Rationale and study protocol for the BRITISH randomized trial (Using cardiovascular magnetic resonance identified scar as the benchmark risk indication tool for implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and severe systolic heart failure).

BACKGROUND: For patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), current guidelines recommend implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) when left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is ≤35%, but the DANISH trial failed to confirm that ICDs reduced all-cause mortality for such patients. Circumstantial evidence suggests that scar on CMR is predictive of sudden and arrhythmic death in this population. The presence of myocardial scar identified by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in patients with NICM and an LVEF ≤35% might identify patients at higher risk of sudden arrhythmic death, for whom an ICD is more likely to reduce all-cause mortality. METHODS/DESIGN: The BRITISH trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial aiming to enrol 1,252 patients with NICM and an LVEF ≤35%. Patients with a nonischemic scar on CMR will be randomized to either: (1) ICD, with or without cardiac resynchronization (CRT-D), or (2) implantable loop recorder (ILR) or cardiac resynchronization (CRT-P). Patients who are screened for the trial but are found not to be eligible, predominantly due to an absence of scar or those who decline to be randomized will be enrolled in an observational registry. The primary endpoint is all-cause mortality, which we plan to assess at 3 years after the last participant is randomized. Secondary endpoints include clinical outcomes, appropriate and inappropriate device therapies, symptom severity and well-being, device-related complications, and analysis of the primary endpoint by subgroups with other risk markers. CONCLUSION: The BRITISH trial will assess whether the use of CMR-defined scar to direct ICD implantation in patients with NICM and an LVEF ≤35% is associated with a reduction in mortality.

Defining Heart Failure Based on Imaging the Heart and Beyond.

Water and salt retention, in other words congestion, are fundamental to the pathophysiology of heart failure and are important therapeutic targets. Echocardiography is the key tool with which to assess cardiac structure and function in the initial diagnostic workup of patients with suspected heart failure and is essential for guiding treatment and stratifying risk. Ultrasound can also be used to identify and quantify congestion in the great veins, kidneys and lungs. More advanced imaging methods might further clarify the aetiology of heart failure and its consequences for the heart and periphery, thereby improving the efficiency and quality of care tailored with greater precision to individual patient need.

Assessment of haemoglobin and serum markers of iron deficiency in people with cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency and their prognostic association with cardiovascular disease have rarely been explored at population level. METHODS: National Health Service records of the Greater Glasgow region for patients aged ≥50 years with a broad range of cardiovascular diagnoses were obtained. During 2013/14, prevalent disease was identified and results of investigations collated. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin <13 g/dL for men or <12 g/dL for women. Incident heart failure, cancer and death between 2015 and 2018 were identified. RESULTS: The 2013/14 dataset comprised 197 152 patients, including 14 335 (7%) with heart failure. Most (78%) patients had haemoglobin measured, especially those with heart failure (90%). Of those tested, anaemia was common both in patients without (29%) and with heart failure (prevalent cases in 2013/14: 46%; incident cases during 2013/14: 57%). Ferritin was usually measured only when haemoglobin was markedly depressed; transferrin saturation (TSAT) even less often. Incidence rates for heart failure and cancer during 2015-18 were inversely related to nadir haemoglobin in 2013/14. A haemoglobin of 13-15 g/dL for women and 14-16 g/dL for men was associated with the lowest mortality. Low ferritin was associated with a better prognosis and low TSAT with a worse prognosis. CONCLUSION: In patients with a broad range of cardiovascular disorders, haemoglobin is often measured but, unless anaemia is severe, markers of iron deficiency are usually not. Low haemoglobin and TSAT, but not low ferritin, are associated with a worse prognosis. The nadir of risk occurs at haemoglobin 1-3 g/dL above the WHO definition of anaemia.

