HYLAN G-F 20 VERSUS TRIAMCINOLONE IN THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY SHOULDER OSTEOARTHRITIS. RANDOMIZED TRIAL.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using an intra-articular injection of hylan G-F 20 (HA group) on primary shoulder osteoarthritis compared with an intra-articular triamcinolone injection (T group). Materials and Methods: The patients were randomized into 2 groups: in the HA group a single dose of intra-articular hylan G-F 20 was administered and in the T control group a dose of triamcinolone 20 mg was administered. The participants were evaluated at 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. The patients were evaluated for pain, range of motion, Constant score, modified UCLA score, and SPADI. Results: Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria and were randomized to the HA (38) and T (32) groups. Improvements in range of motion were significant (p > 0.05). We observed decreases in the general visual analog scale (VAS) for pain in both groups, especially in the cases of mild and moderate arthritis that received hyaluronic acid (mean values from 8.1 initially to 4.9 after 6 months) (p = 0). Conclusions: Both injections led to a decrease in pain and an increase in patient satisfaction. The results tend to be better and longer lasting in patients receiving hyaluronic acid. Level of evidence II b; Cohort study.

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de uma injeção intra-articular de Hilano G-F 20 (Grupo HA) na osteoartrite primária do ombro em comparação com injeção intra-articular de triancinolona (Grupo T). Material e Método: Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: no Grupo HA foi administrada uma dose única de Hilano G-F 20 intra-articular e no Grupo controle T foi administrada uma dose de 20 mg de triancinolona. Os participantes foram avaliados 1 semana, 1, 3 e 6 meses depois do procedimento. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à dor, amplitude de movimento, escore de Constant, escore UCLA modificado e índice SPADI. Resultados: Setenta pacientes satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão e foram randomizados para os Grupos HA (38) e T (32). As melhoras da amplitude de movimento foram significativas (p > 0,05). Observamos diminuições na escala visual analógica (EVA) geral para dor em ambos os grupos, principalmente nos casos de artrite leve e moderada que receberam ácido hialurônico (valores médios de 8,1 inicialmente a 4,9 depois de 6 meses) (p = 0). Conclusões: Ambas as injeções reduziram a dor e aumentaram a satisfação do paciente. Os resultados tendem a ser melhores e mais duradouros em pacientes que recebem ácido hialurônico. Nível de evidência II b; Estudo de Coorte.

Hylan g-f 20 versus triamcinolone in the treatment of primary shoulder osteoarthritis. randomized trial / Hilano g-f 20 versus triancinolona no tratamento da osteoartrite primária do ombro. estudo randomizado

ABSTRACT Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using an intra-articular injection of hylan G-F 20 (HA group) on primary shoulder osteoarthritis compared with an intra-articular triamcinolone injection (T group). Materials and Methods The patients were randomized into 2 groups: in the HA group a single dose of intra-articular hylan G-F 20 was administered and in the T control group a dose of triamcinolone 20 mg was administered. The participants were evaluated at 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. The patients were evaluated for pain, range of motion, Constant score, modified UCLA score, and SPADI. Results Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria and were randomized to the HA (38) and T (32) groups. Improvements in range of motion were significant (p > 0.05). We observed decreases in the general visual analog scale (VAS) for pain in both groups, especially in the cases of mild and moderate arthritis that received hyaluronic acid (mean values from 8.1 initially to 4.9 after 6 months) (p = 0). Conclusions Both injections led to a decrease in pain and an increase in patient satisfaction. The results tend to be better and longer lasting in patients receiving hyaluronic acid. Level of evidence II b; Cohort study.

RESUMO Introdução O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de uma injeção intra-articular de Hilano G-F 20 (Grupo HA) na osteoartrite primária do ombro em comparação com injeção intra-articular de triancinolona (Grupo T). Material e Método Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: no Grupo HA foi administrada uma dose única de Hilano G-F 20 intra-articular e no Grupo controle T foi administrada uma dose de 20 mg de triancinolona. Os participantes foram avaliados 1 semana, 1, 3 e 6 meses depois do procedimento. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à dor, amplitude de movimento, escore de Constant, escore UCLA modificado e índice SPADI. Resultados Setenta pacientes satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão e foram randomizados para os Grupos HA (38) e T (32). As melhoras da amplitude de movimento foram significativas (p > 0,05). Observamos diminuições na escala visual analógica (EVA) geral para dor em ambos os grupos, principalmente nos casos de artrite leve e moderada que receberam ácido hialurônico (valores médios de 8,1 inicialmente a 4,9 depois de 6 meses) (p = 0). Conclusões Ambas as injeções reduziram a dor e aumentaram a satisfação do paciente. Os resultados tendem a ser melhores e mais duradouros em pacientes que recebem ácido hialurônico. Nível de evidência II b; Estudo de Coorte.

