Five-factor model of personality disorders: Spanish normative data and validation / Modelo de los cinco factores de los trastornos de personalidad: Baremo español y validación

The categorical approach of personality disorders (PD) has given way to a dimensional paradigm. Within this, the Five-factor model (FFM) proposes theoretical hypotheses describing personality pathologies and PD empirical prototypes based on the DSM (DSM-PD). Moreover, a methodology to score DSM-PD using the NEO PI-R facets was developed. In this ex post-facto study FFM-PD count norms were developed using data from the NEO PI-R Spanish adaptation. Furthermore, the diagnostic agreement with the IPDE and validity of FFM-PD counts was analyzed in a clinical (n = 222) and non-clinical sample (n = 742). Based on NEO PI-R scores, we presented Spanish FFM-PD normative data. FFMPD benchmarks were highly likely to be exceeded if subjects were classified as a subclinical case in the DSM-PD. Convergent correlations of FFM-PD counts with their equivalent subclinical cases of DSM-PD were statistically significant and outperformed any divergent correlation as well as the average divergent correlations in all FFM-PD. The use of a count technique based on NEO PI-R facets and Spanish FFM-PD normative data facilitate PD understanding and interpretation in various applied psychology fields

La concepción categórica de los trastornos de personalidad (TP) ha dado paso al paradigma dimensional, donde el modelo de los Cinco Factores (MCF) propone hipótesis teóricas para describir la patología de la personalidad y prototipos empíricos de los TP del DSM, además de técnicas para valorarlos en base a facetas del NEO PI-R. En este estudio ex post-facto se han elaborado baremos para el recuento de TP-MCF a partir de la adaptación española del NEO PI-R. Además, se ha comprobado la coherencia diagnóstica con IPDE y la validez de los recuentos de TP-MCF en una muestra clínica (n = 222) y otra no clínica (n = 742). A partir de las puntuaciones en NEO PI-R se elaboró el baremo español de los TP-MCF, cuyas cotas significativas son superadas con elevada probabilidad por casos subclínicos detectados con IPDE. Las correlaciones convergentes entre los recuentos de TP-MCF y los equivalentes casos de TP-DSM fueron estadísticamente significativas y superaron a cualquier correlación divergente y a la correlación divergente media en todos los TP-MCF. El recuento de facetas relevantes en TP-MCF y el baremo español resultante facilitan la comprensión e interpretación de los TP en distintos ámbitos de la psicología aplicada

An explanatory model of underwater adaptation / Un modelo explicativo de la adaptación subacuática

The underwater environment is an extreme environment that requires a process of human adaptation with specific psychophysiological demands to ensure survival and productive activity. From the standpoint of existing models of intelligence, personality and performance, in this explanatory study we have analyzed the contribution of individual differences in explaining the adaptation of military personnel in a stressful environment. Structural equation analysis was employed to verify a model representing the direct effects of psychological variables on individual adaptation to an adverse environment, and we have been able to confirm, during basic military diving courses, the structural relationships among these variables and their ability to predict a third of the variance of a criterion that has been studied very little to date. In this way, we have confirmed in a sample of professionals (N = 575) the direct relationship of emotional adjustment, conscientiousness and general mental ability with underwater adaptation, as well as the inverse relationship of emotional reactivity. These constructs are the psychological basis for working under water, contributing to an improved adaptation to this environment and promoting risk prevention and safety in diving activities

El medio subacuático constituye un entorno extremo que exige un proceso de adaptación humana con demandas psicofisiológicas específicas para garantizar la supervivencia y la actividad productiva. En este trabajo explicativo se analiza, bajo la óptica de los actuales modelos de inteligencia, personalidad y rendimiento, la contribución de las diferencias individuales para explicar la adaptación de personal militar en un entorno estresante. Se verifica, mediante análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, un modelo donde se contemplan los efectos directos de las variables psicológicas sobre la adaptación personal a un medio adverso, comprobando sus relaciones estructurales durante la realización de cursos básicos de buceo militar y su capacidad para predecir un tercio de la varianza de un criterio poco estudiado. De esta manera, se confirma en una muestra de profesionales (N = 575) la relación directa de ajuste emocional, responsabilidad y habilidad mental general con la adaptación subacuática, atribuyendo una relación inversa a reactividad emocional. Estos constructos constituyen el fundamento psicológico para desenvolverse con seguridad y trabajar bajo el agua, contribuyen a la mejora de la adaptación al medio subacuático y favorecen la prevención de riesgos y la seguridad en las actividades de buceo

Incremental Validity of Personality Measures in Predicting Underwater Performance and Adaptation.