Rationale and design of a randomised trial of intravenous iron in patients with heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: For patients with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and iron deficiency, administration of intravenous iron improves symptoms, exercise capacity and may in the following 12 months, reduce hospitalisations for heart failure. The Effectiveness of Intravenous iron treatment versus standard care in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency (IRONMAN) trial evaluated whether the benefits of intravenous iron persist in the longer term and impact on morbidity and mortality. METHODS: IRONMAN is a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) event-driven trial. Patients aged ≥18 years with HFrEF (LVEF ≤45%) and evidence of iron deficiency (ferritin <100 µg/L and/or TSAT <20%) were enrolled if they had either a current or recent hospitalisation for heart failure or elevated plasma concentrations of a natriuretic peptide. Participants were randomised to receive, or not to receive, intravenous ferric derisomaltose in addition to guideline-recommended therapy for HFrEF. Every 4 months, intravenous iron was administered if either ferritin was <100 µg/L or, provided ferritin was ≤400 µg/L, TSAT was <25%. The primary endpoint is a composite of total hospitalisations for heart failure and cardiovascular death. Hospitalisation and deaths due to infection are safety endpoints. RESULTS: Trial recruitment was completed across 70 UK hospital sites in October 2021. Participants were followed until the end of March 2022. We plan to report the results by November 2022. CONCLUSIONS: IRONMAN will determine whether repeated doses of intravenous ferric derisomaltose are beneficial and safe for the long-term treatment of a broad range of patients with HFrEF and iron deficiency. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02642562.

Association of gamma-glutamyltransferase levels with total mortality, liver-related and cardiovascular outcomes: A prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.

Background: Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels in the blood can be a sensitive marker of liver injury but the extent to which they give insight into risk across multiple outcomes in a clinically useful way remains uncertain. Methods: Using data from 293,667 UK Biobank participants, the relationship of GGT concentrations to self-reported alcohol intake and adiposity markers were investigated. We next investigated whether GGT predicted liver-related, cardiovascular (CV) or all-cause mortality, and potentially improved CV risk prediction. Findings: Higher alcohol intake and greater waist circumference (WC) were associated with higher GGT; the association was stronger for alcohol with evidence of a synergistic effect of WC. Higher GGT concentrations were associated with multiple outcomes. Compared to a GGT of 14.5 U/L (lowest decile), values of 48 U/L for women and 60 U/L for men (common upper limits of 'normal') had hazard ratios (HRs) for liver-related mortality of 1.83 (95% CI 1.60-2.11) and 3.25 (95% CI 2.38-4.42) respectively, for CV mortality of 1.21 (95% CI 1.14-1.28) and 1.43 (95% CI 1.27-1.60) and for all-cause mortality of 1.15 (95% CI 1.12-1.18) and 1.31 (95% CI 1.24-1.38). Adding GGT to a risk algorithm for CV mortality reclassified an additional 1.24% (95% CI 0.14-2.34) of participants across a binary 5% 10-year risk threshold. Interpretation: Our study suggests that a modest elevation in GGT levels should trigger a discussion with the individual to review diet and lifestyle including alcohol intake and consideration of formal liver disease and CV risk assessment if not previously done. Funding: British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Grant (grant number RE/18/6/34217), NHS Research Scotland (grant number SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (grant number MC_UU_00022/2); and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (grant number SPHSU17).

Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Stem cell therapy (SCT) has been proposed as an alternative treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), nonetheless its effectiveness remains debatable. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of SCT in adults with non-ischaemic DCM. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Embase for relevant trials in November 2020. We also searched two clinical trials registers in May 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing stem/progenitor cells with no cells in adults with non-ischaemic DCM. We included co-interventions such as the administration of stem cell mobilizing agents. Studies were classified and analysed into three categories according to the comparison intervention, which consisted of no intervention/placebo, cell mobilization with cytokines, or a different mode of SCT. The first two comparisons (no cells in the control group) served to assess the efficacy of SCT while the third (different mode of SCT) served to complement the review with information about safety and other information of potential utility for a better understanding of the effects of SCT. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened all references for eligibility, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. We undertook a quantitative evaluation of data using random-effects meta-analyses. We evaluated heterogeneity using the I² statistic. We could not explore potential effect modifiers through subgroup analyses as they were deemed uninformative due to the scarce number of trials available. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We created summary of findings tables using GRADEpro GDT. We focused our summary of findings on all-cause mortality, safety, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), performance status, and major adverse cardiovascular events. MAIN RESULTS: We included 13 RCTs involving 762 participants (452 cell therapy and 310 controls). Only one study was at low risk of bias in all domains. There were many shortcomings in the publications that did not allow a precise assessment of the risk of bias in many domains. Due to the nature of the intervention, the main source of potential bias was lack of blinding of participants (performance bias). Frequently, the format of the continuous data available was not ideal for use in the meta-analysis and forced us to seek strategies for transforming data in a usable format. We are uncertain whether SCT reduces all-cause mortality in people with DCM compared to no intervention/placebo (mean follow-up 12 months) (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 1.31; I² = 0%; studies = 7, participants = 361; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether SCT increases the risk of procedural complications associated with cells injection in people with DCM (data could not be pooled; studies = 7; participants = 361; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether SCT improves HRQoL (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.62, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.23; I² = 72%; studies = 5, participants = 272; very low-certainty evidence) and functional capacity (6-minute walk test) (mean difference (MD) 70.12 m, 95% CI -5.28 to 145.51; I² = 87%; studies = 5, participants = 230; very low-certainty evidence). SCT may result in a slight functional class (New York Heart Association) improvement (data could not be pooled; studies = 6, participants = 398; low-certainty evidence). None of the included studies reported major adverse cardiovascular events as defined in our protocol. SCT may not increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (data could not be pooled; studies = 8, participants = 504; low-certainty evidence). When comparing SCT to cell mobilization with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), we are uncertain whether SCT reduces all-cause mortality (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.31; I² = 39%; studies = 3, participants = 195; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether SCT increases the risk of procedural complications associated with cells injection (studies = 1, participants = 60; very low-certainty evidence). SCT may not improve HRQoL (MD 4.61 points, 95% CI -5.62 to 14.83; studies = 1, participants = 22; low-certainty evidence). SCT may improve functional capacity (6-minute walk test) (MD 140.14 m, 95% CI 119.51 to 160.77; I² = 0%; studies = 2, participants = 155; low-certainty evidence). None of the included studies reported MACE as defined in our protocol or ventricular arrhythmia. The most commonly reported outcomes across studies were based on physiological measures of cardiac function where there were some beneficial effects suggesting potential benefits of SCT in people with non-ischaemic DCM. However, it is unclear if this intermediate effects translates into clinical benefits for these patients. With regard to specific aspects related to the modality of cell therapy and its delivery, uncertainties remain as subgroup analyses could not be performed as planned, making it necessary to wait for the publication of several studies that are currently in progress before any firm conclusion can be reached. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We are uncertain whether SCT in people with DCM reduces the risk of all-cause mortality and procedural complications, improves HRQoL, and performance status (exercise capacity). SCT may improve functional class (NYHA), compared to usual care (no cells). Similarly, when compared to G-CSF, we are also uncertain whether SCT in people with DCM reduces the risk of all-cause mortality although some studies within this comparison observed a favourable effect that should be interpreted with caution. SCT may not improve HRQoL but may improve to some extent performance status (exercise capacity). Very low-quality evidence reflects uncertainty regarding procedural complications. These suggested beneficial effects of SCT, although uncertain due to the very low certainty of the evidence, are accompanied by favourable effects on some physiological measures of cardiac function. Presently, the most effective mode of administration of SCT and the population that could benefit the most is unclear. Therefore, it seems reasonable that use of SCT in people with DCM is limited to clinical research settings. Results of ongoing studies are likely to modify these conclusions.

COVID-19 and its cardiovascular effects: a systematic review of prevalence studies.