Genetic Aspects in Shoulder Disorders.

The influence of genetic inheritance has been increasingly investigated in shoulder disorders, such as rotator cuff injury, instability and frozen shoulder. Although the initial findings are enlightening, it is necessary to progressively build a database of genetic markers to catalog genomic profiles that, later, may contribute for predicting the risk of the disease, as well as to the development of better diagnostic and treatment tools. The present article seeks to update what is evidence of genetic studies in the literature for these diseases, from polymorphism analyses, expression of candidate genes in tissues and broad genomic association studies (GWAS). However, it is necessary to point out that there is great difficulty in replicating and using the findings, mainly due to the lack of statistical power, the high rate of false-positive results and the large number of variables involved.

Genetic Aspects in Shoulder Disorders / Aspectos genéticos nas afecções do ombro

Abstract The influence of genetic inheritance has been increasingly investigated in shoulder disorders, such as rotator cuff injury, instability and frozen shoulder. Although the initial findings are enlightening, it is necessary to progressively build a database of genetic markers to catalog genomic profiles that, later, may contribute for predicting the risk of the disease, as well as to the development of better diagnostic and treatment tools. The present article seeks to update what is evidence of genetic studies in the literature for these diseases, from polymorphism analyses, expression of candidate genes in tissues and broad genomic association studies (GWAS). However, it is necessary to point out that there is great difficulty in replicating and using the findings, mainly due to the lack of statistical power, the high rate of false-positive results and the large number of variables involved.

Resumo A influência da herança genética tem sido cada vez mais investigada nas afecções do ombro, como a lesão do manguito rotador, instabilidade e ombro congelado. Ainda que os achados iniciais sejam pouco esclarecedores, é necessário construir progressivamente um banco de marcadores genéticos para catalogar perfis genômicos que, mais adiante, poderão contribuir para a previsão do risco da doença, desenvolvimento de melhores ferramentas de diagnóstico e tratamento. O presente artigo busca atualizar o que há de evidências de estudos genéticos na literatura para essas doenças, desde análises de polimorfismos, expressão de genes candidatos em tecidos e estudos de associação genômica ampla (GWAS, na sigla em inglês). Porém, é necessário apontar que existe grande dificuldade na replicação e utilização dos achados, principalmente em razão da falta de poder estatístico, da alta taxa de resultados falso-positivos e da grande quantidade de variáveis envolvidas.

Association between Frozen Shoulder and Thyroid Diseases: Strengthening the Evidences.

Objective To clarify the association of thyroid disorders and primary frozen shoulder by comparing this group with controls without shoulder disease and with patients with rotator cuff tears. Methods We evaluated 166 patients who presented frozen shoulder with treatment in progress or already treated, which were compared with 129 patients with diagnosis of rotator cuff tears and 251 control subjects. All of the participants answered the questionnaire on the following variables: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), occupation, physical activity, presence of thyroid disorders and other comorbidities, smoking and use of alcohol. Results When comparing the frozen shoulder group with the control and rotator cuff groups, there is a specific association between the presence of thyroid disorders and frozen shoulder. By calculating relative risk, it is possible to state that an individual with thyropathy has 2.69 more chance of developing frozen shoulder. Also, there was an association with gender, since women with frozen shoulder exceeded significantly the risk. Conclusions Thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism and the presence of benign thyroid nodules, are risk factors significantly associated with frozen shoulder, rising the chances to 2.69 times of developing frozen shoulder. This is the first study that uses, in addition to the control group, a second group with rotator cuff tears, so it was shown that there is a specific association of thyroid disorders and frozen shoulder, but not with shoulder disorders in general.

Association between Frozen Shoulder and Thyroid Diseases: Strengthening the Evidences / Associação entre ombro congelado e tireopatias: Reforçando as evidências

Abstract Objective To clarify the association of thyroid disorders and primary frozen shoulder by comparing this group with controls without shoulder disease and with patients with rotator cuff tears. Methods We evaluated 166 patients who presented frozen shoulder with treatment in progress or already treated, which were compared with 129 patients with diagnosis of rotator cuff tears and 251 control subjects. All of the participants answered the questionnaire on the following variables: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), occupation, physical activity, presence of thyroid disorders and other comorbidities, smoking and use of alcohol. Results When comparing the frozen shoulder group with the control and rotator cuff groups, there is a specific association between the presence of thyroid disorders and frozen shoulder. By calculating relative risk, it is possible to state that an individual with thyropathy has 2.69 more chance of developing frozen shoulder. Also, there was an association with gender, since women with frozen shoulder exceeded significantly the risk. Conclusions Thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism and the presence of benign thyroid nodules, are risk factors significantly associated with frozen shoulder, rising the chances to 2.69 times of developing frozen shoulder. This is the first study that uses, in addition to the control group, a second group with rotator cuff tears, so it was shown that there is a specific association of thyroid disorders and frozen shoulder, but not with shoulder disorders in general.

