Two cases of fungemia due to Lomentospora prolificans in haematological patients with different outcome.

Lomentospora prolificans is an uncommon cause of invasive fungal disease, but it is associated with high mortality because it is difficult to treat. Most of severe cases are produced in immunossupressed patients, especially in those with neutropenia and/or hematological malignancies. Resistance to the majority of antifungal agents can be still observed. Here we report two cases of L. prolificans fungemia with different outcome, since in one of these patients treatment with one of the new antifungals could be applied. Both patients were treated with different antifungal drugs, but only the second one survived due to therapy with fosmanogepix®. The current treatment is still based on a combination of conventional antifungal drugs, although in much cases this strategy is not sufficient. The introduction of new promising antifungal agents such as fosmanogepix® and olorofim® may open new perspectives in the treatment of invasive infections caused by L. prolificans, as in our patient.

Updated checklist of the Culicoides Latreille biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Galicia (NW Spain): Diversity, distribution and medical-veterinary relevance.

INTRODUCTION: Culicoides Latreille biting midges are vectors of high concern as they can transmit serious veterinary diseases such as bluetongue virus or epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus, among others. Little is known about these vectors in Galicia, so a comprehensive literature review and an intensive monitoring were carried out in the region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Autonomous Community of Galicia was sampled through three different vector surveillance projects between 2004 and 2023. A total of 239 sampling points were deployed alongside the Galician territory. In addition, a literature review of Culicoides in Galicia related content was made by consulting several digital repositories. RESULTS: A total of 33 species of Culicoides belonging to 8 subgenera were identified. Among them, 15 are considered or suspected to be potential vectors of several pathogens of medical and/or veterinary interest. In addition, 20 of them are reported for the first time in the region. Updated distribution maps of the Culicoides biting midges of Galicia were provided, including several notes regarding their ecology and relevance for both public health and animal welfare. CONCLUSIONS: The present work is one of the most complete works made at regional level in Spain to date. As Galicia's economy relies heavily on livestock farming, this work will provide a solid baseline in order to develop new research lines in the future regarding prevention to vector-borne diseases.

Analysis of HLA Alleles in Different Cohorts of Patients Infected by L. infantum from Southern Spain.

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which is endemic in certain areas of Europe, such as southern Spain. The disease manifests in various clinical phenotypes, including visceral, cutaneous, mucosal, or asymptomatic leishmaniasis. This diversity in clinical outcomes may be influenced by the host immune response, with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules playing a crucial role in determining susceptibility and progression of the infection. This study explores the association between specific HLA variants and Leishmania infantum infection. We recruited four cohorts: a control group, asymptomatic individuals, patients with symptomatic disease, and cohabitants of infected individuals. HLA typing was performed for all participants, followed by an association analysis with infection status and disease progression. Our findings indicate that the HLA-B*38 and HLA-C*03 alleles are associated with protection against L. infantum infection. These results contribute to a better understanding of the disease's progression, offer potential for new therapeutic approaches such as vaccines, and expand the existing knowledge in the literature.

Bacteremia caused by Veillonella parvula: Two case reports and a review of the literature.

Veillonella parvula is a non-motile gram-negative coccus that forms part of the normal microbiota in several body sites and which has been rarely isolated as cause of infections in human population, particularly in bacteremias. Here we give the overview of characteristics of genus Veillonella and the summary of its role in infections, particularly in bacteremia. We additionally report two patients with bacteremia due to V. parvula. Two sets of blood cultures of each patient yielded a pure culture of an anaerobic microorganism identified as V. parvula by MALDI-TOF MS, and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The two patients were male and one of them had risk factors for anaerobic bacteremia. The isolates were susceptible to most antibiotics and the outcome was successful in both patients. Bacteremia due to V. parvula is still rare. MALDI-TOF MS appear to be an excellent tool for the correct identification of these species.

Follow-up of immune response in patients with common variable immunodeficiency following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of effective vaccination strategies in controlling the spread of infectious diseases. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy in preventing COVID-19 infection in the general population. However, the efficacy of this vaccine in patients with predominantly antibody deficiencies, such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), should be closely monitored. CVID and XLA are rare genetic disorders that impair the immune system's ability to produce antibodies, which are crucial for fighting infections. Patients with these disorders have a higher risk of severe disease and mortality from COVID-19 due to their compromised immune systems. In this study, we evaluated the humoral and cellular immune responses after four doses of mRNA-1273 and one BNT162b2 bivalent vaccine in a cohort of patients with CVID and XLA. The response in this population was lower than in the control group. However, the administration of the third dose improved the number of patients with seroconversion and the intensity of the humoral response, as well as the number of patients with a positive cellular response. Finally, the administration of the fourth and fifth doses improves the antibody titer and neutralization against wild type variant, but not against the prevalent XBB1.5 variant.