BACKGROUND: A small minority of people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop a severe illness, characterised by inflammation, microvascular damage and coagulopathy, potentially leading to myocardial injury, venous thromboembolism (VTE) and arterial occlusive events. People with risk factors for or pre-existing cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of pre-existing cardiovascular comorbidities associated with suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 in a variety of settings, including the community, care homes and hospitals. We also assessed the nature and rate of subsequent cardiovascular complications and clinical events in people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS: We conducted an electronic search from December 2019 to 24 July 2020 in the following databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, covid-19.cochrane.org, ClinicalTrials.gov and EU Clinical Trial Register. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included prospective and retrospective cohort studies, controlled before-and-after, case-control and cross-sectional studies, and randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We analysed controlled trials as cohorts, disregarding treatment allocation. We only included peer-reviewed studies with 100 or more participants, and excluded articles not written in English or only published in pre-print servers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened the search results and extracted data. Given substantial variation in study designs, reported outcomes and outcome metrics, we undertook a narrative synthesis of data, without conducting a meta-analysis. We critically appraised all included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for prevalence studies and the JBI checklist for case series. MAIN RESULTS: We included 220 studies. Most of the studies originated from China (47.7%) or the USA (20.9%); 9.5% were from Italy. A large proportion of the studies were retrospective (89.5%), but three (1.4%) were RCTs and 20 (9.1%) were prospective. Using JBI's critical appraisal checklist tool for prevalence studies, 75 studies attained a full score of 9, 57 studies a score of 8, 31 studies a score of 7, 5 studies a score of 6, three studies a score of 5 and one a score of 3; using JBI's checklist tool for case series, 30 studies received a full score of 10, six studies a score of 9, 11 studies a score of 8, and one study a score of 5 We found that hypertension (189 studies, n = 174,414, weighted mean prevalence (WMP): 36.1%), diabetes (197 studies, n = 569,188, WMP: 22.1%) and ischaemic heart disease (94 studies, n = 100,765, WMP: 10.5%)  are highly prevalent in people hospitalised with COVID-19, and are associated with an increased risk of death. In those admitted to hospital, biomarkers of cardiac stress or injury are often abnormal, and the incidence of a wide range of cardiovascular complications is substantial, particularly arrhythmias (22 studies, n = 13,115, weighted mean incidence (WMI) 9.3%), heart failure (20 studies, n = 29,317, WMI: 6.8%) and thrombotic complications (VTE: 16 studies, n = 7700, WMI: 7.4%). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This systematic literature review indicates that cardiometabolic comorbidities are common in people who are hospitalised with a COVID-19 infection, and cardiovascular complications are frequent. We plan to update this review and to conduct a formal meta-analysis of outcomes based on a more homogeneous selected subsample of high-certainty studies.

An m-Health system for education and motivation in cardiac rehabilitation: the experience of HeartCycle guided exercise.

Introduction Home-based programmes for cardiac rehabilitation play a key role in the recovery of patients with coronary artery disease. However, their necessary educational and motivational components have been rarely implemented with the help of modern mobile technologies. We developed a mobile health system designed for motivating patients to adhere to their rehabilitation programme by providing exercise monitoring, guidance, motivational feedback, and educational content. Methods Our multi-disciplinary approach is based on mapping "desired behaviours" into specific system's specifications, borrowing concepts from Fogg's Persuasive Systems Design principles. A randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare mobile-based rehabilitation (55 patients) versus standard care (63 patients). Results Some technical issues related to connectivity, usability and exercise sessions interrupted by safety algorithms affected the trial. For those who completed the rehabilitation (19 of 55), results show high levels of both user acceptance and perceived usefulness. Adherence in terms of started exercise sessions was high, but not in terms of total time of performed exercise or drop-outs. Educational level about heart-related health improved more in the intervention group than the control. Exercise habits at 6 months follow-up also improved, although without statistical significance. Discussion Results indicate that the adopted design methodology is promising for creating applications that help improve education and foster better exercise habits, but further studies would be needed to confirm these indications.

Guía ESC 2016 sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y crónica / No disponible

No disponible

Early Indication of Decompensated Heart Failure in Patients on Home-Telemonitoring: A Comparison of Prediction Algorithms Based on Daily Weight and Noninvasive Transthoracic Bio-impedance.

