Nurse-patient relationship and its implications for retention in the PMTCT of HIV programme in Ghana: an appreciative inquiry.

BACKGROUND: Relationships established between nurses and midwives, and their patients have far-reaching implications; the most significant being their impact on the health-related outcomes of patients. These relationships are especially relevant in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) programme as women, diagnosed with HIV navigate the emotional and psychological effects of their diagnosis while carrying pregnancies. This study aimed to explore the relationships between nurses, midwives and mothers diagnosed with HIV and its impact on retention in the PMTCT Programme. METHODS: An Appreciative Inquiry approach that employed qualitative research methods was conducted among twenty-four participants made up of 12 HIV positive mothers, and eight midwives and four community health nurses engaged in the PMTCT programme. Individual generative interviews were conducted among the mothers while paired interviews were conducted among the health professionals. Thematic analysis guided by Colaizzi's approach was conducted. RESULTS: Three main themes emerged each with its subthemes. Under Establishing Rapport, two sub-themes emerged; making the connection and building trusting relationships. The second theme, Journeying Together, describes how the nurse-patient relationship evolved as the participant engaged in the programme; sub-themes include developing mutual goals, impactful communication, and showing commitment and building self-worth. The third theme; Ending the professional relationship details two sub-themes; continuity of care across the cascade, and termination of care which proved unsuccessful in some relationships due to blurring professional boundaries. CONCLUSIONS: The nurse-patient relationship in the PMTCT programme evolved as the relationship progressed along the PMTCT cascade. Strengthening of the nurse-patient relationships was underscored by building trust through the maintenance of confidentiality, setting mutual goals, shared emotional experiences and personal stories, and building clients' self-worth. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that professional boundaries are set and maintained to reduce the occurrence of over-dependence of the clients and burnout of the nurses.

Midwife-led birthing centres in four countries: a case study.

BACKGROUND: Midwives are essential providers of primary health care and can play a major role in the provision of health care that can save lives and improve sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn and adolescent health outcomes. One way for midwives to deliver care is through midwife-led birth centres (MLBCs). Most of the evidence on MLBCs is from high-income countries but the opportunity for impact of MLBCs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) could be significant as this is where most maternal and newborn deaths occur. The aim of this study is to explore MLBCs in four low-to-middle income countries, specifically to understand what is needed for a successful MLBC. METHODS: A descriptive case study design was employed in 4 sites in each of four countries: Bangladesh, Pakistan, South Africa and Uganda. We used an Appreciative Inquiry approach, informed by a network of care framework. Key informant interviews were conducted with 77 MLBC clients and 33 health service leaders and senior policymakers. Fifteen focus group discussions were used to collect data from 100 midwives and other MLBC staff. RESULTS: Key enablers to a successful MLBC were: (i) having an effective financing model (ii) providing quality midwifery care that is recognised by the community (iii) having interdisciplinary and interfacility collaboration, coordination and functional referral systems, and (iv) ensuring supportive and enabling leadership and governance at all levels. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study have significant implications for improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes, strengthening healthcare systems, and promoting the role of midwives in LMICs. Understanding factors for success can contribute to inform policies and decision making as well as design tailored maternal and newborn health programmes that can more effectively support midwives and respond to population needs. At an international level, it can contribute to shape guidelines and strengthen the midwifery profession in different settings.

HIV counselling and testing experiences of expectant mothers in the prevention of vertical transmission programme: implications for policy and service delivery.

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the HIV counselling and testing (HCT) experiences of women who were diagnosed positive in the current pregnancy in a district hospital within the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis in Ghana following the implementation of the 'opt out' testing policy. METHODS: Adopting a qualitative explorative descriptive design, 12 mothers were sampled purposively and in-depth interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis using Colaizzi's approach was applied to unearth the experiences of the participants. RESULTS: Three key themes emerged: The Pre-test Counselling Experience; The Test; and After Talk: Post-test Counselling. Provider-initiated testing was offered to all the participants at antenatal booking. Most counsellors were silent about the 'opt-out' option of testing while pretest counselling focused on preventing vertical transmission and not on the health of the woman. Attitudes towards pretest counselling was mainly indifference or anxiety which affected the women's initial acceptance of a positive result. All the women took a confirmatory test after the initial positive results which aided them in accepting their diagnosis. Of the women who tested, all received post-test counselling that focused on enrolling on antiretroviral therapy (ART). CONCLUSION: Attitudes towards pretest counselling impacts the mothers' reaction to a positive test result. HIV counselling that does not solicit voluntary testing may be effective in increasing testing but may affect uptake of treatment. It is recommended that midwives providing HCT be trained periodically to enhance service delivery while focus on women-centred care and improving women's agency in the prevention of vertical transmission services should be the paramount.