Resumo Objetivo Verificar a asssociação entre tireopatias e ombro congelado primário, comparando com grupo controle e com grupo de pacientes com lesão no manguito rotador. Métodos Foram avaliados 166 pacientes com diagnóstico de ombro congelado primário com tratamento em andamento ou já tratados. Este grupo foi comparado com 129 pacientes com diagnóstico de lesão de manguito rotador e com um terceiro grupo controle formado por 251 indivíduos sem acometimento dos ombros. Todos os participantes responderam questionário sobre as seguintes variáveis: idade, gênero, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), profissão, atividade física, presença de tireopatia e de outras comorbidades, hábito tabagista e etilismo. Resultados Quando comparamos o grupo de ombro congelado com os grupos controle e lesão de manguito rotador, percebemos que existe uma associação específica entre presença de doenças da tireoide (tireoidite, hipotireoidismo, hipertireoidismo, nódulos e câncer) e ombro congelado. Através do cálculo do risco relativo, é possível afirmar que um indivíduo com tireopatia tem probabilidade 2.69 maior de desenvolver ombro congelado. Também houve associação com gênero, já que as mulheres com ombro congelado elevam significativamente esse risco. Conclusão Os distúrbios da tireoide, especialmente o hipotireoidismo e a presença de nódulos tireoidianos benignos, são fatores de risco significativamente associados ao ombro congelado, aumentando as chances em 2,69 vezes de desenvolver a doença. Este é o primeiro estudo que utiliza, além do grupo controle, um segundo grupo com lesões do manguito rotador, de modo que foi demonstrada uma associação específica de distúrbios da tireoide e ombro congelado.

Supraspinatus Muscle Tendon Lesion and Its Relationship with Long Head of the Biceps Lesion.

Objective To identify the clinical, radiological, and arthroscopic correlation of long head of the biceps tendon injuries and their influence on pain when associated with rotator cuff injuries. Methods Between April and December 2013, 50 patients were evaluated, including 38 (76%) women and 12 (24%) men, with a mean age of 65.1 years old. The patients were operated by the Shoulder and Elbow Group, Discipline of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. The subjects underwent repair of the rotator cuff lesion with clinical, radiological and/or arthroscopic evidence of involvement of the long head of the biceps tendon. Results An association between pain at palpation of the intertubercular groove of the humerus and high-grade partial lesions (partial rupture of the tendon affecting more than 50% of its structure) was observed at the arthroscopy ( p = 0.003). There was also an association between the high-grade lesion of the long head of the biceps and injury to the supraspinatus muscle tendon ( p < 0.05). For each centimeter of the supraspinatus muscle tendon injury, the patient presented a 1.7 higher probability of having a high-grade lesion at the long head of the biceps. Conclusion Pain at the anterior shoulder region during palpation of the intertubercular groove of the humerus may be related to high-grade lesions to the long head of the biceps. Rotator cuff injury and its size are risk factors for high-grade injuries to the long head of the biceps tendon.

Supraspinatus Muscle Tendon Lesion and Its Relationship with Long Head of the Biceps Lesion / Lesão do tendão do músculo supraespinal e sua relação com a lesão do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps

Abstract Objective To identify the clinical, radiological, and arthroscopic correlation of long head of the biceps tendon injuries and their influence on pain when associated with rotator cuff injuries. Methods Between April and December 2013, 50 patients were evaluated, including 38 (76%) women and 12 (24%) men, with a mean age of 65.1 years old. The patients were operated by the Shoulder and Elbow Group, Discipline of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. The subjects underwent repair of the rotator cuff lesion with clinical, radiological and/or arthroscopic evidence of involvement of the long head of the biceps tendon. Results An association between pain at palpation of the intertubercular groove of the humerus and high-grade partial lesions (partial rupture of the tendon affecting more than 50% of its structure) was observed at the arthroscopy (p = 0.003). There was also an association between the high-grade lesion of the long head of the biceps and injury to the supraspinatus muscle tendon (p < 0.05). For each centimeter of the supraspinatus muscle tendon injury, the patient presented a 1.7 higher probability of having a high-grade lesion at the long head of the biceps. Conclusion Pain at the anterior shoulder region during palpation of the intertubercular groove of the humerus may be related to high-grade lesions to the long head of the biceps. Rotator cuff injury and its size are risk factors for high-grade injuries to the long head of the biceps tendon.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar a correlação clínica, radiológica, e artroscópica das lesões do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps e sua influência na dor do paciente quando associada às lesões do manguito rotador. Métodos Entre abril e dezembro de 2013, foram avaliados 50 pacientes, sendo 38 (76%) do sexo feminino e 12 (24%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 65,1 anos. Os pacientes foram operados pelo Grupo de Ombro e Cotovelo da Disciplina de Medicina Esportiva do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a reparo da lesão do manguito rotador com evidência clínica, radiológica e/ou artroscópica de acometimento do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps. Resultados Observou-se associação entre dor à palpação do sulco intertubercular do úmero com lesão parcial de alto grau (ruptura parcial acometendo mais de 50% do tendão) na artroscopia (p = 0,003). Encontramos ainda uma associação entre a lesão de alto grau da cabeça longa do bíceps e a lesão do tendão do músculo supraespinal (p < 0,05), sendo que, para cada centímetro de lesão do tendão do músculo supraespinal, o paciente apresenta probabilidade 1,7 maior de ter uma lesão de alto grau da cabeça longa do bíceps. Conclusão A dor na região anterior do ombro à palpação do sulco intertubercular do úmero pode estar relacionada às lesões de alto grau da cabeça longa do bíceps. A lesão do manguito rotador e o seu tamanho são fatores de risco para lesão de alto grau do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps.

