increased the risk. Moderate and severe adverse reactions were more frequent when antiretrovirals were started concomitantly with a MQ intake. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides reassuring data on the use of MQ IPTp in HIV-infected pregnant women. However frequent, adverse reactions remained moderate and did not impair adherence to MQ IPTp. In this high-risk group, MQ might be an acceptable alternative in case sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine loses its efficacy for intermittent preventive treatment.

Evaluating the porcine dermis graft InteXen in three-compartment transvaginal pelvic organ prolapse repair.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim was to assess the efficacy of three-compartment pelvic organ prolapse (POP) vaginal repair using the InteXen biocompatible porcine dermal graft as compared to traditional colporrhaphy with sacrospinous ligament suspension. METHODS: Preoperative, operative, postoperative and follow-up data were collected retrospectively. Objective recurrence was defined as POP quantification >or= stage II and subjective recurrence as a symptomatic bulge. RESULTS: Each group consisted of 63 patients. Surgery time was longer using InteXen (72 +/- 24.5 vs 55 +/- 23.5 min, p = 0.0002). Length of hospital stay (4.6 +/- 1.6 vs 4.9 +/- 2.1 days, p = 0.34) as well as duration of follow-up (37.1 vs 35.7 months, p = 0.45) were equivalent between the two groups. No case of mesh erosion or infection was noted. The objective (17% vs 8%, p = 0.12) and subjective recurrence rates (13% vs 5%, p = 0.12) between the two groups were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: InteXen was well tolerated but had similar efficacy to traditional colporrhaphy and sacrospinous ligament suspension.

Fetal scalp lactate microsampling for non-reassuring fetal status during labor: a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study the predictive value and feasibility of fetal scalp lactate microsampling in the management of non-reassuring fetal status during labor. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on cord blood gas samplings from 7,617 singleton and cephalic deliveries at > or =37 weeks of gestation. In this population, 450 fetal scalp blood samples (FBS) were performed for abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns. Microvolume scalp lactate measurements were compared to scalp pH, neonatal cord blood gas parameters (pH, lactate, base deficit) and the Apgar score. RESULTS: Scalp lactate correlated significantly with scalp pH (r = -0.56, p = 0.001), umbilical artery pH (r = -0.39, p = 0.03), umbilical artery lactate (r = 0.48, p = 0.01) and umbilical artery base deficit (r = 0.51, p = 0.01), but not with Apgar scores. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, a scalp lactate cutoff value of 5 mmol/l was the most predictive for neonatal acidosis. Sampling failure with scalp lactate was inferior to scalp pH (1.3 vs. 14%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Lactate microsampling in fetal scalp blood was found to be an attractive alternative to pH analysis and a useful 2nd-line tool for monitoring fetal asphyxia during labor.

[Primary Care Health Houses: a new balance between continuity, accessibility of care and health professionals working conditions?]. / Les maisons de santé : un nouvel équilibre entre accessibilité, continuité des soins et organisation des médecins libéraux.

This evaluation explore empirically, the concept of Multidisciplinary Health Houses, considered as a solution to maintain GP's in remote areas and simultaneously to improve quality of care. Our sample concern 9 health Houses, 71 health professionals of which 32 GP's in two regions. We mixed data collected by questionnaire, visits and interviews. Professional activity and consumptions of care by patients were assessed with claims data from national sickness fund database. Comparison was made with professionals and patients of local zones for each Health Houses. Beyond heterogeneity of health houses in terms of location, size, number of professionals involved, we found a higher level of equipment than average practices, larger access in the day, the week and the year and many informal collaboration. With the same medical activity, doctors declare to have longer holidays. Different level of collaboration can be identified according to the level of substitution between them to their patients. To conclude, Multidisciplinary Health Houses enable GP's to find new balance between work and leisure time and offers larger time accessibility to patients.

Dioxin emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator and risk of invasive breast cancer: a population-based case-control study with GIS-derived exposure.

BACKGROUND: To date, few epidemiologic studies have examined the relationship between environmental PCDD/F exposure and breast cancer in human populations. Dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are one of the major sources of environmental dioxins and are therefore an exposure source of public concern. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between dioxins emitted from a polluting MSWI and invasive breast cancer risk among women residing in the area under direct influence of the facility. METHODS: We compared 434 incident cases of invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 1996 and 2002, and 2170 controls randomly selected from the 1999 population census. A validated dispersion model was used as a proxy for dioxin exposure, yielding four exposure categories. The latter were linked to individual places of residence, using Geographic Information System technology. RESULTS: The age distribution at diagnosis for all cases combined showed a bimodal pattern with incidence peaks near 50 and 70 years old. This prompted us to run models separately for women aged 20-59 years, and women aged 60 years or older. Among women younger than 60 years old, no increased or decreased risk was found for any dioxin exposure category. Conversely, women over 60 years old living in the highest exposed zone were 0.31 time less likely (95% confidence interval, 0.08-0.89) to develop invasive breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Before speculating that this decreased risk reflects a dioxin anti-estrogenic activity with greater effect on late-onset acquired breast cancer, some residual confounding must be envisaged.