BACKGROUND: Heart Failure (HF) is a common reason for hospitalization. Admissions might be prevented by early detection of and intervention for decompensation. Conventionally, changes in weight, a possible measure of fluid accumulation, have been used to detect deterioration. Transthoracic impedance may be a more sensitive and accurate measure of fluid accumulation. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we review previously proposed predictive algorithms using body weight and noninvasive transthoracic bio-impedance (NITTI) to predict HF decompensations. METHODS: We monitored 91 patients with chronic HF for an average of 10 months using a weight scale and a wearable bio-impedance vest. Three algorithms were tested using either simple rule-of-thumb differences (RoT), moving averages (MACD), or cumulative sums (CUSUM). RESULTS: Algorithms using NITTI in the 2 weeks preceding decompensation predicted events (P<.001); however, using weight alone did not. Cross-validation showed that NITTI improved sensitivity of all algorithms tested and that trend algorithms provided the best performance for either measurement (Weight-MACD: 33%, NITTI-CUSUM: 60%) in contrast to the simpler rules-of-thumb (Weight-RoT: 20%, NITTI-RoT: 33%) as proposed in HF guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: NITTI measurements decrease before decompensations, and combined with trend algorithms, improve the detection of HF decompensation over current guideline rules; however, many alerts are not associated with clinically overt decompensation.

Abordaje multidisciplinario en pacientes hospitalizados por insuficiencia cardiaca / Multidisciplinary approach for patients hospitalized with heart failure

La insuficiencia cardiaca aguda describe el deterioro rápido, en un plazo de minutos, días u horas, de los signos y síntomas de la insuficiencia cardiaca. Su tratamiento constituye un verdadero reto interdisciplinario que requiere la colaboración de diversos especialistas. Aunque los servicios de urgencias, los cardiólogos (intervencionistas), los cirujanos cardiacos y los especialistas en cuidados intensivos colaboran en la estabilización inicial de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, la participación en el equipo de asistencia de enfermeras, encargados del alta y médicos generales puede facilitar la transición de la asistencia hospitalaria al contexto ambulatorio, y reducir las tasas de reingreso por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda. En esta revisión se señala la importancia de un abordaje multidisciplinario de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, con especial énfasis en la cadena de asistencia prestada por los diversos servicios dentro del contexto del sistema de asistencia sanitaria (AU)

Acute heart failure describes the rapid deterioration, over minutes, days or hours, of symptoms and signs of heart failure. Its management is an interdisciplinary challenge that requires the cooperation of various specialists. While emergency providers, (interventional) cardiologists, heart surgeons, and intensive care specialists collaborate in the initial stabilization of acute heart failure patients, the involvement of nurses, discharge managers, and general practitioners in the heart failure team may facilitate the transition from inpatient care to the outpatient setting and improve acute heart failure readmission rates. This review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to acute heart failure with particular focus on the chain-of-care delivered by the various services within the healthcare system (AU)

The relationship of QRS morphology with cardiac structure and function in patients with heart failure.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship of QRS morphology with cardiac structure and function in patients with heart failure is uncertain. METHODS: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure and objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction [either a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50 % or an amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) ≥400 pg/ml] who had been investigated by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) were identified. QRS duration ≥120 ms was grouped morphologically as left (LBBB), right bundle branch block (RBBB) or indeterminate. RESULTS: Of 877 patients, 320 (36 %) had QRS ≥ 120 ms. Compared to patients with LBBB, those with RBBB had a lower median [inter-quartile range (IQR)] right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction [RBBB: 46 (37-57); LBBB: 52 (42-61) %; p = 0.014], greater median (IQR) RV mass [RBBB: 53 (42-73); LBBB: 45 (36-56) g; p < 0.001], higher median (IQR) plasma NT-proBNP [RBBB: 2013 (659-3573); LBBB: 1159 (589-2207) pg/ml, p = 0.026], more signs of peripheral congestion and higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation but had similar LVEF. During a median follow-up of 1302 days (IQR: 742-2237), 311 patients died. Compared with patients who had QRS < 120 ms, those with RBBB [HR 1.98, 95 % CI (1.37-2.86); p < 0.001] had a higher mortality. Age and NT-proBNP were the strongest independent predictors of mortality; neither QRS nor CMRI variables improved prediction. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with heart failure and QRS ≥ 120 ms, RBBB is associated with more severe RV dysfunction and congestion and a worse prognosis. However, neither QRS morphology nor CMRI data provide independent prognostic information in a multivariable analysis including NT-proBNP.