Staying, leaving and returning: Trends of prevention of mother-to-child transmission retention among newly diagnosed HIV-positive pregnant and postpartum women.

Uptake of services and retention throughout the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission continuum are necessary to achieve the goal of reducing Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Adopting a retrospective cohort design, we tracked the uptake of services in a district hospital in Ghana from antenatal booking through to six weeks postnatal when early infant diagnosis was conducted. Of the 1252 pregnant women booked antenatally, 94.1% (n = 1178) received pre-test counselling, 96.3% (1134) opted for HIV testing and 3.8% (n = 43) women tested positive for HIV throughout the continuum. The retention rate at six weeks postpartum was 67.4%. Missed opportunities occurred throughout the programme and the highest disengagement, 58.9% (23/39) occurred antenatally. Instances of re-engagement were also recorded. Establishing measures to promote retention throughout the programme is critical to ensuring HIV-infected mothers maintain their health and their exposed newborns are HIV-free. This phase of the study provided a comprehensive view of retention in the absence of any baseline.

A questionnaire for assessing breastfeeding intentions and practices in Nigeria: validity, reliability and translation.

BACKGROUND: Validating a questionnaire/instrument (whether developed or adapted) before proceeding to the field for data collection is important. This article presents the modification of an Irish questionnaire for a Nigerian setting. The validation process and reliability testing of this questionnaire (which was used in assessing previous breastfeeding practices and breastfeeding intentions of pregnant women in English and Hausa languages) were also presented. METHOD: Five experts in the field of breastfeeding and infant feeding voluntarily and independently evaluated the instrument. The experts evaluated the various items of the questionnaire based on relevance, clarity, simplicity and ambiguity on a Likert scale of 4. The analysis was performed to determine the content validity index (CVI).Two language experts performed the translation and back-translation. Ten pregnant women completed questionnaires which were evaluated for internal consistency. Two other pregnant women completed the questionnaire twice at an interval of two weeks to test the reliability. SPSS version 21 was used to calculate the coefficient of reliability. RESULTS: The content validity index was high (0.94 for relevance, clarity and ambiguity and 0.96 for simplicity). The analysis suggested that four of the seventy one items should be removed. Cronbach's Alpha was 0.81, while the reliability coefficient was 0.76. The emerged validated questionnaire was translated from English to Hausa, then, back-translated into English and compared for accuracy. CONCLUSION: The final instrument is reliable and valid for data collection on breastfeeding in Nigeria among English and Hausa speakers. Therefore, the instrument is recommended for use in assessing breastfeeding intention and practices in Nigeria.

Finding the voice of clinical experience: participatory action research with registered nurses in developing a child critical care nursing curriculum.

The voice of clinical nurses is important to find and hear in the design of curricula. A participative action research project proposed to add this voice to the design of a new Critical Care Child Nursing programme at the University of Cape Town (UCT). Nurses' experiences of nursing critically ill children and their perceived learning needs in this context, were the central focus of the study. Participants were registered nurses working in the paediatric intensive care unit at the Red Cross Children's Hospital (a specialist hospital), which offers secondary and tertiary care in the Cape Town region and beyond. Data were gathered in five focussed group discussions. Findings indicate that the Critical Care Child Nurse needs not only a specialised knowledge base and acutely developed assessment skills, but also astute interpersonal skills. The nurse's professional identity and integration into the multidisciplinary team need exploring. Together with the development of interpersonal skills, the nurse needs to engage the child and family.