Futuro de la neurorrehabilitación tras la pandemia por el SARS-CoV-2 / The future of neurorehabilitation after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

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[Disability after stroke: a longitudinal study in moderate and severe stroke patients included in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program]. / Ictus y discapacidad: estudio longitudinal en pacientes con discapacidad moderada-grave tras un ictus incluidos en un programa de rehabilitacion multidisciplinar.

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is a recognized cause of disability among adults. However the impact that the deficits that occur after a moderate/severe stroke have on long-term disability, as well as the response of the resultant deficits to rehabilitation, are not completely understood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 396 patients with a modified Rankin score >= 3 after an ischemic (n = 221) or hemorrhagic (n = 175) stroke were included in this study. All patients were assessed with cognitive, behavior, emotional, motor and functional domains. All patients were assessed at baseline and six months after inclusion in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. RESULTS: Risk of falling (Berg Balance Scale < 45 in 83.1% of the sample at baseline and 49.5% at follow-up) and functional problems (82.8% with a Barthel Index < 75 at baseline and 53% at follow-up) were the most prevalent deficits. Emotional disturbances were those that most improved while behavioral problems were those that did less. Although global disability improved during treatment among most patients, only 11% of our patients, especially those with preserved cognitive function at baseline, could be classified as patients with mild disability at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke consequences are multidimensional. The symptoms that the stroke can cause in multiple domains, as well as the pattern of recovery are widely diverse, with prevalence of behavioral long-term disturbances.

TITLE: Ictus y discapacidad: estudio longitudinal en pacientes con discapacidad moderada-grave tras un ictus incluidos en un programa de rehabilitacion multidisciplinar.Introduccion. Los ictus son causa frecuente de discapacidad en el adulto; sin embargo, la repercusion que los deficits que acontecen tras un ictus moderado-grave tiene sobre el grado de discapacidad final, asi como la respuesta de estos a programas de rehabilitacion, no se ha estudiado por completo. Pacientes y metodos. Se incluyeron 396 pacientes con Rankin modificado >= 3 despues de un ictus isquemico (n = 221) o hemorragico (n = 175). En todos los pacientes se evaluo su situacion cognitiva, conductual, emocional, motora y funcional. Todos los pacientes fueron incluidos en un programa de rehabilitacion multidisciplinar y reevaluados tras seis meses de tratamiento. Resultados. El riesgo de caida (escala de equilibrio de Berg < 45 en el 83,1% de la muestra) y los deficits funcionales (indice de Barthel < 75 en el 82,8% de la muestra) fueron los problemas mas prevalentes en el momento del ingreso, mientras que los conductuales lo fueron en el del alta (55,1% de la muestra). Los problemas emocionales fueron los que mas mejoraron, mientras que los conductuales fueron los que menos lo hicieron. El nivel de discapacidad global mejoro tras el tratamiento, aunque solo un 11% de los pacientes, especialmente los que tenian buena situacion cognitiva en el ingreso, lograron alcanzar una discapacidad leve. Conclusiones. Las consecuencias del ictus son multidimensionales. La afectacion de las distintas esferas y el patron de recuperacion son diferenciales, con predominio a largo plazo de los problemas conductuales.

BioTrak: análisis de efectividad y satisfacción de un sistema de realidad virtual para la rehabilitación del equilibrio en pacientes con daño cerebral / BioTrak virtual reality system: effectiveness and satisfaction analysis for balance rehabilitation in patients with brain injury

Objetivo: Estudio de efectividad y satisfacción de un sistema de realidad virtual (BioTrak) para la rehabilitación del equilibrio en pacientes con da˜no cerebral adquirido (DCA). Material y métodos: Diez pacientes con una hemiparesia crónica (> 6 meses) como secuela de un DCA participaron en un programa de 20 sesiones con el módulo de equilibrio mediante alcances del sistema BioTrak. Todos los pacientes fueron valorados al inicio, al final del tratamiento y un mes después de finalizar el mismo con la Berg Balance Scale (BBS) y la Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), así como mediante la posturografía dinamométrica computarizada NedSVE/IBV. El estudio posturográfico incluyó el análisis de índices sensoriales, del desplazamiento rítmico del peso, así como de los límites de estabilidad. El estudio de usabilidad se realizó mediante un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc. Resultados: Un ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostró una mejora significativa en BBS (p < 0,01), POMA (p < 0,01), índice vestibular (p < 0,05), control rítmico antero-posterior (p < 0,05) y una tendencia a la significación en el control medio-lateral (p = 0,059). El análisis post hoc reveló mejoras significativas entre la valoración inicial y final en la BBS, la POMA y en control antero-posterior, que se mantuvieron al mes de completar el tratamiento. El sistema mostró un alto grado de usabilidad, tanto en aspectos positivos (presencia, inmersión, facilidad de uso) como por la ausencia de efectos adversos. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados confirman la validez de los sistemas de realidad virtual para la rehabilitación del equilibrio en esta población. Las características de usabilidad del sistema BioTrak permite la generalización del sistema a un alto número de pacientes y entornos (AU)

