Efecto anticancerígeno del almidón modificado de banano (Musa cavendish AAA) en ratas con 1.2-dimetilhidrazina / Anticancer effect of modified banana (Musa cavendish AAA) starch in rats with 1.2-dimethylhydrazine

Introducción: el almidón resistente (AR) no se digiere completamente en el intestino humano sino que se fermenta en colon; disminuye el pH intestinal, ya que se producen ácidos grasos de cadena corta, interviniendo de manera benéfica en el tratamiento preventivo y curativo del cáncer de colon rectal. La pirodextrinización y la hidrólisis enzimática son modificaciones al almidón nativo (AN) que pueden incrementar la cantidad de AR. Objetivo: el objetivo de este proyecto fue evaluar los efectos del almidón nativo de M. cavendish AAA y de los almidones modificados química y enzimáticamente sobre diversos marcadores tumorales en ratas. Métodos: se realizaron modificaciones (química y enzimática) del AN del banano M. cavendish AAA y se evaluaron en ratas tratadas con 1,2-DMH. Se utilizaron 25 ratas Sprague Dawley machos divididas en cinco grupos experimentales: CP, CN, AN, PI y MER. Durante 4 semanas recibieron la dieta experimental asignada a cada grupo. Los grupos CP, AN, PI y MER recibieron 2 inyecciones s.c. (subcutáneas) semanales de 1,2-DMH (40 mg/kg) (semanas 3 y 4). En las heces se evaluaron el pH, la enzima ß-glucuronidasa y los ácidos grasos de cadena corta, y se realizó un estudio histopatológico del ciego y el colon para detectar lesiones microscópicas. Resultados: la actividad de ß-glucuronidasa disminuyó (p < 0,05) para los grupos AN, PI y MER en comparación con el CP. La mayor proporción de ácido butírico se observó en el AN (p < 0,05) frente al CN. El 60 % de las enteritis fueron de grado severo en el CP, mientras que en los grupos experimentales fueron de 40 %. Conclusiones: los gránulos de almidón nativo resistieron la pirodextrinización pero el tratamiento con a-amilasa rompió la estructura del gránulo de pirodextrina. De acuerdo a los tratamientos suministrados a las ratas, conforme mayor es la cantidad de AR presente en la dieta (AN), las células neoplásicas no avanzan más allá de la membrana basal, sugiriendo un posible efecto protector o anticancerígeno celular

Introduction: resistant starch (RS) is not completely digested in the human intestine but is fermented in the colon; intestinal pH decreases as short-chain fatty acids are produced. This is beneficial for health, and for preventing and treating rectal colon cancer. Pyrodextrinization and enzymatic hydrolysis are modifications to native starch (NS) that may increase the amount of RS. Objective: the objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of M. cavendish AAA native and both chemically and enzymatically modified starches on tumor markers in rats. Methods: modifications (chemical and enzymatic) were made to M. cavendish AAA NS, and were evaluated in rats with 1,2-DMH. Male Sprague Dawley rats (25) were used, divided into five experimental groups: PC, NC, NS, PI, and ERM. During 4 weeks they received the experimental diet assigned to each group. The PC, NS, PI and ERM groups received 2 weekly s.c. (subcutaneous) injections of 1,2-DMH (40 mg/kg) (third and fourth week). In feces, pH, ß-glucuronidase enzyme, and short-chain fatty acids were evaluated, and a histopathological study was performed of the intestine to detect microscopic lesions. Results: the activity of ß-glucuronidase decreased (p < 0.05) for NS, PI and ERM vs. PC. The highest proportion of butyric acid was observed in the NS (p < 0.05) vs. NC group. Sixty percent of enteritides were severe in grade in the PC group, and 40 % in the experimental groups. Conclusions: native starch granules resisted pyrodextrinization, but treatment with a-amylase broke the structure of the pyrodextrin granule. According to the treatments given to the rats, as the amount of RS present in the diet increases (NS), the neoplastic cells do not advance beyond the basement membrane, suggesting a possible cell-protective or anticancer effect

