ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the feasibility, neurophysiological aspects, stimulation patterns, and topographic distribution of trigemino-cervical reflex (TCR) components in humans under general anesthesia. METHODS: This prospective observational study enrolled 20 participants who underwent posterior fossa surgery, surgical proceduresin thecraniovertebral junction,or spinal cord surgery. TCR responses were simultaneously recorded in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles after electrical stimulation of the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves. TCR responses were recorded preoperatively and intraoperatively using single-pulse and multipulse (trains of 2-7 electrical stimuli) stimulation, respectively. Two stimulus duration patterns were evaluated: 0.2-0.5 ms and 0.5-1.0 ms. RESULTS: Intraoperatively, short- and long-latency TCR components were obtained in the SCM ipsilateral to the stimulation with variable recordability. Short-latency responses were the most commonly recorded components. A longer stimulus duration (0.5-1.0 ms) seems to favor the elicitation of TCR responses under general anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Short-latency components recorded in the SCM ipsilateral to the stimulation could be regularly elicited under general anesthesia when a larger stimulus duration (0.5-1.0 ms) was applied. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to demonstrate the elicitation of TCR components in humans under general anesthesia. This neurophysiological technique can potentially optimize intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during brainstem surgery.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Feasibility Studies , Humans , Female , Anesthesia, General/methods , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Aged , Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring/methods , Electric Stimulation/methods , Reflex, Trigeminocardiac/physiology , Trigeminal Nerve/physiology , Young Adult , Reflex/physiologyABSTRACT
SUMMARY: This scoping review aims to summarize the technical strategies for obtaining trigeminocervical reflex (TCR) and trigeminospinal reflex (TSR) responses. Studies published on TCR or TSR elicitation in humans through electrical stimulation of trigeminal nerve branches were eligible for this scoping review. The data of interest included stimulation parameters, site of stimulation, recording parameters, and the feasibility of TCR and TSR elicitation, in healthy participants. Short-latency TCR responses were regularly obtained in both anterior and posterior neck muscles after electrical stimulation of the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves under voluntary muscle activation. However, without voluntary muscle activation, we found evidence of elicitation of short-latency TCR components only in the posterior neck muscles after supraorbital or infraorbital nerve stimulation. Long-latency TCR responses were regularly obtained in the anterior and posterior neck muscles in studies that evaluated this technique, regardless of the trigeminal branch stimulation or muscle activation status. Short-latency TSR components were not obtained in the included studies, whereas long-latency TSR responses were regularly recorded in proximal upper limb muscles. This scoping review revealed key heterogeneity in the techniques used for TCR and TSR elicitation. By summarizing all the methodological procedures used for TCR and TSR elicitation, this scoping review can guide researchers in defining optimized technical approaches for different research and clinical scenarios.
Subject(s)
Reflex , Trigeminal Nerve , Humans , Trigeminal Nerve/physiology , Reflex/physiology , Electric Stimulation/methods , Neck Muscles/physiology , ElectromyographySubject(s)
Muscles , Reflex , Humans , Reflex/physiology , Electromyography , Brain Stem/physiology , Tongue/physiology , Electric StimulationABSTRACT
Our objective was to compeer the accuracy between two warning criteria during the intraoperative neurophysiologic monitorization for spine/spinal cord surgery. Method: We used two different warning criteria to detect neurological damage. The first criterion was the amplitude reduction of the somatossensory-evoked potentials (SEP) or motor-evoked potentials (MEP) greater than 50% at least in one limb and the second criterion was the complete loss of one of the same potentials. These results were compared with the neurological examination and the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was calculated for each criterion. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, PLR and NLR were respectively for criterion 1 and 2 (0,92/0,58; 0,96/0,99; 24/46 and 0,09/0,57). Conclusion: The first criterion suggests a better sensitivity and accuracy as a warning criterion to avoid central neurological damage...
Nosso objetivo foi comparar a acurácia entre dois critérios de alarme durante a monitorização neurofisiológica intraoperatória, em cirurgias de coluna ou medula. Método: Foram analisados dois critérios de alarme distintos para detectar danos neurológicos medulares, sendo o primeiro critério a redução maior que 50% na amplitude do potencial evocado somatossensitivo ou potencial evocado motor em pelo menos um membro. O segundo critério é a perda completa de um dos potenciais. Os achados foram comparados com as alterações neurológicas e a sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de verossimilhança positiva e negativa foram calculados para cada critério. Resultados: A sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de verossimilhança positiva e negativa foram, respectivamente, para os critérios 1 e 2 (0,92/0,58; 0,96/0,99; 24/46 e 0,09/0,57). Conclusão: O critério 1 aponta para uma tendência de melhor sensibilidade e acurácia, como sinal de alerta de um possível dano neurológico central...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Spine/surgery , Monitoring, Intraoperative , Spinal Cord/surgery , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
A novel leukoencephalopathy was recently identified based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) findings. Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and high lactate (LBSL) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset of symptoms and slowly progressive cerebellar, pyramidal and spinal cord dorsal column dysfunction. MRI and (1)H-MRS typically show abnormalities within cerebral and cerebellar white matter, a characteristic involvement of brainstem and spinal cord tracts and elevated lactate in the abnormal white matter. We present three cases with characteristic clinical and neuroimaging findings of this disorder. Some additional unique findings of our patients are discussed, like distal motor neuropathy and elevated creatine kinase in the serum.