Objective: To study effectiveness of and satisfaction with a virtual reality-based balance rehabilitation system (BioTrak) for patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). Material and methods: Ten patients with chronic hemiparesis (chronicity > 6 months) following an ABI completed a 20-session programme using the balance reaching-task module of the BioTrak system. All patients were assessed at baseline, at the end of treatment, and one month later with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and the computerised posturography tool NedSVE/IBV. The posturography study included analysis of sensory indexes, limits of stability, and rhythmic weight shift. The usability study was conducted using an ad hoc questionnaire. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant improvement in BBS (P < .01), TBS (P < .01), vestibular index (P < .05), and anterior-posterior weight shift (P < .05); a trend in the same direction was also found for medial lateral weight shift (P = .059). The post-hoc analysis revealed significant improvement between the initial and final assessments for BBS, POMA and anterior-posterior weight shift control; gains remained a month after completing the programme. The system showed a high degree of usability in terms of presence, immersion and user-friendliness, and there was a significant absence of adverse effects. Conclusion: Our results confirm the utility of virtual reality systems for balance rehabilitation in this population. Usability data suggest that BioTrak could be adapted for use in multiple rehabilitation settings by a high number of patients (AU)

BioTrak virtual reality system: effectiveness and satisfaction analysis for balance rehabilitation in patients with brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To study effectiveness of and satisfaction with a virtual reality-based balance rehabilitation system (BioTrak) for patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten patients with chronic hemiparesis (chronicity>6 months) following an ABI completed a 20-session programme using the balance reaching-task module of the BioTrak system. All patients were assessed at baseline, at the end of treatment, and one month later with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and the computerised posturography tool NedSVE/IBV. The posturography study included analysis of sensory indexes, limits of stability, and rhythmic weight shift. The usability study was conducted using an ad hoc questionnaire. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant improvement in BBS (P<.01), TBS (P<.01), vestibular index (P<.05), and anterior-posterior weight shift (P<.05); a trend in the same direction was also found for medial lateral weight shift (P=.059). The post-hoc analysis revealed significant improvement between the initial and final assessments for BBS, POMA and anterior-posterior weight shift control; gains remained a month after completing the programme. The system showed a high degree of usability in terms of presence, immersion and user-friendliness, and there was a significant absence of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the utility of virtual reality systems for balance rehabilitation in this population. Usability data suggest that BioTrak could be adapted for use in multiple rehabilitation settings by a high number of patients.

Evolución y pronóstico en un caso de negligencia unilateral: Estudio longitudinal con el Behavioural Inattention Test / Evaluation and prognosis of a case of unilateral neglect: Longitudinal study with the Behavioural Inattention Test

El síndrome de negligencia unilateral se define como la incapacidad o dificultad del paciente para detectar, referir, orientarse o responder a estímulos presentados contralateralmente a una lesión cerebral en ausencia de trastornos elementales sensitivos o motores. Se asocia fundamentalmente a lesiones parietales derechas y entre sus manifestaciones destacan las alteraciones atencionales, perceptivas y somatosensoriales. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 64 años que sufre una lesión isquémica aguda en territorio completo de la arteria cerebral media derecha. Como consecuencias, se evidencia un severo déficit motor y funcional, así como atencional enmarcado en el contexto de una negligencia unilateral izquierda. Se realizó un seguimiento longitudinal del paciente durante 1 año, empleando para su diagnóstico y posterior evolución el Behavioral Inattentional Test. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar la secuencia de cambios clínicos, cognitivos y funcionales, así como la respuesta de casos de severidad similar al aquí presentado, a programas de rehabilitación específicos (AU)

The unilateral neglect syndrome is defined as the inability or difficulty to identify, refer, orient or respond to stimuli presented contralaterally to a brain injury in the absence of elementary sensory or motor disorders. This syndrome is often associated with right parietal lesions, and the most frequent manifestations are attentional disturbances, perceptual deficits and somatosensorial disabilities. We present the case of a 64-year old male suffering from an acute ischemic stroke affecting the complete territory of the right middle cerebral artery. After the stroke, the patient had severe motor and functional deficits, associated with an intense attentional deficit in the context of a left unilateral neglect. We carried out a longitudinal study using the Behavioral Inattentional Test to measure the clinical course during a one-year follow-up. Our goal has been to show the sequence of clinical, cognitive and functional changes as well as the response of cases having similar severity to our case presented herein to specific rehabilitation programs (AU)

[The clinical relevance of FDG-PET imaging in severe traumatic brain injuries]. / Relevancia clínica de la FDG-PET en los traumatismos craneoencefálicos graves.