[Anticancer effect of modified banana (Musa cavendish AAA) starch in rats with 1.2-dimethylhydrazine]. / Efecto anticancerígeno del almidón modificado de banano (Musa cavendish AAA) en ratas con 1,2-dimetilhidrazina.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: resistant starch (RS) is not completely digested in the human intestine but is fermented in the colon; intestinal pH decreases as short-chain fatty acids are produced. This is beneficial for health, and for preventing and treating rectal colon cancer. Pyrodextrinization and enzymatic hydrolysis are modifications to native starch (NS) that may increase the amount of RS. Objective: the objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of M. cavendish AAA native and both chemically and enzymatically modified starches on tumor markers in rats. Methods: modifications (chemical and enzymatic) were made to M. cavendish AAA NS, and were evaluated in rats with 1,2-DMH. Male Sprague Dawley rats (25) were used, divided into five experimental groups: PC, NC, NS, PI, and ERM. During 4 weeks they received the experimental diet assigned to each group. The PC, NS, PI and ERM groups received 2 weekly s.c. (subcutaneous) injections of 1,2-DMH (40 mg/kg) (third and fourth week). In feces, pH, ß-glucuronidase enzyme, and short-chain fatty acids were evaluated, and a histopathological study was performed of the intestine to detect microscopic lesions. Results: the activity of ß-glucuronidase decreased (p < 0.05) for NS, PI and ERM vs. PC. The highest proportion of butyric acid was observed in the NS (p < 0.05) vs. NC group. Sixty percent of enteritides were severe in grade in the PC group, and 40 % in the experimental groups. Conclusions: native starch granules resisted pyrodextrinization, but treatment with α-amylase broke the structure of the pyrodextrin granule. According to the treatments given to the rats, as the amount of RS present in the diet increases (NS), the neoplastic cells do not advance beyond the basement membrane, suggesting a possible cell-protective or anticancer effect.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el almidón resistente (AR) no se digiere completamente en el intestino humano sino que se fermenta en colon; disminuye el pH intestinal, ya que se producen ácidos grasos de cadena corta, interviniendo de manera benéfica en el tratamiento preventivo y curativo del cáncer de colon rectal. La pirodextrinización y la hidrólisis enzimática son modificaciones al almidón nativo (AN) que pueden incrementar la cantidad de AR. Objetivo: el objetivo de este proyecto fue evaluar los efectos del almidón nativo de M. cavendish AAA y de los almidones modificados química y enzimáticamente sobre diversos marcadores tumorales en ratas. Métodos: se realizaron modificaciones (química y enzimática) del AN del banano M. cavendish AAA y se evaluaron en ratas tratadas con 1,2-DMH. Se utilizaron 25 ratas Sprague Dawley machos divididas en cinco grupos experimentales: CP, CN, AN, PI y MER. Durante 4 semanas recibieron la dieta experimental asignada a cada grupo. Los grupos CP, AN, PI y MER recibieron 2 inyecciones s.c. (subcutáneas) semanales de 1,2-DMH (40 mg/kg) (semanas 3 y 4). En las heces se evaluaron el pH, la enzima ß-glucuronidasa y los ácidos grasos de cadena corta, y se realizó un estudio histopatológico del ciego y el colon para detectar lesiones microscópicas. Resultados: la actividad de ß-glucuronidasa disminuyó (p < 0,05) para los grupos AN, PI y MER en comparación con el CP. La mayor proporción de ácido butírico se observó en el AN (p < 0,05) frente al CN. El 60 % de las enteritis fueron de grado severo en el CP, mientras que en los grupos experimentales fueron de 40 %. Conclusiones: los gránulos de almidón nativo resistieron la pirodextrinización pero el tratamiento con α-amilasa rompió la estructura del gránulo de pirodextrina. De acuerdo a los tratamientos suministrados a las ratas, conforme mayor es la cantidad de AR presente en la dieta (AN), las células neoplásicas no avanzan más allá de la membrana basal, sugiriendo un posible efecto protector o anticancerígeno celular.

Gonad development during the early life of Octopus maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda).

Gonad development during the early life of Octopus maya is described in terms of histological, morphometric, oocytes growth, and somatic-oocyte relationship data obtained from octopus cultured at the UMDI-UNAM, in Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico. This study is the first publication on gonad development during the early life of Octopus maya. A total of 83 O. maya specimens were used; their sizes ranged from 6.5 to 76 mm of total length (TL), 4 to 28 mm of dorsal mantle length (DML), 2.5 to 20 mm of ventral mantle length (VML), and 0.0180 to 7.2940 g of fixed body weight (fBW). Animals were weighed and measured only after preservation. A loss of 10% of living weight was estimated for juvenile octopuses after formalin preservation. The relation of length to weight (VML, DML, TL/fBW) pooled for both sexes had a strong positive correlation (r), as shown by a potential power function that was quite close to 1. Compound images were produced from numerous microscopic fields. The histological examination revealed that, 4 months after hatching, male octopus (24.5 mm DML and 7.2940 g fBW) were in gonad stages 2 (maturing) to 3 (mature), with spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the tubule wall and abundant spermatids and spermatozoa in the central lumen of the seminiferous tubules, suggesting the occurrence of different phases of gonad development at different maturity stages. In contrast, females (22.5 mm DML and 4.8210 g fBW) at the same time since hatching were immature (stage 1), with many oogonia, few oocytes, and germinal epithelium. This suggests that males reach maturity earlier than females, indicating a probable onset of maturity for males at around 4 months of culture or 8 g of wet body weight. Our results indicate the possibility that the size-at-weight can be recognized early with a degree of certainty that allows the sexes to be separated for culture purposes; but more detailed studies on reproduction in relation to endocrinology and nutrition are needed.