Mecanismos de coordinación en la red de salud municipal de Rosario: conocimiento y uso, estudio comparativo 2015-201 / Coordination mechanisms in Rosario´s municipal health network: knowledge and use. Comparative study 2015-2017

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Argentina, como en el resto de Latinoamérica, el sistema de salud está fragmentado; los mecanismos de coordinación (MC) entre niveles de atención son un insumo para su mejora. El objetivo fue analizar, como parte del proyecto EQUITY LA II, el conocimiento y uso de MC entre niveles de atención en médicos de atención primaria (AP) y especializada (AE) en la red de Salud Municipal de Rosario, y sus cambios entre 2015 y 2017. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal con aplicación del cuestionario COORDENA Argentina a médicos de AP y AE. Se encuestó a 350 médicos en 2015 y a 352 en 2017. Las variables fueron nivel de conocimiento, frecuencia, finalidad y dificultades en el uso de los MC de información (MCI): hoja de referencia/contrarreferencia-interconsulta (HR/CR), informe de alta hospitalaria, teléfono; y los MC de gestión clínica (MCGC): guías de práctica clínica (GPC) y reuniones conjuntas. Se efectuó un análisis comparativo entre años y niveles. RESULTADOS: En 2015 la mayoría conocía MCI, aunque hubo diferentes porcentajes de uso según niveles de atención. Los MCGC eran menos conocidos, pero muy usados entre quienes los conocían. Hubo cambios significativos en 2017: disminuyó el envío de CR y el uso del teléfono en AP, y aumentó el conocimiento de reuniones conjuntas y de GPC (solo entre AP). DISCUSIÓN: Existen diferencias en la implementación de MC entre niveles. La adecuación al contexto local es clave para lograr una efectiva y eficiente implementación.

Efectos colaterales de la pandemia por Covid-19 para la salud pública / No disponible

No disponible

Coordinación de la atención entre niveles y sus factores asociados en dos subredes de la red municipal de salud de la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina / Coordenação de cuidados entre os níveis e fatores associados em dois sub-redes da rede municipal de saúde da cidade de Rosario, Argentina / Coordination of care between levels and their associated factors in two subnets of the municipal health network in the city of Rosario, Argentina

Objetivo: evaluar la coordinación de atención entre niveles y factores que influyen a partir de experiencia de médicos de primer y segundo nivel en subredes del sistema público Municipalidad de Rosario. Método: Estudio transversal, encuestas presenciales a médicos de Primer (AP) y Segundo (AE) nivel. Análisis univariado y bivariado. Resultados: similares en subredes. Bajo intercambio de información, pero alta valoración. Remisión oportuna entre niveles; prevalece entre AP existencia de acuerdos de indicaciones de médicos de AE. No se repiten estudios. AP es responsable del seguimiento del paciente, AE envía a pacientes al primer nivel post consulta, AE hacen recomendaciones a AP y AP consultan dudas a AE. La minoría percibe atención coordinada. Factores que influyen: edad, nivel de atención, antigüedad de trabajo, red de atención, tiempo/paciente, tiempo para coordinación en consulta, satisfacción salarial y confianza en habilidades clínicas. Conclusiones: rasgos comunes con particularidades producto de la construcción de redes locales.

The objective was to evaluate care coordination between levels and influential factors from the experience of Primary Care (PC) and Secondary Care (SC) level doctors in subnets of the public system in the city of Rosario. Methods: Cross sectional study, based on face-to-face surveys to doctors of first and second care levels. Univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: similar in both subnets. Low information exchange, but highly valued. Adequate remission between levels, agreements among PC with SC's recommendations. Studies are not repeated. PC doctor is responsible for the patient's follow up; SC doctor sends patients for a follow up consultation with PC doctor, SC makes recommendations to PC and PC asks doubts to SC. A minority perceives coordinated care. Age, care level, seniority at work, care network, time/patient, coordination time in consultation, satisfaction with salary, and confidence on clinical abilities are influential factors. Conclusions: common features with particularities due to the construction of local networks.

O objetivo foi avaliar a coordenação do atendimento entre níveis e fatores que influenciam a partir da experiência de médicos de primeiro e segundo nível em sub-redes do sistema público do município de Rosário. O método foi um estudo transversal, enquetes presenciais a médicos do primeiro (AP) e segundo (AE) nível. Análise univariada e bivariada. Resultados: semelhantes em sub-redes. Baixa troca de informações, mas alta valorização. Transmissão oportuna entre os níveis; a existência de acordos de indicações de médicos de EA prevalece entre aqueles de AP. Nenhum estudo é repetido. AP é responsável pelo acompanhamento do paciente. AE envia pacientes para o primeiro nível após consulta, AE faz recomendações para dúvidas de AP, e AP consulta dúvidas para AE. A minoria percebe atenção coordenada. Fatores que influenciam: idade, nível de cuidados, antigüidade no serviço, rede de cuidados, tempo / paciente, tempo de coordenação da consulta, satisfação salarial e confiança nas habilidades clínicas. Conclusões: características comuns com particularidades decorrentes da construção de redes locais.