Evaluation of a new CT/NG/TV/MG Real-Time PCR Kit (Vircell) versus the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a public health problem. Real-time PCR assays are the most sensitive test for screening and diagnosis of these infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new CT/NG/TV/MG Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) kit (Vircell) for the detection of Chamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis for the diagnosis of sexual transmitted infections using the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) as the reference's method. A total of 497 samples from different anatomical sites (endocervical, urethral, rectal, pharyngeal and urine) were analysed from October 2022 to February 2023. A total of 108 (21.73 %) and 106 (21.33 %) positive samples were found for any of the assays used. The most commonly detected pathogen was N. gonorrhoeae (52 samples; 10.46 %), and the least commonly detected was T. vaginalis (three samples; 0.60 %). The anatomical site with the highest prevalence of micro-organisms was a non-urogenital site, the pharynx (26 positive samples; 5.23 %). Using the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) as the reference method, the diagnosis performance showed that the average specificity of CT/NG/TV/MG RT-PCR Kit (Vircell) was 99.84 % and the sensitivity was 99.53 %. The overall concordance was k=0.98 (CI95 %; 0.96-1). In conclusion, the CT/NG/TV/MG RT-PCR Kit (Vircell) assay shows a good sensitivity and specificity and constitutes a promising and additional alternative to routine procedures for distinct types of clinical specimen in diagnosis STI.

Comparison of an Enzyme Linked-Immunosorbent Assay and a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay with an Immunofluorescence Assay for Detection of Phase II IgM and IgG Antibodies to Coxiella burnetii.

In this study, we have compared the detection of IgM and IgG against C. burnetii phase II of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Euroimmun) and a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) (VIRCLIA, Vircell). In addition, an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was used as a reference test. One hundred forty-eight sera were used for IgG evaluation, and eighty-eight for IgM. The sensitivity of ELISA and CLIA in detecting phase II IgM was excellent. On the other hand, the CLIA IgM showed better specificity than the ELISA IgM. As for phase II IgG, the specificity of ELISA and CLIA was similar, while the ELISA technique showed a higher sensitivity. In conclusion, the best system to detect phase II IgM antibodies against C. burnetii is the CLIA from Vircell, which is characterized by high sensitivity and specificity. For the detection of phase II IgG, the Euroimmun ELISA and Vircell CLIA assays are suitable for the determination of this marker in the laboratory, although the IgG ELISA has greater sensitivity.

In vitro activity of delafloxacin against anaerobic bacteria compared with other antimicrobials.

The aim of this study was to describe the in vitro activity of delafloxacin against 230 anaerobic isolates and compare it with the activity of other antimicrobials used against infections caused by anaerobic microorganisms. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were lower for delafloxacin than for all other antibiotics tested with the exception of piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem against Gram-positive anaerobic cocci. Only two (0.8 %) isolates of Bacteroides spp. showed a MIC ≥4 µg/mL. With some exceptions, the present results show lower MICs for delafloxacin in comparison to the other antibiotics used against anaerobes.

Bacteremia due to Clostridium innocuum: Analysis of four cases and literature review.

Clostridium innocuum is a Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacillus that has been identified as part of the normal intestinal microbiota. This bacterium has been rarely associated with human infections, and only few severe infections have been reported until now. In this work, we report on four patients with bacteremia due to C. innocuum, which were well identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Moreover, a review of the previous published cases of bacteremia due to this anaerobic bacterium has been performed.

Identification of potential invasive alien species in Spain through horizon scanning.

Invasive alien species have widespread impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem services. Since the number of introductions worldwide is continuously rising, it is essential to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of new alien species through a systematic examination of future potential threats. Applying a three-step horizon scanning consensus method, we evaluated non-established alien species that could potentially arrive, establish and cause major ecological impact in Spain within the next 10 years. Overall, we identified 47 species with a very high risk (e.g. Oreochromis niloticus, Popillia japonica, Hemidactylus frenatus, Crassula helmsii or Halophila stipulacea), 61 with high risk, 93 with moderate risk, and 732 species with low risk. Many of the species categorized as very high or high risk to Spanish biodiversity are either already present in Europe and neighbouring countries or have a long invasive history elsewhere. This study provides an updated list of potential invasive alien species useful for prioritizing efforts and resources against their introduction. Compared to previous horizon scanning exercises in Spain, the current study screens potential invaders from a wider range of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, and can serve as a basis for more comprehensive risk analyses to improve management and increase the efficiency of the early warning and rapid response framework for invasive alien species. We also stress the usefulness of measuring agreement and consistency as two different properties of the reliability of expert scores, in order to more easily elaborate consensus ranked lists of potential invasive alien species.