Rotator Cuff Tear Susceptibility Is Associated With Variants in Genes Involved in Tendon Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis.

Rotator cuff tears (RCT) is a multifactorial disease with genetic factors contributing for the disease etiology. We hypothesized that genetic variants in genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis may alter susceptibility to RCT. We evaluated 20 polymorphisms of genes involved in ECM homeostasis in 211 cases of full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus (Nfemales = 130; Nmales = 81) and 567 age-matched controls (Nfemales = 317; Nmales = 250). Multivariate logistic regressions were carried out with age, gender, genetic ancestry (based on the analysis of 61 biallelic short insertion/deletion polymorphisms), and common co-morbidities (diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking habits) as covariates. We observed that carriers of the rare allele of both studied variants of TGFB1, as well as their G/A (rs1800470/rs1800469) haplotype, were less susceptible to RCT (p < 0.05). In contrast, carriers of the G allele of MMP9 rs17576 (p = 0.014) or G/G haplotype (rs17576/rs17577; p < 0.001) had an increased risk for tendon tears. The presence of the T allele of MMP2 rs2285053 (p = 0.033), the T allele of MMP3 rs679620 (p = 0.024), and the TT-genotype of TIMP2 rs2277698 (p = 0.01) was associated with susceptibility to tears, especially in females. In males, the A allele of COL5A1 rs3196378 (p = 0.032) and the G allele of TGFBR1 rs1590 (p = 0.039) were independent risk factors for RCT. The C/T COL5A1 (rs3196378/rs11103544) haplotype was associated with a reduced risk of tears in males (p = 0.03). In conclusion, we identified the genetic variants associated with RCT susceptibility, thereby reinforcing the role of genes involved in the structure and homeostasis of the ECM of tendons in disease development. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:192-201, 2020.

Genetic variants involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis play a role in the susceptibility to frozen shoulder: A case-control study.

Frozen shoulder is a condition of loss of active and passive motion as result of inflammatory contracture and fibrosis of the joint capsule. We hypothesize that genetic variants in genes involved in these processes such as genes that play a role in extracellular matrix homeostasis (collagens, glycoproteins, genes involved in TGFß signaling, and metalloproteinases and its inhibitors) may contribute to the susceptibility to frozen shoulder. We evaluated eighteen SNPs of genes involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis in 186 cases (Nfemales = 114; Nmales = 72) of frozen shoulder and 600 age-matched controls (Nfemales = 308; Nmales = 292). Multivariate logistic regressions were carried out with age, gender, genetic ancestry, and common comorbidities as covariates. Carriers of the C allele of MMP13 rs2252070 and G/G MMP9 (rs17576 A>G/rs17577 G>A) haplotype may have an increased risk of frozen shoulder (p = 0.002, OR = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.20-2.26, and p = 0.046, OR = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.01-1.95, respectively), especially in females (p = 0.005, OR = 1.91, 95%CI = 1.22-2.99, and p = 0.046, OR = 1.59, 95%CI = 1.01-2.51, respectively). In females, the G allele of MMP9 rs17576 tended to contribute to the susceptibility to the studied disease (p = 0.05, OR = 1.51, 95%CI = 0.97-2.33). In contrast, the presence of the C allele of TGFB1 rs1800470 seems to be associated with a reduced risk (p = 0.04, OR = 0.47, 95%CI = 0.23-0.96) while the GG-genotype of TGFBR1 rs1590 was associated with increased risk (p = 0.027, OR = 4.11, 95%CI = 1.17-14.38) to frozen shoulder development in males. Thus, we identified genetic variants that were independent risk factors that can aid in the risk assessment of frozen shoulder reinforcing the involvement of MMP and TGFß signaling in disease development. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.

Changes in the expression of matrix extracellular genes and TGFB family members in rotator cuff tears.