Prescripción de medicamentos oncológicos en un Servicio de Oncología: adecuación a las guías de práctica clínica / Oncology medications prescription in a cancer service: appropriateness to clinical practice guidelines

Objetivo: Evaluar la prescripción de medicamentos oncológicos de la Red de Salud Pública Municipal de Rosario según su adecuación las guías de práctica clínica. Método: Estudio farmacoepidemiológico descriptivo en pacientes adultos en un Servicio Oncológico. Enero-junio 2012. Se evaluó la adecuación de las prescripciones a las guías de práctica clínica de referencia. Resultados: El 51,8 % de los diagnósticos tuvo al menos un medicamento prescripto que no coincidía con lo recomendado por al menos una de las guías consideradas. Las prescripciones de doxorrubicina e ifosfamida no coincidieron con lo recomendado por ninguna guía. El 5,4% de las prescripciones no estaban consideradas en las guías locales, el 7,7% no lo estaban en las nacionales y, respecto de las internacionales, el 4,2 % no estaban consideradas en la European Society for Medical Oncology, el 2,3% por el American Cancer Society y solo el 1,9% por la National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Conclusiones: La prescripción de oncológicos se adecúa más a las guías internacionales. Podría deberse a que no existe aún una definición estándar en el manejo de las patologías tumorales por parte del Estado Nacional (AU)

Objective: To assess prescription of oncology medications in municipal public health network of Rosario for its appropriateness to clinical practice guidelines. Methods: Descriptive pharmacoepidemiological study in adult patients in an Oncology Service between January and June 2012. Compliance requirements with clinical practice guidelines were evaluated. Results: 51.8% of diagnoses had at least one prescription medication that did not match recommendation by at least one of the guides considered. Prescriptions of doxorrubicine and ifosfamide did not agree with the recommendation of any reference guides. 5.4% of prescriptions weren´t considered by local guides, nor 7.7% by national on es. Regarding comparison with international guidelines: 4.2% of prescriptions weren´t considered by the European Society for Medical Oncology guidelines, 2.3% not considered by the American Cancer Society and only 1.9% were not considered by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ones. Conclusions: Prescription of oncology treatments is closer to international reference guides. One reason could be that there is still no standard definition in the management of tumor diseases by the National State (AU)

[Oncology medications prescription in a cancer service: appropriateness to clinical practice guidelines]. / Prescripción de medicamentos oncológicos en un Servicio de Oncología: adecuación a las guías de práctica clínica.

OBJECTIVE: To assess prescription of oncology medications in municipal public health network of Rosario for its appropriateness to clinical practice guidelines. METHODS: Descriptive pharmacoepidemiological study in adult patients in an Oncology Service between January and June 2012. Compliance requirements with clinical practice guidelines were evaluated. RESULTS: 51.8% of diagnoses had at least one prescription medication that did not match recommendation by at least one of the guides considered. Prescriptions of doxorrubicine and ifosfamide did not agree with the recommendation of any reference guides. 5.4% of prescriptions weren´t considered by local guides, nor 7.7% by national on es. Regarding comparison with international guidelines: 4.2% of prescriptions weren ´t considered by the European Society for Medical Oncology guidelines, 2.3% not considered by the American Cancer Society and only 1.9% were not considered by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ones. CONCLUSIONS: Prescription of oncology treatments is closer to international reference guides. One reason could be that there is still no standard definition in the management of tumor diseases by the National State.

Objetivo: Evaluar la prescripción de medicamentos oncológicos de la Red de Salud Pública Municipal de Rosario según su adecuación las guías de práctica clínica. Método: Estudio farmacoepidemiológico descriptivo en pacientes adultos en un Servicio Oncológico. Enero-junio 2012. Se evaluó la adecuación de las prescripciones a las guías de práctica clínica de referencia. Resultados: El 51,8 % de los diagnósticos tuvo al menos un medicamento prescripto que no coincidía con lo recomendado por al menos una de las guías consideradas. Las prescripciones de doxorrubicina e ifosfamida no coincidieron con lo recomendado por ninguna guía. El 5,4% de las prescripciones no estaban consideradas en las guías locales, el 7,7% no lo estaban en las nacionales y, respecto de las internacionales, el 4,2 % no estaban consideradas en la European Society for Medical Oncology, el 2,3% por el American Cancer Society y solo el 1,9% por la National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Conclusiones: La prescripción de oncológicos se adecúa más a las guías internacionales. Podría deberse a que no existe aún una definición estándar en el manejo de las patologías tumorales por parte del Estado Nacional.