Comparative evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for the identification of clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria: critical evaluation of discrepant results.

OBJECTIVES: The main study objective was to evaluate the correlation between matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results for the identification of anaerobes. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of all anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinically significant specimens. MALDI-TOF (Bruker Byotyper) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed in all strains. Identifications were considered correct when the concordance with gene sequencing was ≥99%. RESULTS: The study included 364 isolates of anaerobic bacteria: 201 (55.2%) Gram-negative and 163 (44.8%) Gram-positive, mostly belonging to the genus Bacteroides. Isolates were largely obtained from blood cultures (128/35.4%) and intra-abdominal samples (116/32.1%). Overall, 87.3% of isolates were identified at species level using the version 9 database (89.5% of Gram-negative and 84.6% of Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria). All isolates belonging to the species B. fragilis sensu stricto were correctly identified by MALDI-TOF MS, but five cases of Phocaeicola (Bacteroides) dorei were misidentified as Phocaeicola (Bacteroides) vulgatus; all Prevotella isolates were correctly identified at the genus level, and most were correctly identified at the species level. Among Gram-positive anaerobes, 12 Anaerococcus species were not identified by MALDI-TOF MS, while six cases identified as Peptoniphilus indolicus were found to belong to other genera/species. CONCLUSIONS: MALDI-TOF is a reliable technique for identifying most anaerobic bacteria, although the database needs frequent updating to identify rare, infrequent, and newly discovered species.

Brain abscesses caused by anaerobic microorganisms: a systematic review

The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the characteristics, causative microorganisms and outcome of brain abscesses caused by anaerobic bacteria over the past 25 years. We reviewed studies on brain abscesses which included infection due to anaerobic microorganisms published between 1998 and 2022. We excluded reports with polymicrobial infections (more than 2 anaerobic bacteria isolated) and those that do not provide enough information to make comparisons, the reports with only one case of brain abscess due to anaerobes, as well as those focused on an only anaerobic bacterium. Also, we have excluded the cases in pediatric population. We searched the scientific literature through the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and PubMed/MEDLINE databases for studies of this condition. We finally included 28 studies with 6,167 patients, of which 715 (11.5%) were cases caused by anaerobic bacteria. There was a male predominance (70%) and mean age of 40.3 years. Most infections were monomicrobial (59.4%). The most common anaerobic microorganisms isolated were Bacteroides spp (43.4%) and Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (35.1%). Cases of brain abscesses caused by anaerobic bacteria were most frequent in Asia and Europe. The source of infection most frequent was otogenic in 84.6% followed by a neurosurgery procedure infection in 23% of patients. The main symptom observed was headache in 95.6% of patients followed by fever (69.5%). Surgical treatment was performed in 48 % of patients and the percentage of patients in whom antibiotic treatment was applied range 88.8% to 100%. The main limitation of this review is the non-inclusion of studies published before of 1998 in which MALDI-TOF MS system had not been introduced in the majority of laboratories for routine identification. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de las características, los microorganismos causantes y evolución de los abscesos cerebrales causados por bacterias anaerobias en los últimos 25 años. Revisamos los estudios sobre abscesos cerebrales que incluyeron infección por microorganismos anaerobios publicados entre 1998 y 2022. Se excluyeron estudios con infecciones polimicrobianas (más de 2 bacterias anaerobias aisladas) y aquellos que no proporcionaban suficiente información para realizar comparaciones, los estudios con solo un caso de absceso por anaerobios así como aquellos focalizados solo en una bacteria anaerobia. También se excluyeron los casos en población pediátrica. Se realizó búsqueda de la literatura científica a través de la librería Cochrane y base de datos EMBASE y PubMed/MEDLINE para estudios con esas características. Se incluyeron finalmente 28 estudios con 6167 pacientes, de los cuales 715 (11,5%) fueron casos causados por bacterias anaerobias. Hubo predominio masculino (70%) y edad media de 40,3 años. La mayoría de las infecciones fueron monomicrobianas (59,4%). Los microorganismos anaerobios más comunes aislados fueron Bacteroides spp (43,4%) y cocos anaerobios grampositivos (35,1%). Los casos de abscesos cerebrales causados por bacterias anaerobias fueron más frecuentes en Asia y Europa. La fuente de infección más frecuente fue la otogénica en un 84,6% seguida de una infección por procedimiento de neurocirugía en un 23% de los pacientes. El principal síntoma observado fue la cefalea en el 95,6% de los pacientes seguido de fiebre (69,5%). Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico en el 48 % de los pacientes y el porcentaje de pacientes en los que se aplicó tratamiento antibiótico oscila entre el 88,8 % y el 100 %. La principal limitación de esta revisión fue la no inclusión de estudios anteriores a 1998 en los que todavía no se había introducido MALDI-TOF MS en la mayoría de los laboratorios para el diagnóstico rutinario. (AU)