Lack of synthesis of extracellular matrix compounds may contribute to degeneration of the tendons. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the expression of extracellular matrix and TGFB family members in ruptured and non-ruptured tendons of the rotator cuff, as well as the effect of clinical factors on gene expression in tendon samples, and the relationship between histological findings and altered gene expression. Injured and non-injured supraspinatus tendon samples and subscapular non-injured tendon samples were collected from 38 patients with rotator cuff tears. Non-injured supraspinatus tendons were obtained from eight controls. Specimens were used for histological evaluation, quantification of collagen fibers, and mRNA and protein expression analyses. Increased COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, FN1, TNC, and TGFBR1 mRNA expression was observed in the tear samples (p < 0.05). Duration of symptoms was correlated with the levels of collagen type I/III fibers (p = 0.032; ρ = 0.0447) and FN1 immunostaining (p = 0.031; ρ = 0.417). Smoking was associated with increased frequency of microcysts, myxoid degeneration, and COL5A1, FN1, TNC, and TGFB1 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). FN1 immunostaining was correlated with the number of years of smoking (p = 0.048; ρ = 0.384). Lower levels of collagen type I/III fibers were detected in samples with fissures (0 = 0.046). High frequency of microcysts was associated with increased COL5A1, FN1, and TNC expression (p < 0.05, for all comparisons). Neovascularization was associated with reduced FN1 (p = 0.035) and TGFBR1 expression (p = 0.034). Our findings show differential expression of matrix extracellular genes and TGFB family members in the degeneration process involved in rotator cuff tears. These molecular alterations are influenced by clinical factors. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2542-2553, 2018.

Epigenetic regulation of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in rotator cuff tears.

Rotator cuff tear is a common orthopedic condition. Metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitors (TIMP) seem to play a role in the development of joint injuries and in the failure of tissue healing. However, the mechanisms of regulation of gene expression in tendons are still unknown. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and microRNAs regulation, are involved in the dynamic control of gene expression. Here, the mRNA expression and DNA methylation status of MMPs (MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP13, and MMP14) and TIMPs (TIMP1-3) and the expression of miR-29 family members in ruptured supraspinatus tendons were compared with non-injured tendons of individuals without this lesion. Additionally, the gene expression and methylation status at the edge of the ruptured tendon were compared with macroscopically non-injured rotator cuff tendon samples from the anterior and posterior regions of patients with tendon tears. Moreover, the possible associations between the molecular alterations and the clinical and histologic characteristics were investigated. Dysregulated expression and DNA methylation of MMP and TIMP genes were found across the rotator cuff tendon samples of patients with supraspinatus tears. These alterations were influenced at least in part by age at surgery, sex, smoking habit, tear size, and duration of symptoms. Alterations in the studied MMP and TIMP genes may contribute to the presence of microcysts, fissures, necrosis, and neovascularization in tendons and may thus be involved in the tendon healing process. In conclusion, MMPs and their inhibitors are regulated by epigenetic modifications and may play a role in rotator cuff tears.

The roles of Tenascin C and Fibronectin 1 in adhesive capsulitis: a pilot gene expression study.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated mRNA expression levels of genes that encode TGF-ß1; the TGF-ß1 receptor; the collagen-modifying enzymes LOX, PLOD1, and PLOD2; and the extracellular matrix proteins COMP, FN1, TNC and TNXB in synovial/capsule specimens from patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. Possible associations between the measured mRNA levels and clinical parameters were also investigated. METHODS: We obtained glenohumeral joint synovium/capsule specimens from 9 patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis who had not shown improvement in symptoms after 5 months of physiotherapy. Adhesive capsulitis was confirmed in all patients by magnetic resonance imaging. We also obtained specimens from 8 control patients who had underwent surgery for acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation and who had radiological indication of glenohumeral capsule alteration based on arthroscopic evaluation. mRNA expression in the synovium/capsule specimens was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The B2M and HPRT1 genes were used as references to normalize target gene expression in the shoulder tissue samples. RESULTS: The synovium/capsule samples from the patients with adhesive capsulitis had significantly higher TNC and FN1 expression than those from the controls. Additionally, symptom duration directly correlated with expression of TGFß1 receptor I. CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of TNC and FN1 expression may be a marker of capsule injury. Upregulation of TGFß1 receptor I seems to be dependent on symptom duration; therefore, TGFß signaling may be involved in adhesive capsulitis. As such, TNC, FN1 and TGFß1 receptor I may also play roles in adhesive capsulitis by contributing to capsule inflammation and fibrosis.