Subject(s)
Brain Stem/pathology , Lactic Acid/analysis , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/pathology , Spinal Cord/pathology , Adolescent , Brain Stem/chemistry , Humans , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Male , Spinal Cord/chemistryABSTRACT
A novel leukoencephalopathy was recently identified based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) findings. Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and high lactate (LBSL) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset of symptoms and slowly progressive cerebellar, pyramidal and spinal cord dorsal column dysfunction. MRI and ¹H-MRS typically show abnormalities within cerebral and cerebellar white matter, a characteristic involvement of brainstem and spinal cord tracts and elevated lactate in the abnormal white matter. We present three cases with characteristic clinical and neuroimaging findings of this disorder. Some additional unique findings of our patients are discussed, like distal motor neuropathy and elevated creatine kinase in the serum.
Uma nova leucoencefalopatia foi recentemente descrita com base em achados característicos de ressonância magnética e espectroscopia de prótons por ressonância magnética. Leucoencefalopatia com envolvimento do tronco cerebral e da medula espinal e elevação do lactato cerebral é uma doença autossômica recessiva de aparecimento precoce e evolução lenta, caracterizada por disfunção cerebelar, piramidal e das colunas dorsais da medula. Ressonância magnética e espectroscopia de prótons tipicamente demonstram anormalidades na substância branca cerebral e cerebelar, com envolvimento característico de tratos no tronco encefálico e na medula espinhal e aumento de lactato na substância branca cerebral anormal. Relatamos três casos com achados clínicos e de neuroimagem característicos. Achados adicionais peculiares aos nossos pacientes são discutidos, como a elevação da creatina-quinase sérica e a presença de neuropatia motora distal.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Male , Brain Stem/pathology , Lactic Acid/analysis , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/pathology , Spinal Cord/pathology , Brain Stem/chemistry , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Spinal Cord/chemistryABSTRACT
The limb-girdle muscle dystrophy (LGMD) represents a heterogeneous group of muscular diseases with dominant and recessive inheritance, individualized by gene mutation. A group of 56 patients, 32 males and 24 females, with suggestive LGMD diagnosis were submitted to clinical evaluation, serum muscle enzymes, electromyography, muscle biopsy, and the immunoidentification (ID) of sarcoglycans (SG) alpha, beta, gamma and delta, dysferlin and western blot for calpain-3. All the patients had normal ID for dystrophin (rod domain, carboxyl and amine terminal). The alpha-SG was normal in 42 patients, beta-SG in 28, beta-SG in 45, deltaSG in 32, dysferlin in 37 and calpain-3 in 9. There was a reduction in the alpha-SG in 7 patients, beta-SG in 4, gamma-SG in 2, and delta-SG in 8. There was deficiency of alpha-SG in 7 patients, beta-SG in 6, gamma-SG in 9, delta-SG in 5, dysferlin in 8, and calpain-3 in 5. The patients were grouped according the ID as sarcoglycans deficiency 18 cases, dysferlin deficiency 8 cases and calpain-3 deficiency 5 cases. Only the sarcoglycans deficiency group showed calf hypertrophy. The dysferlin deficiency group was more frequent in females and the onset was later than sarcoglycan and calpain-3 deficiency groups. The calpain-3 deficiency group occurred only in males and showed an earlier onset and weaker muscular strength.
Subject(s)
Muscle Proteins/analysis , Muscles/enzymology , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Blotting, Western , Child , Child, Preschool , Electromyography , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/enzymologyABSTRACT
As distrofias musculares de cinturas (DMC) representam grupo heterogêneo de doenças musculares com heranças autossômicas dominante ou recessivas, caracterizadas geneticamente por mutações gênicas específicas. Cinqüenta e seis pacientes, 32 masculinos e 24 femininos, com diagnóstico sugestivo de DMC, foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, dosagem séricas das enzimas musculares, eletromiografia, biópsia muscular e imunoidentificação (ID) das proteínas sarcoglicanas (SG) a, b, g e d, disferlina e calpaína-3. A ID da distrofina (domínio rod e terminais carboxila e amino) era normal em todos os pacientes. Apresentaram ID normal para a-SG 42 casos, b-SG 28, g,-SG 45, d-SG 32, disferlina 37 e calpaína-3 9. Foi observada redução de a-SG em 7 pacientes, b-SG em 4, g-SG em 2 e d-SG em 8. Houve deficiência de a-SG em 7 pacientes, b-SG em 6, g-SG 9, d-SG em 5, disferlina em 8 e calpaína-3 em 5. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a ID em deficiência de SG em 18 casos, disferlina em 8 e calpaína-3 em 5. A hipertrofia de panturrilhas foi observada apenas no grupo com deficiência de SG. O grupo com deficiência de disferlina teve maior número de mulheres acometidas e a idade de início dos sintomas foi mais tardio em relação aos grupos com deficiência de SG e calpaína-3. O grupo com deficiência de calpaína-3 ocorreu apenas em pacientes do sexo masculino, a idade do início dos sintomas foi menor e teve maior fraqueza muscular.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Muscle Proteins/analysis , Muscles/enzymology , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/diagnosis , Blotting, Western , Electromyography , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/enzymologyABSTRACT
Relatamos três casos de síndrome de Isaacs, que apresentavam mioquímia clínica, cãibras, dificuldades para o relaxamento muscular, hipertrofia muscular e aumento da sudorese. A eletromiografia de agulha mostrou atividade muscular contínua involuntária, caracterizada como descargas mioquímicas. Os estudos da condução nervosa foram normais. Biópsia de músculo, realizado nos três casos, mostrou atrofia de fibras do tipo 2. Dois casos apresentaram melhora clínica com a utilização de carbamazepina e um com prednisona.