Intelligence and personality traits are currently considered effective predictors of human behavior and job performance. However, there are few studies about their relevance in the underwater environment. Data from a sample of military personnel performing scuba diving courses were analyzed with regression techniques, testing the contribution of individual differences and ascertaining the incremental validity of the personality in an environment with extreme psychophysical demands. The results confirmed the incremental validity of personality traits (ΔR 2 = .20, f 2 = .25) over the predictive contribution of general mental ability (ΔR 2 = .07, f 2 = .08) in divers' performance. Moreover, personality (R(L)2 = .34) also showed a higher validity to predict underwater adaptation than general mental ability ( R(L)2 = .09). The ROC curve indicated 86% of the maximum possible discrimination power for the prediction of underwater adaptation, AUC = .86, p < .001, 95% CI (.82-.90). These findings confirm the shift and reversal of incremental validity of dispositional traits in the underwater environment and the relevance of personality traits as predictors of an effective response to the changing circumstances of military scuba diving. They also may improve the understanding of the behavioral effects and psychophysiological complications of diving and can also provide guidance for psychological intervention and prevention of risk in this extreme environment.

Incremental validity of personality measures in predicting underwater performance and adaptation

Intelligence and personality traits are currently considered effective predictors of human behavior and job performance. However, there are few studies about their relevance in the underwater environment. Data from a sample of military personnel performing scuba diving courses were analyzed with regression techniques, testing the contribution of individual differences and ascertaining the incremental validity of the personality in an environment with extreme psychophysical demands. The results confirmed the incremental validity of personality traits (ΔR2 = .20, f 2 = .25) over the predictive contribution of general mental ability (ΔR2 = .07, f 2 = .08) in divers’ performance. Moreover, personality ( 2 L R = .34) also showed a higher validity to predict underwater adaptation than general mental ability ( 2 L R = .09). The ROC curve indicated 86% of the maximum possible discrimination power for the prediction of underwater adaptation, AUC = .86, p < .001, 95% CI (.82–.90). These findings confirm the shift and reversal of incremental validity of dispositional traits in the underwater environment and the relevance of personality traits as predictors of an effective response to the changing circumstances of military scuba diving. They also may improve the understanding of the behavioral effects and psychophysiological complications of diving and can also provide guidance for psychological intervention and prevention of risk in this extreme environment (AU)

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Diferencias de personalidad en la aptitud psicológica para el buceo militar / Personality differences in the psychological fitness for military diving

El buceo es una actividad atractiva, cuyo ejercicio se propaga continuamente en su faceta deportiva y profesional; esta popularidad en ocasiones disminuye la conciencia de que se desarrolla en un medio no natural, repleto de factores estresantes, que exige un proceso adaptativo por parte del buceador con el fin de aprovechar sus capacidades y controlar sus emociones. En este trabajo se analizan, siguiendo la línea de investigación sobre diferencias individuales, datos obtenidos en una amplia muestra de personal militar que realiza cursos de buceo (N = 1217), con el objetivo de verificar la utilidad de la evaluación psicológica. Se comprueban diferencias entre los buceadores y la población general, entre aspirantes a buceo que finalizan la formación y los que causan baja durante el curso y, además, entre los buceadores que tienen distinto nivel de rendimiento. Las características de personalidad más relevantes tienen significación estadística y clínica para la adaptación a las demandas del medio subacuático. Los datos obtenidos apoyan la importancia de la ansiedad y reacciones emocionales en buceo y la conveniencia de evaluar la aptitud psicológica de quienes se dediquen a esta actividad, como una de las primeras medidas de prevención ante los posibles incidentes y accidentes de buceo (AU)

Diving is an attractive activity, which is becoming increasingly more popular in sports and professional fields. This popularity sometimes decreases the awareness that is developed in a non-natural environment, full of stressors, which requires an adaptive process by the divers to make the most of their capabilities and control their emotions. This paper, following the line of research of individual differences, analyses data coming from a large sample of military personnel who perform diving courses (N = 1217) in order to verify the utility of psychological evaluation in this field. Differences between divers and general population, between candidates who have completed dive training and candidates who did not, and also between divers with different levels of performance have been proved. The most important differences in personality characteristics have statistical and clinical significance for adaptation to the demands of the underwater environment. The resulting data support the importance of anxiety and emotional reactions in diving and the convenience of evaluating the psychological fitness of those who engage in this activity, as one of the first preventive measures against possible incidents and accidents in diving (AU)