The roles of Tenascin C and Fibronectin 1 in adhesive capsulitis: a pilot gene expression study

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated mRNA expression levels of genes that encode TGF-β1; the TGF-β1 receptor; the collagen-modifying enzymes LOX, PLOD1, and PLOD2; and the extracellular matrix proteins COMP, FN1, TNC and TNXB in synovial/capsule specimens from patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. Possible associations between the measured mRNA levels and clinical parameters were also investigated. METHODS: We obtained glenohumeral joint synovium/capsule specimens from 9 patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis who had not shown improvement in symptoms after 5 months of physiotherapy. Adhesive capsulitis was confirmed in all patients by magnetic resonance imaging. We also obtained specimens from 8 control patients who had underwent surgery for acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation and who had radiological indication of glenohumeral capsule alteration based on arthroscopic evaluation. mRNA expression in the synovium/capsule specimens was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The B2M and HPRT1 genes were used as references to normalize target gene expression in the shoulder tissue samples. RESULTS: The synovium/capsule samples from the patients with adhesive capsulitis had significantly higher TNC and FN1 expression than those from the controls. Additionally, symptom duration directly correlated with expression of TGFβ1 receptor I. CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of TNC and FN1 expression may be a marker of capsule injury. Upregulation of TGFβ1 receptor I seems to be dependent on symptom duration; therefore, TGFβ signaling may be involved in adhesive capsulitis. As such, TNC, FN1 and TGFβ1 receptor I may also play roles in adhesive capsulitis by contributing to capsule inflammation and fibrosis.

Differential expression of extracellular matrix genes in glenohumeral capsule of shoulder instability patients.

Anterior shoulder instability is a common orthopedic problem. After a traumatic shoulder dislocation, patients present a plastic deformation of the capsule. The shoulder instability biology remains poorly understood. We evaluated the expression of genes that encode the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), fibronectin 1 (FN1), tenascin C (TNC) and tenascin XB (TNXB) in the glenohumeral capsule of anterior shoulder instability patients and controls. Moreover, we investigated the associations between gene expression and clinical parameters. The gene expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the antero-inferior (macroscopically injured region), antero-superior and posterior regions of the capsule of 29 patients with shoulder instability and 8 controls. COMP expression was reduced and FN1 and TNC expression was increased in the antero-inferior capsule region of cases compared to controls (p < 0.05). TNC expression was increased in the posterior capsule portion of shoulder instability patients (p = 0.022). COMP expression was reduced in the antero-inferior region compared to the posterior region of shoulder instability patients (p = 0.007). In the antero-inferior region, FN1 expression was increased in the capsule of patients with more than one year of symptoms (p = 0.003) and with recurrent dislocations (p = 0.004) compared with controls. FN1 and TNXB expression was correlated with the duration of symptoms in the posterior region (p < 0.05). Thus, COMP, FN1, TNC and TNXB expression was altered across the capsule of shoulder instability patients. Dislocation episodes modify FN1, TNC and TNXB expression in the injured tissue. COMP altered expression may be associated with capsule integrity after shoulder dislocation, particularly in the macroscopically injured portion.

Rodeo athletes: management of shoulder instability.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological data and evaluate the clinical results of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability in rodeo athletes. METHODS: Thirteen patients, all male, with a mean age of 23.2 (18-31) years old, with anterior glenohumeral instability were include in this study. In 9 patients, the right side was affected. The mean time elapsed between injury and undergoing surgery was 56 months (24-120 months). The surgical technique used (arthroscopic or open bone block procedure) was chosen based on the ISIS (Instability Severity Index Score). Only professional athletes who had been in the sport for at least 60 months were included. Functional evaluation was conducted using the UCLA scale, after a 24-month follow-up period. RESULTS: The number of dislocation episodes varied from 10 to 100 (mean 27 episodes). All of the patients were submitted a surgical treatment open bone block procedure, due to their degree of sport participation, type of sport (forced overhead and collision) and the presence of associated bone defect lesions. According to UCLA criteria, the results were excellent in 12 patients and good in one. The mean time elapsed before returning to the sport was five months, varying between two and ten months. Complications included one patient developing axillary neuropraxia, which was completely resolved six months after the operation, and another patient developed a superficial skin infection. CONCLUSIONS: The rodeo athletes with anterior shoulder instability had serious associated bony lesions and has good outcome after bone block procedure.

Expression analysis of genes involved in collagen cross-linking and its regulation in traumatic anterior shoulder instability.

