ABSTRACT
Adverse events are undesirable events that can occur during medical or psychological treatment. There has been limited attention to adverse events in psychological treatment trials relative to pharmacotherapy trials. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBTI) is the first line treatment for insomnia but studies have reported potential negative effects during acute implementation. This review aimed to understand the extent to which adverse events are monitored for and reported in the CBTI trial literature. Ninety-nine randomised controlled trials were identified for inclusion, with findings showing that 32.3% (n = 32) of studies addressed adverse events in some way, while only 7.1% (n = 7) of studies met all criteria for adequate reporting of adverse events. For studies that reported on adverse events by group, there did not appear to be consistent differences between trial arms, however the limited evidence-base coupled with marked heterogeneity in monitoring and reporting makes it difficult to draw clear conclusions at this time. We outline recommendations for the field aimed at improving prospective monitoring and reporting of adverse events in psychological/behavioural treatment trials.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders , Humans , Prospective Studies , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/therapyABSTRACT
Oral potentially malignant disorders refer to oral mucosal disorders with increased risk for malignant transformation, primarily to oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Leukoplakia and erythroplakia are the most common of these disorders, but others have been identified. Transformation rates to oral cancer vary based on multiple factors. Healthcare providers should be aware of risk factors and clinical manifestations of these disorders and should intervene early to monitor and/or treat them to reduce the potential for malignant transformation.
Subject(s)
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology , Erythroplasia/etiology , Leukoplakia/etiology , Lichen Planus, Oral/etiology , Mouth Neoplasms/etiology , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/etiology , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Disease Progression , Early Detection of Cancer , Erythroplasia/pathology , Female , Humans , Leukoplakia/pathology , Lichen Planus, Oral/pathology , Male , Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mouth Neoplasms/prevention & control , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/etiology , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/pathology , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/diagnosis , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Social support is crucial for psychological and physical well-being. Yet, in experimental and clinical pain research, the presence of others has been found to both attenuate and intensify pain. To investigate the factors underlying these mixed effects, we administered noxious laser stimuli to 39 healthy women while their romantic partner was present or absent, and measured pain ratings and laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) to assess the effects of partner presence on subjective pain experience and underlying neural processes. Further, we examined whether individual differences in adult attachment style (AAS), alone or in interaction with the partner's level of attentional focus (manipulated to be either on or away from the participant) might modulate these effects. We found that the effects of partner presence vs absence on pain-related measures depended on AAS but not partner attentional focus. The higher participants' attachment avoidance, the higher pain ratings and N2 and P2 local peak amplitudes were in the presence compared with the absence of the romantic partner. As LEPs are thought to reflect activity relating to the salience of events, our data suggest that partner presence may influence the perceived salience of events threatening the body, particularly in individuals who tend to mistrust others.