[People living with HIV/AIDS and their link with the antiretrovirals provided by the National Programme in Argentina]. / Las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA y su vínculo con los antirretrovirales provistos por el Programa Nacional en Argentina.

In accordance with the National AIDS Law, the Argentinian State is committed to supply antiretroviral medication (ARV) free of charge. Due to the complexity of the National ARV Program management process, and the fact that people with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) are the beneficiaries of the Program, it is considered relevant to ascertain their opinion. The aim of this work is to examine the supply of ARV by the National HIV/AIDS Program, from the perspective of PLHA, in a public hospital of the city of Rosario, in relation to: 1) value of the Program and the information received from it; 2) waiting times; 3) availability of ARV to continue the treatment. It is a qualitative study with interviews during January and February 2007 consisting of structured questions and patient criteria selection, in the presence of a psychologist. 15 PLHA were interviewed and gave their considered opinion about the Program and its background. They acknowledge difficulties in the continuity of ARV treatment and the consequences with respect to death and quality of life. The Program shows the coexistence between characteristics of a policy guaranteed by the state and others from programs that respond to emergencies. It shows the need to rethink the Program as a genuine health policy, considering ARV as essential medicine.

Las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA y su vínculo con los antirretrovirales provistos por el Programa Nacional en Argentina / People living with HIV/AIDS and their link with the antiretrovirals provided by the National Programme in Argentina

El Estado argentino se compromete, mediante la Ley Nacional de SIDA, a suministrar gratuitamente los ARV. Reconociendo la complejidad que envuelve el proceso de gestión de ARV desde Programa Nacional y dando por sentado que las PVVS son el fin último del mismo, se piensa que es fundamental indagar en sus opiniones. El objetivo es explorar el suministro de ARV desde la perspectiva de las PVVS, en un hospital público de Rosario, respecto a: 1) valoración del Programa y de la información recibida, 2) tiempos de espera, 3) la provisión en relación con la disponibilidad de ARV para sostener el tratamiento. Estudio de abordaje cualitativo, con entrevistas durante enero y febrero de 2007, se realizan en presencia de una psicóloga. Se definen criterios de selección de los entrevistados y ejes para las entrevistas. Las PVVS entrevistadas son 15 y opinan con autoridad respecto al Programa, señalando problemas en el suministro de ARV. Reconocen dificultades del sostenimiento en el tiempo en la toma de ARV y sus consecuencias en relación a la muerte y a la calidad de vida. El Programa se caracteriza por convivencia de rasgos que responden a políticas garantizadas por el Estado y a programas que responden a la emergencia. Aparece la necesidad de repensar el Programa como política de salud genuina, considerando a los ARV como medicamentos esenciales.

In accordance with the National AIDS Law, the Argentinian State is committed to supply antiretroviral medication (ARV) free of charge. Due to the complexity of the National ARV Program management process, and the fact that people with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) are the beneficiaries of the Program, it is considered relevant to ascertain their opinion. The aim of this work is to examine the supply of ARV by the National HIV/AIDS Program, from the perspective of PLHA, in a public hospital of the city of Rosario, in relation to: 1) value of the Program and the information received from it; 2) waiting times; 3) availability of ARV to continue the treatment. It is a qualitative study with interviews during January and February 2007 consisting of structured questions and patient criteria selection, in the presence of a psychologist. 15 PLHA were interviewed and gave their considered opinion about the Program and its background. They acknowledge difficulties in the continuity of ARV treatment and the consequences with respect to death and quality of life. The Program shows the coexistence between characteristics of a policy guaranteed by the state and others from programs that respond to emergencies. It shows the need to rethink the Program as a genuine health policy, considering ARV as essential medicine.

[Antiretroviral drug supply in Argentina: National Program to Combat Human Retroviruses, AIDS, and STDs]. / Suministro de antirretrovirales en Argentina: Programa Nacional de Lucha contra los Retrovirus del Humano, SIDA y ETS.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the supply cycle of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, overseen by the National Program to Combat Human Retroviruses, AIDS, and STDs, through its order fulfillment indicators, and to obtain input from supply chain stakeholders. METHODS: A study was carried out from April-September 2005 in the pharmacies of two hospitals in Rosario, Argentina, involving both a quantitative analysis of indicators and secondary sources and a qualitative evaluation using semistructured interviews. RESULTS: The indicators reveal the impact that interruptions in ARV supply stream from the Program (central level) have and the overstocking that takes place at the pharmacies (local level) to manage the shortages. Changes in ARV treatment account for over 50% of the prescriptions. Fulfillments fall short of the reference value. The interviewees shared possible strategies for overcoming the communication gaps between levels, for building-up stock, for guaranteeing availability, and for shortening waiting times; reached informal agreements to deal with the lack of policies and the shortage of staff; acknowledged the challenges facing the jurisdictions (central, intermediate, and local/community); and recognized local efforts to improve management. CONCLUSIONS: These challenges could be the starting point for building teams to work on effectively decentralizing the entire supply chain and allowing the Program to fulfill its much-needed oversight role.