Differences between bloodstream infections involving Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobes.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to describe differences between bloodstream infections involving Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative (GN) anaerobic bacteria. METHODS: Patients with clinically significant anaerobic bacteremia detected between October 2016 and July 2022 in a tertiary hospital in Granada (Spain) were retrospectively included. Species identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS and/or molecular methods. The association between variables was analyzed using contingency tables, applying the chi-square test when expected frequencies were adequate and the Fisher exact test when not. Variables were gathered at the time of the first positive blood culture. RESULTS: Out of 237 cases of anaerobic bloodstream infections detected, 127 (53.6%) were GN. Crude mortality was 20.3%, corresponding to 48 patients who died of causes directly attributable to bacteremia. The presence of malignant disease (p = 0.011), abdominal and/or pelvic surgery (p = 0.001), and transplantation (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with bacteremia due to GN bacteria, while the presence of diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with bacteremia due to GP bacteria (p = 0.022). The presence of both septic shock and mortality was more frequently associated with bacteremia due to GN versus GP bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The association of certain variables with the presence of bloodstream infections due to GP or GN anaerobic bacteria may assist in selecting the optimal empirical therapeutic approach and improving the outcome of patients with these types of infection.

A horizon scan exercise for aquatic invasive alien species in Iberian inland waters.

As the number of introduced species keeps increasing unabatedly, identifying and prioritising current and potential Invasive Alien Species (IAS) has become essential to manage them. Horizon Scanning (HS), defined as an exploration of potential threats, is considered a fundamental component of IAS management. By combining scientific knowledge on taxa with expert opinion, we identified the most relevant aquatic IAS in the Iberian Peninsula, i.e., those with the greatest geographic extent (or probability of introduction), severe ecological, economic and human health impacts, greatest difficulty and acceptability of management. We highlighted the 126 most relevant IAS already present in Iberian inland waters (i.e., Concern list) and 89 with a high probability of being introduced in the near future (i.e., Alert list), of which 24 and 10 IAS, respectively, were considered as a management priority after receiving the highest scores in the expert assessment (i.e., top-ranked IAS). In both lists, aquatic IAS belonging to the four thematic groups (plants, freshwater invertebrates, estuarine invertebrates, and vertebrates) were identified as having been introduced through various pathways from different regions of the world and classified according to their main functional feeding groups. Also, the latest update of the list of IAS of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 includes only 12 top-ranked IAS identified for the Iberian Peninsula, while the national lists incorporate the vast majority of them. This fact underlines the great importance of taxa prioritisation exercises at biogeographical scales as a step prior to risk analyses and their inclusion in national lists. This HS provides a robust assessment and a cost-effective strategy for decision-makers and stakeholders to prioritise the use of limited resources for IAS prevention and management. Although applied at a transnational level in a European biodiversity hotspot, this approach is designed for potential application at any geographical or administrative scale, including the continental one.

New anaerobic bacteria causing infection: Bacteremia due to Murdochiellaasaccharolytica.

Murdochiella asaccharolytica is a Gram-positive anaerobic coccus firstly isolated from wound specimens, since then, it was very rarely isolated from human infections. We report the first case of bloodstream infection due to this bacterium in a 90 years-old-man. The patient had a history of B-cell lymphoma and presented with pain and induration of the base of penis along with fever. A blood culture was obtained yielding M. asaccharolytica in pure culture. Only resistance to clindamycin was demonstrated. Treatment with metronidazole was started and the clinical evolution improved with antimicrobial treatment, being discharged after 6 days.