The molecular alterations involved in the capsule deformation presented in shoulder instability patients are poorly understood. Increased TGFß1 acts as a signal for production of matrix macromolecules by fibrogenic cells at joint injury sites. TGFß1, through its receptor TGFßR1, regulates genes involved in collagen cross-linking, such as LOX, PLOD1, and PLOD2. We evaluated TGFß1, TGFßR1, LOX, PLOD1, and PLOD2 gene expression in the antero-inferior (macroscopically injured region), antero-superior and posterior regions of the glenohumeral capsule of 29 shoulder instability patients and eight controls. We observed that PLOD2 expression was increased in the anterior-inferior capsule region of the patients compared to controls. LOX expression tended to be increased in the posterior portion of patients. Patients with recurrent shoulder dislocation presented upregulation of TGFßR1 in the antero-inferior capsule portion and of PLOD2 in the posterior region. Conversely, LOX was increased in the posterior portion of the capsule of patients with a single shoulder dislocation episode. In the antero-inferior, LOX expression was inversely correlated and TGFßR1 was directly correlated with the duration of symptoms. In the posterior region, PLOD2, TGFß1, and TGFßR1 were directly correlated with the duration of symptoms. In conclusion, PLOD2 expression was increased in the macroscopically injured region of the capsule of patients. Upregulation of TGFß1, TGFßR1, and PLOD2 seems to be related with the maintenance of disease symptoms, especially in the posterior region. LOX upregulation seems to occur only in the initial phase of the affection. Therefore, TGFß1, TGFßR1, LOX, and PLOD2 may play a role in shoulder instability.

Partial rotator cuff injury in athletes: bursal or articular?

UNLABELLED: A painful shoulder is a very common complaint among athletes, especially in the case of those in sports involving throwing. Partial lesions of the rotator cuff may be very painful and cause significant functional limitation to athletes' sports practice. The incidence of partial lesions of the cuff is variable (13-37%). It is difficult to make the clinical and radiological diagnosis, and this condition should be borne in mind in the cases of all athletes who present symptoms of rotator cuff syndrome, including in patients who are diagnosed only with tendinopathy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological behavior of partial lesions of the rotator cuff in both amateur and professional athletes in different types of sports. METHODS: We evaluated 720 medical files on athletes attended at the shoulder service of the Discipline of Sports Medicine at the Sports Traumatology Center, Federal University of São Paulo. The majority of them were men (65%). Among all the patients, 83 of them were diagnosed with partial lesions of the rotator cuff, by means of ultrasonography or magnetic resonance, or in some cases using both. We applied the binomial test to compare the proportions found. RESULT: It was observed that intra-articular lesions predominated (67.6%) and that these occurred more frequently in athletes in sports involving throwing (66%). Bursal lesions occurred in 32.4% of the athletes, predominantly in those who did muscle building (75%). CONCLUSION: Intra-articular lesions are more frequent than bursal lesions and they occur predominantly in athletes in sports involving throwing, while bursal lesions were more prevalent in athletes who did muscle building.

O ombro doloroso é uma queixa muito comum entre os atletas, especialmente no caso dos arremessadores. As lesões parciais do manguito rotador podem ser muito dolorosas e causar limitação funcional importante na pratica esportiva do atleta. A incidência das lesões parciais do manguito é variável (13% a 37%). O diagnóstico clínico e radiológico é difícil e deve ser considerado em todo atleta que apresente sintomatologia da síndrome do manguito rotador, inclusive nos pacientes diagnosticados apenas com tendinopatia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento epidemiológico das lesões parciais do manguito rotador nos atletas tanto amadores como profissionais de diferentes modalidades esportivas. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 720 prontuários de atletas atendidos no serviço de ombro da disciplina de medicina esportiva no Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, a maioria (65%) homens. Dentre todos, 83 pacientes foram diagnosticados com lesão parcial do manguito rotador por meio da ultrassonografia ou ressonância magnética e em alguns casos por ambas. Aplicamos o teste binomial para comparar as proporções encontradas. RESULTADO: Verificou-se um predomínio das lesões intra-articulares (67,6%) e que essas ocorreram com maior frequência nos arremessadores (66%). Já com relação às lesões bursais, essas ocorreram em 32,4% dos atletas e predominam nos de musculação (75%). CONCLUSÃO: As lesões intra-articulares são mais frequentes em relações às bursais e predominam nos atletas arremessadores, enquanto que as lesões bursais foram mais prevalentes nos atletas de musculação.