If home telemonitoring reduces mortality in heart failure, is this just due to better guideline-based treatment?

UNLABELLED: To investigate, in a 'real-world' setting, the impact of home telemonitoring (HTM) compared to usual care on achieved dose of guideline-recommended medication, hospitalisation rate and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data on 333 patients with HF referred to a HTM service supported by a nurse-specialist (mean age 71±12 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 36 ± 11% and median N-Terminal pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) 2,972 ng/L (interquartile range (IQR): 1,447-7,801 ng/L)). Most patients (n = 278) accepted HTM (HTM-group) but 55 refused and received usual care (UC-group). In the HTM-group, weight, heart rate, blood pressure and symptom severity were measured daily. RESULTS: At referral, respectively 90%, 90%, 67% and 94% of patients with LVEF ≤40% (n = 229) were treated with ß-blockers (BB), angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors (ACE-I) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and diuretics, with rates similar between groups. After 6 months, prescription of BB (92% vs 83%), ACE-I/ARB (92% vs 90%) and MRA (68% vs 67%) did not differ significantly between groups. The proportions of patients who achieved ≥50% and ≥100% of target doses of BB, ACE-I/ARB and MRA were also similar in each group. However, during a median follow-up of 1094 days (IQR 767-1419) fewer patients who chose HTM died (33% vs 49%; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Patients who choose HTM have a better prognosis than those who do not but this does not appear to be mediated through greater prescription of key HF medications.

Is age a factor in the success or failure of remote monitoring in heart failure? Telemonitoring and structured telephone support in elderly heart failure patients.

BACKGROUND: There are few data regarding the effectiveness of remote monitoring for older people with heart failure. We conducted a post-hoc sub-analysis of a previously published large Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant randomized controlled trials to determine whether structured telephone support and telemonitoring were effective in this population. METHODS: A post hoc sub-analysis of a systematic review and meta-analysis that applied the Cochrane methodology was conducted. Meta-analyses of all-cause mortality, all-cause hospitalizations and heart failure-related hospitalizations were performed for studies where the mean or median age of participants was 70 or more years. RESULTS: The mean or median age of participants was 70 or more years in eight of the 16 (n=2659/5613; 47%) structured telephone support studies and four of the 11 (n=894/2710; 33%) telemonitoring studies. Structured telephone support (RR 0.80; 95% CI=0.63-1.00) and telemonitoring (RR 0.56; 95% CI=0.41-0.76) interventions reduced mortality. Structured telephone support interventions reduced heart failure-related hospitalizations (RR 0.81; 95% CI=0.67-0.99). CONCLUSION: Despite a systematic bias towards recruitment of individuals younger than the epidemiological average into the randomized controlled trials, older people with heart failure did benefit from structured telephone support and telemonitoring. These post-hoc sub-analysis results were similar to overall effects observed in the main meta-analysis. While further research is required to confirm these observational findings, the evidence at hand indicates that discrimination by age alone may be not be appropriate when inviting participation in a remote monitoring service for heart failure.