Suministro de antirretrovirales en Argentina: Programa Nacional de Lucha contra los Retrovirus del Humano, SIDA y ETS / Antiretroviral drug supply in Argentina: National Program to Combat Human Retroviruses, AIDS, and STDs

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el circuito de suministro de antirretrovirales (ARV) dentro del Programa Nacional de Lucha contra los Retrovirus del Humano, SIDA y ETS, mediante indicadores de desempeño, y recuperar la perspectiva de actores involucrados en el circuito de provisión. Se busca mejorar las acciones programáticas satisfaciendo las necesidades de los pacientes. MÉTODOS: En el servicio de farmacia de dos hospitales de Rosario, Argentina, de abril a septiembre de 2005 se llevó a cabo una investigación evaluativa con un abordaje cuantitativo, mediante indicadores y basado en fuentes secundarias, y otro cualitativo, con entrevistas semiestructuradas. RESULTADOS: Los indicadores revelan el impacto de las interrupciones en la provisión de ARV desde el Programa (nivel central) y la acumulación de stock en el nivel local para paliar esas faltas. Los cambios de tratamiento con ARV representan más de 50 por ciento de las prescripciones. El cumplimiento en el retiro de ARV se aleja del valor de referencia. Los entrevistados describieron estrategias alternativas para superar dificultades de comunicación entre niveles, acumular stock, garantizar disponibilidad y acortar tiempos de espera; se establecieron acuerdos informales ante la falta de normativas y la escasez de recursos humanos; las instancias jurisdiccionales (central, intermedia y local o municipal) suman dificultades, y se reconocen esfuerzos del nivel local para mejorar la gestión. CONCLUSIONES: Estos hallazgos pueden ser el punto de partida para la construcción de propuestas que involucren equipos de trabajo afectados en el circuito de provisión en su totalidad, a fin de lograr una descentralización efectiva, en congruencia con el papel rector que le corresponde necesariamente al Programa.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the supply cycle of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, overseen by the National Program to Combat Human Retroviruses, AIDS, and STDs, through its order fulfillment indicators, and to obtain input from supply chain stakeholders. METHODS: A study was carried out from AprilSeptember 2005 in the pharmacies of two hospitals in Rosario, Argentina, involving both a quantitative analysis of indicators and secondary sources and a qualitative evaluation using semistructured interviews. RESULTS: The indicators reveal the impact that interruptions in ARV supply stream from the Program (central level) have and the overstocking that takes place at the pharmacies (local level) to manage the shortages. Changes in ARV treatment account for over 50 percent of the prescriptions. Fulfillments fall short of the reference value. The interviewees shared possible strategies for overcoming the communication gaps between levels, for building-up stock, for guaranteeing availability, and for shortening waiting times; reached informal agreements to deal with the lack of policies and the shortage of staff; acknowledged the challenges facing the jurisdictions (central, intermediate, and local/community); and recognized local efforts to improve management. CONCLUSIONS: These challenges could be the starting point for building teams to work on effectively decentralizing the entire supply chain and allowing the Program to fulfill its much-needed oversight role.

Questionnaire to assess patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care in Spanish language.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a questionnaire, in Spanish, for assessing patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care received in community pharmacies. DESIGN: Selection and translation of questionnaire's items; definition of response scale and demographic questions. Evaluation of face and content validity, feasibility, factor structure, reliability and construct validity. SETTING: Forty-one community pharmacies of the province of Santa Fe. Argentina. PARTICIPANTS: Questionnaire administered to patients receiving pharmaceutical care or traditional pharmacy services. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Pilot test to assess feasibility. Factor analysis used principal components and varimax rotation. Reliability established using internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity determined with extreme group method. RESULTS: A self-administered questionnaire with 27 items, 5-point Likert response scale and demographic questions was designed considering multidimensional structure of patient satisfaction. Questionnaire evaluates cumulative experience of patients with comprehensive pharmaceutical care practice in community pharmacies. Two hundred and seventy-four complete questionnaires were obtained. Factor analysis resulted in three factors: Managing therapy, Interpersonal relationship and General satisfaction, with a cumulative variance of 62.51%. Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.96, and 0.95, 0.88 and 0.76 for the three factors, respectively. Mann-Whitney test for construct validity did not showed significant differences between pharmacies that provide pharmaceutical care and those that do not, however, 23 items showed significant differences between the two groups of pharmacies. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire developed can be a reliable and valid instrument to assess patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in Spanish. Further research is needed to deepen the validation process.