Evaluation of the results from arthroscopic surgical treatment of rotator cuff injuries in patients aged 65 years and over.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the results from arthroscopic surgical treatment of rotator cuff injuries in patients aged 65 years and over. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2009, 168 patients underwent operations. Five cases were excluded. The remaining 163 patients were stratified according to their age group: 65-69 years (49.1%), 70-74 (26.4%) and 75 years and over (24.5%). Their mean age was 71 years (range: 65-83). There were 63 male patients (38.7%). The mean length of time with pain, from the onset of symptoms to the surgery, was 23 months (range: 2 days to 240 months). Sixty-two patients (38%) reported histories of trauma and 26 (16%) reported that their pain worsened through exertion. RESULTS: From the UCLA criteria, 80.4% of the results were excellent, 16% good, 1.8% fair and 1.8% poor. Complications occurred in 11%. The final clinical result did not show any correlation with age progression, injury size or tendons affected. However, there was a significant association (p < 0.001) between the presence of trauma and larger injuries. The length of time between the onset of symptoms and the surgical procedure had a significant relationship (p < 0.027) with the postoperative results: the longer this time was, the worse the results were. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic treatment of rotator cuff injuries in patients aged 65 years and over presented excellent and good results in 96.4% of the cases, according to the UCLA assessment, with a low complication rate. Advanced age did not show any influence on the postoperative clinical evolution, but the earlier the surgical treatment was instituted, the better the results were.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico por via artroscópica nas lesões do manguito rotador (LMR) de pacientes com 65 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS: Entre 1998 e 2009 foram operados 168 pacientes. Cinco casos foram excluídos. Os 163 pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com a faixa etária de 65 a 69 (49,1%), 70 a 74 (26,4%) e acima de 75 (24,5%). A média foi de 71 anos (65 a 83). Eram do sexo masculino 63 pacientes (38,7%). A média de tempo de dor (início dos sintomas) até a cirurgia foi de 23 meses (2d­240 m). Referiram história de trauma 62 pacientes (38%) e 26 (16%) algum esforço com pioria da dor. RESULTADOS: Pelos critérios da Universidade da Califórnia em Los Angeles (UCLA) tivemos 80,4% de excelentes resultados, 16% bons, 1,8% regular e 1,8% ruim. Tivemos 11% de complicações. O resultado clínico final não mostrou correlação com a progressão da idade, o tamanho da lesão ou os tendões acometidos. Mas existe uma associação significativa (p < 0,001) entre a presença de trauma e lesões maiores. O tempo entre o início dos sintomas e o procedimento cirúrgico mostra uma relação significativa (p < 0,027) com os resultados pós-operatórios: quanto maior, piores os resultados. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento artroscópico da LMR em pacientes com 65 anos ou mais apresentou resultados excelentes e bons em 96,4% quando avaliados pelo UCLA, com baixa taxa de complicações. A idade avançada não demonstrou influência na evolução clínica pós-operatória. Entretanto, quanto mais precocemente o tratamento cirúrgico for instituído, melhores os resultados.

Lesão parcial do manguito rotador no atleta - bursal ou articular? / Partial rotator cuff injury in athletes: bursal or articular?

O ombro doloroso é uma queixa muito comum entre os atletas, especialmente no caso dos arremessadores. As lesões parciais do manguito rotador podem ser muito dolorosas e causar limitação funcional importante na pratica esportiva do atleta. A incidência das lesões parciais do manguito é variável (13% a 37%). O diagnóstico clínico e radiológico é difícil e deve ser considerado em todo atleta que apresente sintomatologia da síndrome do manguito rotador, inclusive nos pacientes diagnosticados apenas com tendinopatia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento epidemiológico das lesões parciais do manguito rotador nos atletas tanto amadores como profissionais de diferentes modalidades esportivas. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 720 prontuários de atletas atendidos no serviço de ombro da disciplina de medicina esportiva no Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, a maioria (65%) homens. Dentre todos, 83 pacientes foram diagnosticados com lesão parcial do manguito rotador por meio da ultrassonografia ou ressonância magnética e em alguns casos por ambas. Aplicamos o teste binomial para comparar as proporções encontradas. RESULTADO: Verificou-se um predomínio das lesões intra-articulares (67,6%) e que essas ocorreram com maior frequência nos arremessadores (66%). Já com relação às lesões bursais, essas ocorreram em 32,4% dos atletas e predominam nos de musculação (75%). CONCLUSÃO: As lesões intra-articulares são mais frequentes em relações às bursais e predominam nos atletas arremessadores, enquanto que as lesões bursais foram mais prevalentes nos atletas de musculação.

A painful shoulder is a very common complaint among athletes, especially in the case of those in sports involving throwing. Partial lesions of the rotator cuff may be very painful and cause significant functional limitation to athletes' sports practice. The incidence of partial lesions of the cuff is variable (13-37%). It is difficult to make the clinical and radiological diagnosis, and this condition should be borne in mind in the cases of all athletes who present symptoms of rotator cuff syndrome, including in patients who are diagnosed only with tendinopathy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological behavior of partial lesions of the rotator cuff in both amateur and professional athletes in different types of sports. METHODS: We evaluated 720 medical files on athletes attended at the shoulder service of the Discipline of Sports Medicine at the Sports Traumatology Center, Federal University of São Paulo. The majority of them were men (65%). Among all the patients, 83 of them were diagnosed with partial lesions of the rotator cuff, by means of ultrasonography or magnetic resonance, or in some cases using both. We applied the binomial test to compare the proportions found. RESULT: It was observed that intra-articular lesions predominated (67.6%) and that these occurred more frequently in athletes in sports involving throwing (66%). Bursal lesions occurred in 32.4% of the athletes, predominantly in those who did muscle building (75%). CONCLUSION: Intra-articular lesions are more frequent than bursal lesions and they occur predominantly in athletes in sports involving throwing, while bursal lesions were more prevalent in athletes who did muscle building.