Development and course of heart failure after a myocardial infarction in younger and older people.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common cause of heart failure (HF), which can develop soon after AMI and may persist or resolve or develop late. HF after an MI is a major source of mortality. The cumulative incidence, prevalence and resolution of HF after MI in different age groups are poorly described. This study describes the natural history of HF after AMI according to age. METHODS: Patients with AMI during 1998 were identified from hospital records. HF was defined as treatment of symptoms and signs of HF with loop diuretics and was considered to have resolved if loop diuretic therapy could be stopped without recurrence of symptoms. Patients were categorised into those aged < 65 years, 65-75 years, and > 75 years. RESULTS: Of 896 patients, 311, 297 and 288 were aged < 65, 65-75 and >75 years and of whom 24%, 57% and 82% had died respectively by December 2005. Of these deaths, 24 (8%), 68 (23%) and 107 (37%) occurred during the index admission, many associated with acute HF. A further 37 (12%), 63 (21%) and 82 (29%) developed HF that persisted until discharge, of whom 15, 44 and 62 subsequently died. After discharge, 53 (24%), 55 (40%) and 37 (47%) patients developed HF for the first time, of whom 26%, 62% and 76% subsequently died. Death was preceded by the development of HF in 35 (70%), 93 (91%) and 107 (85%) in aged < 65 years, 65-75 years and >75 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing HF and of dying after an MI increases progressively with age. Regardless of age, most deaths after a MI are preceded by the development of HF.

Prevalence of scarred and dysfunctional myocardium in patients with heart failure of ischaemic origin: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) can provide unique data on the transmural extent of scar/viability. We assessed the prevalence of dysfunctional myocardium, including partial thickness scar, which could contribute to left ventricular contractile dysfunction in patients with heart failure and ischaemic heart disease who denied angina symptoms. METHODS: We invited patients with ischaemic heart disease and a left ventricular ejection fraction < 50% by echocardiography to have LGE CMR. Myocardial contractility and transmural extent of scar were assessed using a 17-segment model. RESULTS: The median age of the 193 patients enrolled was 70 (interquartile range: 63-76) years and 167 (87%) were men. Of 3281 myocardial segments assessed, 1759 (54%) were dysfunctional, of which 581 (33%) showed no scar, 623 (35%) had scar affecting ≤50% of wall thickness and 555 (32%) had scar affecting > 50% of wall thickness. Of 1522 segments with normal contractile function, only 98 (6%) had evidence of scar on CMR. Overall, 182 (94%) patients had ≥1 and 107 (55%) patients had ≥5 segments with contractile dysfunction that had no scar or ≤50% transmural scar suggesting viability. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and ischaemic heart disease, about half of all segments had contractile dysfunction but only one third of these had > 50% of the wall thickness affected by scar, suggesting that most dysfunctional segments could improve in response to an appropriate intervention.

Structured telephone support or telemonitoring programmes for patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Specialised disease management programmes for chronic heart failure (CHF) improve survival, quality of life and reduce healthcare utilisation. The overall efficacy of structured telephone support or telemonitoring as an individual component of a CHF disease management strategy remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVES: To review randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of structured telephone support or telemonitoring compared to standard practice for patients with CHF in order to quantify the effects of these interventions over and above usual care for these patients. SEARCH STRATEGY: Databases (the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA) on The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and Science Citation Index Expanded and Conference Citation Index on ISI Web of Knowledge) and various search engines were searched from 2006 to November 2008 to update a previously published non-Cochrane review. Bibliographies of relevant studies and systematic reviews and abstract conference proceedings were handsearched. No language limits were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only peer reviewed, published RCTs comparing structured telephone support or telemonitoring to usual care of CHF patients were included. Unpublished abstract data was included in sensitivity analyses. The intervention or usual care could not include a home visit or more than the usual (four to six weeks) clinic follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were presented as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality, all-cause and CHF-related hospitalisations which were meta-analysed using fixed effects models. Other outcomes included length of stay, quality of life, acceptability and cost and these were described and tabulated. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-five studies and five published abstracts were included. Of the 25 full peer-reviewed studies meta-analysed, 16 evaluated structured telephone support (5613 participants), 11 evaluated telemonitoring (2710 participants), and two tested both interventions (included in counts). Telemonitoring reduced all-cause mortality (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.81, P < 0.0001) with structured telephone support demonstrating a non-significant positive effect (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.01, P = 0.08). Both structured telephone support (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.87, P < 0.0001) and telemonitoring (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.94, P = 0.008) reduced CHF-related hospitalisations. For both interventions, several studies improved quality of life, reduced healthcare costs and were acceptable to patients. Improvements in prescribing, patient knowledge and self-care, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class were observed. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Structured telephone support and telemonitoring are effective in reducing the risk of all-cause mortality and CHF-related hospitalisations in patients with CHF; they improve quality of life, reduce costs, and evidence-based prescribing.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy: redefining the role of device therapy in heart failure.