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET) as a predictor of long-term disability after a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients who had sustained a severe TBI were assessed with a broad battery of cognitive and functional scales at baseline and 6-months after inclusion in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. All patients underwent a FDG-PET at baseline. A physician blind to clinical data performed a semiquantitative analysis (normal vs altered) of functional neuroimaging (PET), including four cortical and three subcortical areas. The total number of lesions (cortical, subcortical and total) was correlated to the intensity of the TBI and to clinical data at admission and at follow-up. RESULTS: All patients showed changes in cerebral metabolism, being the thalamus the area most frequently affected. The degree of cerebral hypometabolism showed a significant correlation with TBI severity, functional disability, global outcome and cognitive impairment not only at baseline but also at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, FDG-PET may be a useful tool when studying brain dysfunction after severe TBI. FDG-PET findings correlate with the TBI severity, and with the level of patients' disability, as well as with the degree of memory and intelligence impairment. However, clinical variables related to the severity of the TBI, still are the best predictors of functional outcome after TBI.

Relevancia clínica de la FDG-PET en los traumatismos craneoencefálicos graves / The clinical relevance of FDG-PET imaging in severe traumatic brain injuries

Resumen. Objetivo. Demostrar la utilidad de la tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) como predictor de la discapacidad a largo plazo tras un traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE). Pacientes y métodos. Se evaluó neuropsicológica y funcionalmente a 56 pacientes que habían sufrido un TCE grave al inicio y aproximadamente seis meses después de su inclusión en un programa de rehabilitación multidisciplinar. A todos los pacientes se les realizó una tomografía por emisión de positrones con fluordeoxiglucosa al inicio del tratamiento. De forma ciega, se determinó la presencia o ausencia de alteraciones en cuatro áreas corticales y tres subcorticales, y se determinaron tres índices cualitativos de metabolismo cerebral (cortical, subcortical y total). Los índices de metabolismo se correlacionaron con las variables relacionadas con la gravedad del traumatismo, y con la situación cognitiva y funcional de los pacientes en el momento de realizar la PET y al finalizar el programa de rehabilitación. Resultados. Todos los pacientes mostraron alteraciones en el metabolismo cerebral, y el tálamo fue el área más frecuentemente afectada. La intensidad del hipometabolismo cerebral se correlacionó significativamente con la gravedad del TCE y con la alteración cognitiva y funcional tanto al inicio como al final del tratamiento. Conclusiones. Las técnicas de neuroimagen funcional presentan una excelente sensibilidad para detectar alteraciones tras un TCE, además de ofrecer una buena correlación anatomoclínica. No obstante, las variables relacionadas con la gravedad del TCE, siguen siendo las mejores predictoras de la discapacidad resultante tras un TCE (AU)

Summary. Aim. To evaluate the usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET) as a predictor of long-term disability after a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patients and methods. Fifty-six patients who had sustained a severe TBI were assessed with a broad battery of cognitive and functional scales at baseline and 6-months after inclusion in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. All patients underwent a FDG-PET at baseline. A physician blind to clinical data performed a semiquantitative analysis (normal vs altered) of functional neuroimaging (PET), including four cortical and three subcortical areas. The total number of lesions (cortical, subcortical and total) was correlated to the intensity of the TBI and to clinical data at admission and at follow-up. Results. All patients showed changes in cerebral metabolism, being the thalamus the area most frequently affected. The degree of cerebral hypometabolism showed a significant correlation with TBI severity, functional disability, global outcome and cognitive impairment not only at baseline but also at follow-up. Conclusions. According to our results, FDG-PET may be a useful tool when studying brain dysfunction after severe TBI. FDG-PET findings correlate with the TBI severity, and with the level of patients’ disability, as well as with the degree of memory and intelligence impairment. However, clinical variables related to the severity of the TBI, still are the best predictors of functional outcome after TBI (AU)

Pronóstico y neuroimagen funcional en un caso de intoxicación por metanol / Prognosis and functional neuroimaging in a case of methanol intoxication

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