A Review of Clostridium difficile Infection at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the frequency of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among hospital admission and diarrhoeal stool samples over a six-year period. METHODS: A review of all suspected cases of C difficile positive patients from 2007 to 2012 at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Jamaica, was performed. Clostridium difficile infection was confirmed by clinical features and a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) stool test for Clostridium Toxins A and B. The demographics, clinical features, risk factors, treatment and outcomes were also examined. RESULTS: There were 56 patients reviewed. The most commonly affected age group was 40-59 years of age. The proportion of CDI cases per total stool samples increased from 0.5% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2010 then fell to 2.2% in 2011 but increased again to 4.3% in 2012. The proportion of cases per total UHWI admissions also increased from 0.12 cases per 1000 admissions in 2007 to 1.16 in 2010 and 1.36 in 2012 (p < 0.001). Most CDI cases were nosocomial (76% males, 48.6% females). Co-morbidities included hypertension and end-stage renal disease. Ceftazidime was the most common antibiotic associated with the development of CDI. Resolution occurred in 62.5% of patients. Duration of hospital stay was longer in males than females (≥ 21 versus < 7 days) and males had more adverse outcomes, with death in 23.8% versus 11.4%. CONCLUSION: There has been an increase in the frequency of CDI at UHWI with a greater than expected frequency of community acquired CDI. Increased awareness is needed of the increasing risk for CDI and measures must be taken to prevent the disease, especially in hospitalized patients.

A review of the HIV-infected homeless sub-population at the Centre for HIV/AIDS Research, Education and Services, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of the West Indies.

OBJECTIVE: The twin epidemics of HIV and homelessness present several challenging aspects to the development of programmes for the provision of treatment and care. This paper describes the characteristics of this population being managed by a collaborative effort between the Centre for HIV/AIDS Research, Education and Services, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of the West Indies and the National Council on Drug Abuse. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted via review of patients'medical files. Demographic and clinical data of the HIV-infected homeless population were summarized, highlighting issues related to the provision of care, rates of antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake and subsequent adherence to treatment and known factors associated with HIV transmission. RESULTS: A total of 12 cases were included in the analysis. There was an average age of 38.0 years (IQR 32.5-49.25) with the majority being female, nine (75.0%). Late stage diagnosis was a common feature. The majority of cases were eligible for ART on first contact, with CD4 counts on average being 284.4 (95% CI 10.9.0, 459.8). Significant risk factors for HIV transmission were also identified as all cases reported being sexual active with limited condom use reported and high reported numbers of lifetime partners, 30 (IQR 25.0-100.0). Other factors identified include eight (66.6%) cases reporting sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms, 10 (83.3%) reporting substance abuse and nine (75.0%) reporting sex work. CONCLUSION: The implementation of combination interventions providing a comprehensive package of services that address the multitude of issues facing the HIV-infected homeless population is required in order to appropriately manage this population.

A review of the HIV-infected homeless sub-population at the Centre for HIV/AIDS Research, Education and Services, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of the West Indies / Una revisión de la subpoblación sin hogar de infectados por el VIH en el Centro para la Investigación, Educación y Servicios del VIH/SIDA, del Departamento de Medicina del Hospital Universitario de West Indies

OBJECTIVE: The twin epidemics of HIV and homelessness present several challenging aspects to the development of programmes for the provision of treatment and care. This paper describes the characteristics of this population being managed by a collaborative effort between the Centre for HIV/AIDS Research, Education and Services, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of the West Indies and the National Council on Drug Abuse. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted via review of patients'medical files. Demographic and clinical data of the HIV-infected homeless population were summarized, highlighting issues related to the provision of care, rates of antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake and subsequent adherence to treatment and known factors associated with HIV transmission. RESULTS: A total of 12 cases were included in the analysis. There was an average age of 38.0 years (IQR 32.5-49.25) with the majority being female, nine (75.0%). Late stage diagnosis was a common feature. The majority of cases were eligible for ART on first contact, with CD4 counts on average being 284.4 (95% CI 10.9.0, 459.8). Significant risk factors for HIV transmission were also identified as all cases reported being sexual active with limited condom use reported and high reported numbers of lifetime partners, 30 (IQR 25.0-100.0). Other factors identified include eight (66.6%) cases reporting sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms, 10 (83.3%) reporting substance abuse and nine (75.0%) reporting sex work. CONCLUSION: The implementation of combination interventions providing a comprehensive package of services that address the multitude of issues facing the HIV-infected homeless population is required in order to appropriately manage this population.

OBJETIVO: Las epidemias gemelas del VIH y las personas sin hogar, presentan varios aspectos desafiantes para el desarrollo de programas que ofrecen atención y tratamiento. Este trabajo describe las características de esta población, y su manejo como parte de un esfuerzo de colaboración entre el Centro para la investigación, educación y servicios del VIH/SIDA, del Departamento de Medicina del Hospital Universitario de West Indies, y el Consejo Nacional para el Abuso de Drogas. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo mediante revisión de expedientes médicos de los pacientes. Se resumieron los datos clínicos y demográficos de la población sin hogar infectada por el VIH, destacando las cuestiones relacionadas con la prestación de asistencia, las tasas de adopción de terapia antirretroviral (TAR), y la posterior adherencia al tratamiento, además de factores conocidos, asociados con la transmisión del VIH. RESULTADOS: Un total de 12 casos se incluyeron en el análisis. La edad promedio fue de 38.0 años (IQR 32.5-49.25), siendo mujeres la mayoría, 9 (75.0%). El diagnóstico en etapa tardía fue una característica común. La mayoría de los casos fueron elegibles para TAR desde el primer contacto, con conteos CD4 de 284.4 (95% CI 10.9.0, 459.8) como promedio. También se identificaron factores de riesgo significativos para la transmisión del VIH, ya que todos los casos reportaron actividad sexual con un uso limitado de condón, y un gran número de parejas sexuales durante toda la vida, 30 (IQR 25.0-100.0). Otros factores identificados incluyen 8 (66,6%) casos que reportaron síntomas de infección de transmisión sexual (ITS), 10 (83,3%) que reportaron abuso de sustancias, y 9 (75.0%) que reportaron trabajo sexual. CONCLUSIÓN: Se requiere la implementación de intervenciones de combinación que ofrezcan un paquete integral de servicios que respondan a los numerosos problemas que enfrenta la población sin hogar infectada por VIH, a fin de tratar adecuadamente a esta población.