That cardiac dyssynchrony can contribute to a decline in cardiac efficiency has been recognized in one form or another for at least 50 years. Although revascularization and beta-blockers can improve cardiac synchrony, there was little interest in or awareness of this clinical entity until the advent of specific, highly effective therapy using atriobiventricular pacing, often described as cardiac resynchronization therapy. Over the last few years, significant advances in cardiac resynchronization therapy technology and the publication of large-scale clinical trials using cardiac resynchronization therapy devices in patients with heart failure have led to the widespread use of these devices. This review will briefly describe the complex nature of cardiac dyssynchrony, what is known about its epidemiology, the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy, appropriate patient selection, practical aspects, such as implantation and monitoring, and some still unanswered questions.

Papel de los ARA-II en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca: ¿qué dicen las guías de práctica clínica? / Role of angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of chronic heart failure: What do the clinical practice guidelines say?

Existen sustanciosos ensayos clínicos que investigan la naturaleza y la magnitud de los beneficios clínicos de los antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina (ARA-II) en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca en 3 escenarios. Usados en dosis adecuadas, estos fármacos ejercen beneficios similares en magnitud a los de los inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (IECA) y pueden utilizarse como alternativa cuando los efectos secundarios específicos de los IECA, tales como la tos o el edema angioneurótico, se han presentado o se teme que aparezcan. En pacientes con disfunción sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) y síntomas de moderados a severos, persistentes o recurrentes, la adición de un ARA-II a un IECA mejora los síntomas y reduce la hospitalización, pero no existe la certeza de si reducen la mortalidad por cualquier causa. Los pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de insuficiencia cardiaca con fracción de eyección del VI preservada tienen una tasa menor de muerte o de hospitalización que los pacientes con disfunción sistólica del VI y, por tanto, la mayor proporción de tales eventos serán de causa no cardiovascular. Los ARA-II reducen la hospitalización relacionada con la insuficiencia cardiaca en este grupo de pacientes, pero no la mortalidad. Los ARA-II parecen también reducir la incidencia de diabetes en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, sobre todo en pacientes con fracción de eyección preservada del VI. Las guías de la sociedad europea sobre insuficiencia cardiaca crónica son consistentes con estos datos. Sin embargo, el sistema de clasificación utilizado es anticuado y debería reformarse. Las guías ponen de relieve la incertidumbre sobre la utilización de los ARA-II o de los antagonistas de la aldosterona como el siguiente fármaco que se debe añadir a los IECA y a los bloqueadores beta (AU)

Substantial clinical trials investigating the nature and magnitude of the clinical benefits of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for patients with heart failure exist for three scenarios. When used in adequate doses, these agents exert benefits similar in magnitude to those of ACE inhibitors and may be used as alternatives when ACE inhibitor-specific side effects such as cough or angioneurotic oedema have occurred or are feared. In patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and persistent or recurrent moderate to severe symptoms, addition of an ARB to an ACE inhibitor improves symptoms and reduces hospitalisation but uncertainty exists about whether they reduce mortality, whatever the cause. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure who have preserved LV systolic function have a lower rate of death or hospitalisation than patients with LV systolic dysfunction and a larger proportion of such events will be non-cardiovascular. ARBs reduce heart failure related hospitalisation in this group of patients but not mortality. ARBs also appear to reduce the incidence of diabetes in patients with heart failure, particularly in patients with preserved LV systolic function. European Society Guidelines on Chronic Heart Failure are consistent with these data. However, the classification system used is antiquated and should be reformed. The guidelines highlight the uncertainty about whether ARBs or aldosterone antagonists should be used as the next agent to add to ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers (AU)